 Thank you, Edgar for the introduction. What I'm going to do though Edgar is actually talk in a slightly more Narrow way about some of the work that we've been doing at LSE cities around this conference and obviously Begin to make some speculations about the issues that you're talking about relating some of the trends in social change and urbanization and health to do with design and the physical world and in particular to do with Density and sort of compaction and what effect that has on the individuals who live there This is work, which I've already alluded to has been led by my family Taylor and other colleagues here at the LSE but very closely done together with colleagues from different departments from Hong Kong University and All their names and their work is acknowledged in the report What we did is really began to say What it's happening behind these big statistics. We've just had a session where big issues of macro Areas which we can't even conceive of in India or China are beginning to grow and of course this is depicted in this diagram of the world as it urbanizes And all you need to see from wherever you are in the room is where the white Areas are show you where growth has happened in the last 20 25 years or so and in the dark green Where urban growth is going to happen according to the UN in the next 20 odd years? And it's very clear where that is going to be it's going to be in the areas that one class was referring to today Where there's a very dramatic shift in the way the economy is working it's tending to be in areas like Africa parts of Asia where Growth and urbanization is actually not necessarily happening with jobs at the same time and certainly not industrialization or Manufacturing so that raises a whole series of an important issue So what we've wanted to do very much in the spirit of the work that we've done at the LSE Urban age for a last number of years is understand what shape what form Does this growth take and what effect does it have on individuals and particularly begin to ask the question about the impact? Not just on social inequality, but on health inequalities Now this is an endless infinite city. It's 22 million people It's Mexico City and it never ends and this is one way of making city So we have to be careful here. We're not talking about one uniform type One uniform morphology of city because this is another way of making city It's a city of enormous density It's one of the densest in the world and it's obviously Hong Kong This happens to be a part of the city very close to here one side So the question for us is what difference do these environments actually make to the way? We live it's not just a question of the size It's also a question of the speed and the pace of change because the provision of many of the facilities Which have even been talked about today let alone health ones have to be put into a context When you think of it over time, this shows you the numbers in growth per hour Well known perhaps that in places like Lagos or Mumbai We're talking about 40 50 people moving into these cities or being born in these cities per hour. That's one Every minute and a half that I speak a new person moving in but cities like Hong Kong are still growing not as much as Of course as they used to something like seven but put that into the context of London, which is one Person per hour that you begin to understand how the system works. So the provision of Facilities and the shape of the city is exactly the center of the research that we've done But there's some basic Elements that we need to understand the issue of age was referred to already this morning by dr. Chow and by other representatives of Hong Kong, but of course, it's a global situation If you look at what has been happening in the last 40 or 50 years Basically people's life expectancy has increased with the enormous exception of course of Africa Perhaps strongly influenced by the spread of AIDS over the last years But it's not just a question that life expectancy has improved for a whole series of reasons that we can understand But it's also a question of what's happening at the other end of the scale in terms of children and child mortality And even there and particularly and it was talked about this morning by dr. Chow What has happened in the case of Hong Kong is that child mortality has dropped very dramatically in a short space of time But it's very different in very different parts of this city and we'll come to that in a moment So what we did with our team is to try and remap effectively to try and understand What are the health patterns, but also what are the education patterns and what are the wealth patterns in a hundred and twenty nine? Metropolitan areas around the world Some of the state of course is available Many of you will know it at the level of the nation You will know that you know the the UK and the United States compare in certain ways What we tend not to know yet is how different metropolitan areas not just different cities But extended metropolitan areas actually compare and what you see here And it's shown in great detail in the report is the darker green are basically areas that perform better in terms of whole combination of health indices which are to do with life expectancy and child mortality and the numbers you hear Are the numbers you see sorry are the actual life expectancy and what you see is that? The red areas the orange areas are at the worst end of the scale not surprisingly given where they are But there are differences there are regional differences, and we heard Athar earlier talk about the regional Inequalities that are beginning to show up in areas like China of course in India And just look at the differences in terms of life expectancy even though we accept that life expectancy in and of itself Is not the only criteria that matters between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong These differences exist between Paris which has a similar life expectancy to Hong Kong and say Bucharest or Moscow or elsewhere Clearly in Africa, but even in the United States and the whole of Africa Do you see these enormous differences relatively close by hence this distribution of life expectancy? Which is really quite different with the African cities way down there and Johannesburg Average age today 51 mainly because of AIDS I mean this is a shocking difference and I'll come back to the fact that these differences what you find at a regional level You also find within cities themselves, and that is an important component In fact, this has been said it was talked about in the first session so I can be very quick about it London the city I inhabit with many of us take part in in many ways has a rich and well-off West and a Pretty messy not necessarily just poor but pretty messy East London. This is what an Indic index of deprivation which shows low education Unemployment and a whole series of other factors looks and basically most of East London if central London is over there is more Problematic with respect to West London. Here's the famous diagram if you take the underground line In Westminster it's been talked about you basically you lose a year on average as you go east now Importantly and linking to a session tomorrow It's over here It's in this part of London that 9.3 billion pounds of public money is being spent on the London Olympics And of course, this is very much Stephen O'Brien sort of territory that he was referring to before now in the report You will see this listing in many ways of the three Factors now I don't want to in any way either go into this in detail or say that this is it The point that this is a starting point for research which goes underneath the skin of the city So at one level we've looked at in the in in the cities here on the left the nation the population We've looked at health Education and wealth all three parameters. It's quite interesting to see what the correlations are and Between one and the other and clearly education health and wealth are connected Particularly at the top end of the scale But what is intriguing is that it's the high-income Asian cities which perform pretty remarkably if you look at it at the scale Some European cities with London in fact at the bottom Come next and actually the North American cities which figure at the top come certainly third So that is quite interesting But what's happening inside the cities is where I want to go in a moment But what we have found that out of the 129 cities over 90 percent over 90 percent Growing up in a city is better for you than growing up outside the city We found in places like Mumbai for example that the chances of living longer getting better education And having access to services is considerably higher than elsewhere And I think this is an issue that needs to be understood and discussed So what does this mean in terms of the work that we've been able to do? With HKU and our colleagues there in this city well what we were able to do and this is what I challenged dr Chow with before is to actually map some of the data was actually available What we've also heard today through Christine Lowe is well the data is here. It's a very sophisticated Country in terms and city-state in terms of information available, but how is it used politically to actually? Effect change well the first thing we did is that we simply mapped the social inequalities and the darker Colors you see sort of lower income groups Sorry in the purple colors you see so lower income and you see Hong Kong Island here here to trace you Kowloon and Shenzhen up at the top You see that there is a marked pattern as you would tend to expect everywhere if you did this in Chicago You would have one area south Which would be one color and another area north which would be another that was something we heard about Loprado today east and west was very very different here It's like pockmarked you have areas of intense wealth and then areas of intense poverty one next to each other as close Said earlier so what you expect that what the so what is what actually happens when you translate this Into health inequalities. It's a one-to-one correlation. You'd call it we looked at Premature mortality that means people who died before the age of 75 of course in a city where you tend to live to over 80 That's significant and there's some areas which clearly are problematic And if you look at child mortality despite the fact that in the city it's dropped so dramatically It's one of the best in the world What actually happens that in some areas you have nearly twice the possibility 1.6 to be precise of actually dying as a child than you do in other areas. So how does a government actually introduce? Policies which make a change well one of the issues that needs to be understood and we spent a lot of time focusing on Here in Hong Kong particularly with Joshua Bolshover and his colleagues at the Department of Architecture Was the density issue there are cultural dimensions of this that we heard in the last debate Which weren't I think followed up perhaps as much as they could be There are cultural issues of how you live in different areas, but I think even there You can't assume that everything's okay, and that there isn't a perhaps a limit In terms of the way that you actually live. So this is New York for example This is may perhaps an unfair picture of the densities of Hong Kong But that's what you see when you get off an airplane and it shocks you We tend to look at the urban age at density in different ways This happens to be London shown at a certain density at exactly the same scale That's what happens in New York, and this is what your city is like So the densities are a factor of three or four times higher But that density of course makes it one of the most sustainable cities in the world It has a fantastic system of public transport so what we then did in Working with other colleagues and other departments here at HKU was to work very closely an Understanding what people actually think we went to ask a series of residents young middle-aged and older How do they feel living in some of the densest areas of the city and these are some of the answers Some of the questions. I think we have best transport here I moved into the area just because of this is one of the residents another one says although Hong Kong is dense It is still convenient the notion of convenience is a big issue that you actually in a way compromise certain Things that in other countries and other cultures we think are perhaps more important here There's a trade-off in terms of convenience if you can be within ten minutes of work That's a good thing because that in many ways is what you want to value We don't have to spend a long time traveling to the destination I mean it in wise it's good enough So obviously that is one of the byproducts of that density now if you look at this without going into detail at all It is quite extraordinary if you compare how people move what we call in the trade modal splits in Hong Kong There we go nearly 93% of all daily trips are either taken by walking or taking one form of public transport That's a fantastically high figure. We'd be so pleased if in London or New York We actually got anywhere near there. In fact, it's only the really low sort of developing economies of say Mumbai which actually perform anything like that. That's because people are living in slums and cross the road to go to work It's a completely different economy and we need to understand that and let's not forget that in a place like Sao Paulo You have commuting times of over four or five hours What happens is that the rich therefore find other ways of getting around now? This is instead a statement of what someone says living in one of the dense areas here time matters in Hong Kong But not only for the rich so you have actually a system which is designed in a very different way So we looked at these three areas of greater density, which some of you will recognize both in Kowloon and Hong Kong Island and Asked a few questions. This is where I'm going to wind up Edgar. It was interesting to hear From these questions and these were not people that we chose who were already Unhappy or unfortunate was really across the board. So for us, it's a new work Which tries to get at the skin the quality that I mentioned perhaps that Richard Senate was talking about before We got these sort of statements about actually what's it like to live in areas like this and clearly the issue of air quality Becomes incredibly significant here. The air quality is not so good and I always cough You know when you see pictures like this of what actually happens Simply because everyone has got an air conditioning unit on it blows hot air into the next one So you then you have to put on your air conditioning unit even even if you didn't need to have it So proximity has its own effects. This is of course incredibly dramatic And it is a not just a cultural issue. It's a land value issue if land is so high You can only afford a space which is as big as four times of this lectern where I'm standing You can touch the flat next to yours if you reach out your hands It's one of the comments made by there and you know this in Kowloon is represented of it now as I conclude I think probably this statement By one of the residents in Saiying Poon says more than anything else. I'll read it out I wasn't experienced. I was so happy that I invited my colleagues to my home. The gross floor air was merely 300 feet It was so cramped that everyone sat in rows as if they were at the cinema They said I had overestimated myself Since then I've never invited anyone to my home now think of this impact in terms of the psychology And the relationships that you have with others and I know Mazda and we will talk about the impacts of density and form on Well-being at that level Therefore and I would say these would be some of the concluding remarks that we take with us Relating very much to the question Edgar you raise the public of design and public space is that this matters Even more in a density what happens outside how you can use the outside For the social competence that Richard was talking about becomes very very important Particularly where you have an older or a younger population as we've seen here now Paul Yip who collaborated and is here and wills Be speaking tomorrow made this very simple point the success of a city cannot be measured only by its financial prowess The mental health and the well-being of its residents must also be considered I think in the research that we've done together Some of these themes are beginning to become clear Is there a limit to density probably actually there is is it happening in Hong Kong? Possibly and particularly for the new immigrants who are coming and many of us or the conditions that they are living in now This means that perhaps one needs to reconsider planning Policies and putting design at the center of that and not at the margins of it And in that sense, I think we need to really understand how design and particularly public space makes a difference in making healthy cities Thank you very much You