 Sure. I did my training at the Cleveland Clinic for my residency and my fellowship in urologic oncology. I currently practice in Grand Rapids, Michigan at Spectrum Health, where I'm an associate professor at Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, and also an investigator at the Van Andel Institute. So I'm a urologic oncologist. I'm a surgeon who serves as the research director for genital urinary cancers and is a lead in the clinical cancer program that we have at Spectrum Health. Patients with localized kidney cancer have a lot of options, and I've presented evidence about all the various options that need to be considered. And what I tried to make very clear is that there's no one best treatment for all patients. There's a lot of things to consider, and really the things that come into the fore are who's the patient and how many other medical problems are they encountering at the time of their diagnosis? What are the specifics of the tumor? How large is it? How complex in terms of deepness into the middle of the kidney? That impacts the success of various treatment options and the success of opportunities to spare the kidney. So those are important. And then the ultimate is the surgical factors. And that can be impacted in great part by the center at which the person is receiving care, whose hands they're in in terms of receiving information regarding the types of options, and also obviously what part of the country they live in because there are regional variations. We summarized some of the specifics, and my task today was to talk about open partial nephrectomy. Well, partial nephrectomy is the largest number of patients will have this because the most patients with T1 renal cancer are candidates for it. Recent studies would show that centers of excellence upwards of 90% of patients are able to keep their kidneys if they have a small kidney cancer four centimeters or less. And really for tumors even up to seven centimeters and select tumors that are larger, we are able to keep their kidneys. There's a variety of ways the surgery is done. One of them is with traditional open surgery. There's also minimally invasive options. So a laparoscopic approach to partial nephrectomy or a robot assisted laparoscopic approach. And again, there's varying techniques that can be used, but the important thing is to keep the kidney. And in the vast majority of patients with small renal masses, we can preserve the kidney. Absolutely. And so there's been a lot of discussion over the last decade about increasing use of partial nephrectomy, especially for smaller tumors. Some of these are slow growing. Some of them we even consider surveillance or watchful waiting in patients with significant medical problems. But for patients who are good surgical candidates and have small tumors, these are ones that we almost always can spare the kidney. So for smaller tumors, in almost every case, the kidney can be preserved. And so a partial nephrectomy is an option that enables a patient to keep their kidney and keep more of their kidney function. Even for medium-sized tumors, we can often do it. And so tumors that are even up to seven centimeters in size or bigger, partial nephrectomy may be an option. But what's the benefit to the patient? It's a real benefit in terms of kidney function. When you remove one kidney, as you'd expect, there's a significant change in kidney function. You might expect about 50% loss, but on average, patients lose about 35% of their kidney function because the one that stays in is able to take up some of the work for the lost kidney. But with partial nephrectomy, on average, patients lose about 10% to 15% of kidney function. And so that's clearly less than with radical nephrectomy. For patients with perfectly normal kidney function, that may not be essential, but for many patients who are older or have diseases that can affect their kidney function, this is a very significant benefit to a kidney-sparing approach. So patients with hypertension, diabetes, kidney stone disease, coronary artery disease, smokers, or any of a number of other conditions that can affect the kidney can set up a situation where partial nephrectomy is clearly preferred. Patients with localized kidney cancer can expect great cancer outcomes if they have appropriate treatment. They can rest assured that cancer can be treated well. So the other thing they really want to ask is, is there a chance to spare my kidney? And what does this physician or the surgeon feel are the chances that they can preserve the kidney? If they hear that their tumor is not amenable to a kidney-sparing approach, they might want to check with that surgeon whether other surgeons would agree with that assessment that their kidney is not able to be salvaged, because there's clearly some variability in practice patterns for small renal masses. So one essential question for a new patient to ask is, is a partial nephrectomy an option for me given the size of my tumor and the location of my tumor? If the answer is yes, that's good for their long-term outcome. If the answer is no, they might want to double-check and know that this is indeed the case that their kidney is going to have to be removed. So second opinions are reasonably common for this disease because, again, multimodality care is important. This is a disease where experts who are experienced in all the various stages of disease, from early disease to locally advanced disease to metastatic disease, are more comfortable with management and the different types of options that are available. The other thing to consider is that there are minimally invasive approaches, there are traditional surgical approaches, and for patients who are not as good candidates, there are non-surgical alternatives. And so centers that have all of these techniques at their disposal can provide patients with a full spectrum of options and the best possible care in any individual situation. I think it's important for patients who are newly diagnosed to get as much information as they can. The kidney cancer association has wonderful resources available on the web and there are a number of written resources that are helpful as well. Absolutely. To know that you're not alone, that there's thousands of people across this country who have been in this situation before and through organizations such as the kidney cancer association, you're able to get linked into patients, loved ones, and providers who can really help you through with your condition.