 We will continue looking at instances of movement. Yesterday and the day before, we have looked at movement in natural language and its motivation. We started looking at the role of a complementizer phrase that is a CP. And then, now we want to see, while evaluating some of the instances of movement, we are going to look at questions in English in particular and what we know as W H movement. W H refers to question words that is W H words. This is how a complementizer phrase looks like. And important thing to keep in mind about a complementizer phrase is that the head of complementizer phrase, which is a complementizer itself, C takes the whole IP as its complement. And we have seen examples, where a whole CP could be part of a IP as a subject, whole CP could be part of VP as a complement of V. Now we want to see, wait a minute. We have also seen the role of CP in helping us, in helping us deal with exceptional case markings, where when a CP comes in a subject position of an IP, we see that the complementizer exceptionally assigns case to the spec of IP, which is the complement of C. The next thing is, we want to see how CP helps us understand question movements and understand question sentences. To see that, we want to look at some of these sentences. We started looking at these sentences and then we saw that there are primarily two types of question sentences, two types of questions in natural language. One is W H question that is content question. When we ask a question and we need an answer with a content that is called a content question. For example, what did you buy? We need to answer with a content, a pen, a phone, a shirt, a pencil. Therefore, such type of questions are called content questions and some questions like, did you buy a phone? Requires an answer in yes or no, which is called a yes-no question. There could be more types of questions like echo questions, rhetorical questions and tag questions. Tag question is not listed here, but you can see lot of different types of questions. We will skip the typology of questions in natural language for the time being. That is not relevant for our discussion here, but we will continue looking at what makes a question sentence and how is formation of a question sentence in natural language theoretically interesting and how does the existing apparatus that is X bar helps us understand questions. That is the prime concern here which we want to look at. So, in doing so, we saw yesterday two things that came up from the two sentences that we were looking at. The two sentences that we were looking at such as what did you buy and did you buy a phone? In both the sentences, we see there is an evidence of fronting of tense and then in one type of question that is content question, you see W-H words, the use of W-H words whereas no W-H words is used for yes-no type of question. That clear to everybody? This much we have seen. Now, what is the meaning of fronting of tense in a theoretical sense? We started looking at this and then we say whether a sentence has present tense or a past tense, whether the tense is visible in a sentence or not visible. Do you understand these things whether it is visible or not visible? For example, in this type of sentence where we have a word like bought, we know that bought is past tense, but do we see any past tense marker on that? It looks like a word and we know that this word contains past tense marker. We know its past tense only when we separate the tense out of it, then we are left with the original form of the word buy and then the tense gets forwarded in the beginning with the support of a word like do and do plus past again becomes did and then we get a sentence like did you buy a phone? Suppose we have a present tense sentence here, we have a sentence I play football. How do I make a question out of this? Either we can have what do you play or do you play football? What do you see here? The fronting is of present tense and the word is do. The word present tense is not even, let me show you this thing. There is a word called do. I started talking about it a little bit yesterday, did not talk much about this. This is a word which is like a verb. Have you seen this word? Have you been told about this word? This word as a verb, this means in Hindi, anybody? Something like karna, but in such cases when we are talking about question words, this word has got no meaning. When we say do you play football? Did you buy a phone? The words like do and did have no literal meanings. They are only in the sentence to help tenses. In a sentence like do you play football? What we are saying actually is if this is the sentence that we have, then here is our present tense and this verb does not have, right now it does not have tense. Are you with me? Right now it does not have tense because the same tense has come here and therefore this word only has the meaning of tense, not the actual meaning of do. And in this case it is more abstract than the past tense. In the past tense sentence at least we had a past tense verb. Did you, sorry the sentence is I bought a phone, right then we removed past tense, brought it forward and left the verb. In a present tense sentence I play football, right. I have a simple sentence I play football. What is the marker of tense here? Nothing, right. We have an evidence that this is a present tense but there is no marker as such. Still we can separate play and present, still we can separate them and when we separate them this is how we get, this is what we get. See this thing, now I also want to draw your attention to the abstraction involved in this kind of a study it is not just that we are trying to understand how a question word, how a question sentence works in a language like English but we are also trying to see that a grammatical entity called tense which is very abstract by itself can also be touched. We can play with tense as well and see it clearly no matter how abstract it is and that kind of play we see with sentences when we look at them carefully in questions. Number one, number two we are also looking at, we are also looking at with evidence that several words in a language like English or for that matter any language which is part of, part of language being a principled phenomena that every moment, every time a lexical item that is a word receives a word, receives some sort of functional categorization the word loses its literal meaning, the word does not have any literal meaning. And then you see things like these, we have seen several examples of such things like demonstrative pronouns such as that when it becomes a complimentizer it has got no meaning, expletive pronouns like it when they become a functional word to fulfill the subject position of a sentence it receives it has got no meaning. When we have a verb like do it is and such a word in a language like English is used to support tense it has got no meaning and there is a huge list of these things the important thing is not the list the important thing is the phenomena that a lexical item may lose its meaning and then become a functional element it is not surprising at the same time it is an evidence for the fact that whatever abstraction involved human mind works with absolute clarity with no redundancies no overlap and still maintains a clear distinction between the terms same term used for two different functions still retains total clarity see the point just to give you one more example before I come to structure of a question sentence is this part clear? Now I gave you an example yesterday where all the question words in Hindi started with which sound? Now look at one more thing and then we return to English question words you have seen two types of questions sentences in English that one is yes no question and the other is content question and w h word is used only for content question this much is true for a language like Hindi too I am sure it is true for Tamil Telugu Malayalam and all other languages the question content question words in a language like Hindi is kaun kya kaha kab right am I am I right kaun kaha kya kab kaise are the question words in Hindi I want an answer from you particularly from those who understand the language how do we make yes no question words in Hindi for example if I have to ask this question in Hindi how do we ask this question do you play football? So the sentence is football kheelta hai right that is what is the question word in this what is making it a question you are right that could be a question what making it a question which word if I say I mean what which part of the verb do you see making question I do not see anything making it a question you may be right but you need to show me which part of it is question and I am asking you after an hour and half discussion on this thing I am trying to show I have shown you English questions right and I am I hope you are convinced that tense is fronted in English right. So my point is in English if I am asked what makes us make a question sentence we can convincingly say that however a sentence may look like whether it is a content question or yes no question the question process works with fronting of tense am I right is this clear to you and that is the answer for English I am asking you a sentence from Hindi and how do we make a yes no question in Hindi I am not asking you about content question because content questions are clear for example if someone asks you what is your name how do we say the sentence in Hindi. And the question word in that sentence is a question marker right please also notice that if we have the same sentence in a language like English the WH word has to be fronted so fronting is the key in a language like English not only tense becomes tense gets fronted but WH word also gets fronted you are asking me somebody was asking me about this blank space in the question number one on your screen right that is the place for an object right by is a verb is a transitive verb or intransitive verb transitive verb it must have an object right and you do not see an object here right rather what we actually see is that object has been questioned right what we are questioning is the object what did you buy and whatever is the answer to this question is going to be the object of that verb am I right do you understand this so we can say that the object has been questioned and when the object is questioned with WH word which is what along with tense or after the tense even that gets fronted it cannot stay in the same position are you are you with me for example we cannot say an English sentence or can we you tell me did you buy what can we say this type of sentence no did we did you buy what is not a good English sentence the good English sentence is what did you buy the point again is not only a tense gets fronted but if you have a question word that also gets fronted and I am coming to the question that you see on the screen if fronting of tense takes place or at the same time I can add if the fronting of question word takes place that is if the fronting of both these elements are taking place in a question where do they go to right understand we by fronting we mean technically we have a sentence as an IP right and if we say it gets out of IP then where does it go to there is no place outside IP you see the problem see the question so we are coming to that in a moment and that is what I am trying to show you at the same time to for you to see the whole question as a principle phenomena with whatever parameters that are associated with individual languages there is an underlying principle of question that is working right so a parametric variation between Hindi and English is such that in English WH word needs to be fronted in Hindi it does not need to be fronted the question is what is your name we can leave the question word in the middle of the sentence and the sentence is do you see that I am sure leaving the question word in the middle of the sentence is possible in all South Asian languages now it becomes a subject of a study of a different kind why do all South Asian languages behave in a particular way and why is English so different you see the question that is a separate question to answer but given the facts given the empirical evidence that you can see the question right now is English has one kind of pattern Hindi and other South Asian languages have other kind of pattern and that is called parametric variation moving ahead of parametric variation what I want you to see that there is a still a principle of question operating in all the languages and at that level of principle despite the differences at parametric level there is a principled phenomena of question operating in all the languages ok so we can say question words in Hindi is stage in the same place and question word in English gets fronted right but if we move one more step looking at Hindi how do we make the question word in how do we make a yes no question in Hindi about content question we said we leave the question word right there how do we make a yes no question in Hindi someone said for this kind of sentence we can say I ok first of all hold on first of all let me let me ask you question in a systematic way I play football how do we say that in Hindi if you understand this very nice you play football how do we say that if I have to ask the question do you play football all right very nice so he is saying and you are saying right are there other ways of saying the same thing you understand this question one can also say and let me also say is this a question if I if I tell you this sentence that is a question to you how do we know this is a question by how do how do we when I ask you how do we know we all answered that this is a question by how is the question for human mind let me say the two sentences to you and then you be the judge of these two sentences is a normal declarative sentence is a question what is the difference between the two sentences technically if you write them on the board there is no difference so what is making that sentence a question any idea stress on different word ok that is technically called intonation ok that is all right the word is not that important what we want to say in a spoken language like Hindi if we put rising intonation on the word that converts the sentence into a question rising intonation on the word converts the sentence into question if if you remember from the very beginning we have been talking about and we have made an assumption that the object of investigation in the whole field of natural language is a spoken language and these are the things that becomes clearer when we are looking at a spoken language ok. If you are putting the rising intonation in the word that is what makes it sound like a question which type of question yes no question only so rising intonation does not make it both types of question see the see the clear pattern and the way it works in human mind even the rising intonation is making it just one type of question right. Now there was another sentence which your friend said the sentence is which type of question right the sentence is which type of question is this yes no question right this is a yes no question do you see anything uncomfortable in the sentence yes or no yes what is uncomfortable it has a question it has a question word what is a word which is a content question word but still it works as a yes no question marker in the interest of time I if I had more time to show you I can take you down through inventory of sentences in Hindi which I invite you to look at by yourself the question one question word kya right from the whole inventory of question words which are Hindi what are Hindi question words again can you give me some kya kaun kyaise kaha all kinds of question words from the whole inventory of question words take one out which is kya and that question word has got two functions one is the content question right when it comes in a sentence like what is your name I am sorry the Hindi sentence is tumhara naam kya hai all right then it is a content question word when it occurs in front of the question in front of the sentence every time kya tum foot wall kheelte ho kya tum ghar jaa rahe ho kya tum so rahe ho every time you put it in the beginning of the sentence it converts the sentence into yes no question mark yes no question sentence that is one question word kya taken out of the whole inventory functions as yes no question marker in Hindi see this thing and when it is when it comes in the beginning of the sentence you would agree with me that in such a situation this is not a content question word take the same same sentence kya tum foot wall kheelte ho does the word kya in this Hindi sentence has the meaning of what does it have the meaning of what it does not this is how languages work with their own pattern. So, what are the now we see two patterns of yes no question markers in Hindi what are the two patterns rising intonation on the word or the sentence starts with kya right and look at one more one more point which takes you towards principle of economy to give I want to remind you about something here is a sentence go home right what is the subject here we have seen that the subject of all sentences of this type is you therefore as a very strong marker of principle of economy languages do not allow surfacing of that kind of a word see this thing because in all Hindi question word in all Hindi yes no questions the question word kya comes only in the beginning. So, for a native speaker of Hindi that is redundant therefore it is allowed in the language to drop the question word kya when I am trying to show you the similarity between two patterns of yes no questions in Hindi one pattern is use of the word kya the other is rising intonation there is a similarity between the two they are not really two distinct patterns the pattern is because the question word kya only one question word kya and always comes in the beginning of the sentence so it is possible to drop it principle of economy in a natural in natural language forces us to drop that see how it works how even contradictions are resolved in human mind there is a principle of economy working in language in a very strong way which tells you if there is a pattern then why do you need that understand the point drop it when we drop it what is the problem the problem is then the sentence is looking like a declarative sentence I have a question kya tum foot wall khele ho and I am forced to drop the word kya then I am left with the sentence tum foot wall khele ho now it is not clear whether it is a declarative declarative sentence or a question sentence so we need to make a distinction between declarative and question to make such a distinction rising rising intonation helps and resolves the problem rising intonation is a suprasegmental feature which is less less expensive over not following principle of economy understand this and that is how it operates in human mind I hope hope you this is making sense to you making this is this is clear to you right are the Hindi questions only what I have discussed clear to you there is a set of content question words in Hindi too all of them begin with kya the difference between Hindi and English content questions is in English all the content questions words also get fronted in Hindi content question words can stay in the same place the two when we look at two types of questions in Hindi and English yes no question in Hindi works with the question word kya and in such a situation the question word kya becomes a functional word it does not have any content in it it does not have any meaning in it once it becomes the content question word I am sorry once it becomes a functional word and it always comes in the beginning of the sentence to make a yes no question following the principle of economy it can be dropped and then to make the distinction between a declarative sentence and a question sentence the rising intonation helps this is how two types of questions work in Hindi now I I do not want to go for further in details of Hindi to show you how fronting of question works in Hindi remember what we are saying about question words in English question sentences in English what are we saying that for English both types of questions fronting of tense is important fronting of tense is important in all languages it just that someone needs to show you how fronting of tense operates in Hindi that will be little bit too much for me right now so let me show you what we started with and I hope this description of Hindi helps you understand what we understand by parametric variation and then what is called underlying principle of question that operates in all the languages and besides we keep seeing underlying principles operating like principle of economy and then no redundancies and all kinds of things alright no ambiguity and no redundancy are also two such principles that operate in languages all the time which in turn depends on who you are talking to if you are talking to a linguist they will tell you no no no I just want to stick to question to sentences if you are talking to someone who looks at language from the perspective of looking at human mind they will tell you these are the evidence these are the different pieces of evidence for you to tell how human mind works with no redundancy simplicity and in what kind of principled way alright okay now let us try answer the this question how does this fronting really work any any before I answer this thing any question about Hindi question words or anything that we have discussed so far are you talking about English or Hindi English okay in both fronting of question will always be there just look at it go has not lost its which is what no the tense is just present continuous is what aspect so we are not saying fronting of aspects we are saying fronting of tense and in that sentence what is the marker of tense if you if I if I have a sentence you are going you are going home this is a present tense and it has a continuous aspect marker what shows tense and what shows continuous aspect ing on the word very nice and tense are now you have a question sentence are you going home do you see it getting fronting it it is a robust principle it it never lets you down and and also it shows you clear dichotomy between tense and aspect so if someone tells you present continuous is a tense here is the evidence to show they are two different things if present continuous word to be an example of tense then both of them will be moving outside it is not alright only only tense moves out and I am glad you talked about that sentence because so far I have been working with the sentences with do and did you look at the sentences with was were am are is all these are markers of tense and they become abundantly clear in question sentences when they all get fronting and when you have a sentence with is or am was were in such cases you do not need do you do not need this help of the word do because in such cases those markers of tens is are independently words by themselves the only purpose of that kind of a word is to retain tense so again you can see one more thing now that all the time we have been told these are auxiliary verbs helping verbs and what not all kinds of names have been given to such kind of a word I do not want to change I do not want to wipe out everything that you may have learned and write something new all I want to do is I want you to see things clearly even if you call them auxiliary verb and I am sure you will agree with me that I am I am never stuck with names I am never asking you to change one name and put another name that is labeling that does not help too much what helps is whether we call such kind of words a tense marker or auxiliary verb or helping verb or God knows what all the other names are they still mean the same thing they are the tense markers and they and it becomes evident abundantly clear in these kinds of sentences so to understand several other things we need to look at question words and question sentences are not only question sentences they are going to help us understand more clear okay so let us let us anything else no in that case let us move we have a nice looking sentence like I bought a pen is this the structure for that sentence clear everybody alright now if this is the structure of the phone the I have been telling you the tense gets out tense gets tense moves tense gets fronted these are the words I have been using if it gets fronted where does it go to you see that there is a problem that it and then we do not stop here we are saying sometimes the N P a pen which is the compliment of the word by can also be questioned and the word is what did I buy see the point which is if I go back to the sentence what did you buy the word what is appearing even beyond the tense so we not only need to find a place for tense we also need to find a place for other other elements in a question word so apparently what becomes clear to us looking at a question sentence and this is a structure that a question sentence cannot be contained within IP a question an IP cannot IP is not sufficient for a question sentence then what what is what can help us help us understand this that is where we go and we say the answer is answer lies in C P the answer lies in C P where we have C and IP okay then I I am I am not drawing the whole sentence this is just for you to see here is our I and here is our V P and here is our N P okay so when I moves the idea is it goes to the C P G C and can I ask you this question why would it go to C P G C when it when it gets out of its own place and it gets fronted the new thing I am adding explaining the question sentence is it gets to see why would that happen anybody what that is my question is located in what is the similarity between I and C I think I have I have reduced the question like anything now okay I is this ahead is this ahead both are heads of their phrases so when a head gets out it can only go to another head P G C okay and then when you question this kind of thing a pen in a sentence like what did you buy right we question this N P and this moves out and goes to the specified P G C and then you have a sentence like what did you buy remember this space is empty not deleted empty because something has moved out of here likewise this space is empty not deleted something has moved out of here okay at a surface level when we speak a sentence we do not speak with empty empty places right but concept actually you can see that there is clear evidence that these places are empty so now I now you I am drawing your attention to two things not only I want you to see these things as evidence for movement at the same time I want you to see that when things move it leaves its traces behind when things move they leave their traces behind okay and this is why you have seen the empty space in a sentence when we were when we had what did you buy of course we do not speak with empty spaces but that space is available in available when we are looking at the underlying structure of these sentences clear so with this we are we are looking at we finished a discussion on W H movement question words question sentences we not only looked at underlying motivations for movement in natural language we saw examples of sentences which cannot be accounted for unless we bring in movement right and movement helps us account for abundant data in natural language and simplify them in a principled way that whether we are talking about yes no question or a content question both of them have got similarity of course they have differences but there is there is a similarity between the two okay and then this kind of apparatus of X bar scheme helps us understand the underlying structure of sentences like these which are question sentences okay it helps us understand principle of economy it helps us understand how it how human mind operates and then how language can provide sufficient example for how these things operate in human mind to okay we stop here and we will talk about rest of the things tomorrow.