 This paper proposes a new approach to understanding natural selection. It focuses on the relationship between phenotypes and their environment and how they interact over time. The authors argue that phenotypes must infer the state of their ecological niche in order to survive and that this process is guided by natural selection. They also suggest that populations of distinct species influence one another rather than being considered as a single entity. This paper provides a framework for understanding the interplay between phenotypes and their environment and how this interaction shapes the evolutionary trajectory of species. This article was authored by Carl Friston, Daniel A. Friedman, Axel Constant and others.