 I'm going to try to see if I can cover just the basics of what we have been doing in the bushmeat initiative that I've been part for almost two years or more than two years. But bushmeat issues, it's been part of the CIFOR research agenda since CIFOR was established. And CIFOR scientists, they are key scientists that were part of the discussion about bushmeat and the biodiversity crisis for as long as I think some of you were not born yet. And one of them is Roberna C. I don't want to say Roberna C is becoming the grandfather of CIFOR, but Roberna C is one of the leading scientists in the bushmeat issues, particularly in the link between bushmeat and human well-being. I believe all of you already read his paper, his most famous paper about empty forests, empty stomachs. Where he addresses the issues of livelihood, food, and income for small holders. CIFOR's bushmeat initiative is characterized because focus more on the small holders, the well-being of small holders in tropical regions. That actually helped us to address this global issue now, the global food and nutritional security. And I believe food and nutritional security open a new doors, open new doors for looking at the issues of sustainable hunting, sustainable consumption, a sustainable trade of bushmeat. Which during the crisis of biodiversity was condemned by some people, some scientists was endorsed by other scientists, but the dispute, the issues of sustainable bushmeat is still on the table and I think CIFOR has a lot of things to contribute there. But the sustainability of bushmeat as a source of food, nutrition and income is different if we see sustainable bushmeat as part of the biodiversity crisis. I think particularly the inclusion of livelihoods, the inclusion of sustainable environments or landscapes to address the issues of bushmeat harvesting is very challenging and challenged a lot of what we've been said as part of the biodiversity crisis. Particularly I think you cannot answer the issues of sustainability by measuring or by talking about the importance of diversity of game species, the composition of these populations of game species that a lot of biodiversity assessments have produced. Though in CIFOR we use a lot of biodiversity data and there are a lot of information. In some ways I would be, I'm so happy to know that in many countries where we work, there is very good databases on biodiversity, wherever even in Congo or in Bolivia, you do have large data sets not just in the conservation groups in the tangos, in the usual suspects, but also at the government levels. Brazil is perhaps the most advanced. You get really nice sets of data on biodiversity at the municipal level. So there is a lot of information on data, on game species, compositions, habitat, but that's not enough to answer the question of sustainability. What CIFOR can bring is to look at the issues of behavior, household behavior, and what we call more is landscape transformations or landscape conversions, to issues that might help us to answer or to find ways of sustainable bushmeat harvesting consumption and hunting. Let me tell you just a couple of things that we found in a review. We've been engaged in a global review and regional review and national review on publications and reports on bushmeat hunting in tropical regions. In 2,650 papers we have review and 768 reports. Again, starting with Robert Nassi, there is no doubt that bushmeat is indispensable for the well-being of humans and the environment. That question has to be connected to what we are doing with that, what we are doing with the habitats, with the environments, with the landscapes, and the food income of these people. In some ways, let's talk about the sustainability, what we call, and Grace already mentioned the sociology of the bushmeat. But bushmeat is one of the many sources of food and income for small holders. In very few cases, very few experts talk about the totally dependency of food or income of small holders on bushmeat. dependency on food and income for bushmeat, on bushmeat it's more an exception than a rule by small holders. Small holders are hunters, are agriculturalists, are farmers, are loggers, and they work in Paris, they work in New York, they have huge sources of income, not just depending on bushmeat, but that doesn't mean bushmeat is not indispensable for the well-being. Also in a very few exceptional cases, small holders are hunting only in forests. Majority of cases, small holders are hunting in mosaic landscapes, in house gardens, in fallows, in agriculture fields, and large volume of the biomass, or hunting biomass, the off-takes biomass in places like Ecuador, Bolivia, in the frontier areas come from hunting in these landscapes, in these mosaic landscapes. In few exceptions, farmers, small holders are hunting in forests. Also the literature shows that hunting, the unsustainability of hunting is more an issue of land use changes, is more an issue of losing habitat, particularly in tropical countries where engaged in large commodity production, is more that issues of how we use the landscape rather than over hunting, how people are hunting. So that also shows how we have to address the issues of sustainability, not just following the hunters, but perhaps following the old planters, the soybean planters, what they are doing, understanding what they are doing, how they are incorporating habitats within their plantations is perhaps one of the questions that we have to look for. So definitely, bushmeat is definitely on the menu of rural and urban people. It's still there, and we have to see how we can provide information, but governments can keep this as an important resource to deal with food security, food and nutritional security. As conservation laws are enforced, consumption and trade of bushmeat becomes more clandestine. That's not eliminate, and I would like to know from you, you probably have more experience telling me law enforcement led to more sustainable hunting, and we didn't find in the literature, we didn't find in the interviews and the field work with that. But law enforcement did or does is produce this kind of clandestine bushmeat in the area. So that makes very difficult for governments, any kind of governance for monitoring bushmeat consumption and trade in towns and cities. Hypothetically, we think this is increasing clandestine bushmeat increases rather than reduces the consumption of bushmeat in towns and cities. But at the same time, there are some positive steps in what governments are doing. We found, for instance, in Brazil and Ecuador, that small holders are using and investing their social pensions, cash money, cash income that they get from the social pensions. In Brazil, what they call the formicero programs, poverty reduction, and in Ecuador, these sociobosk programs, they are investing that in restoring what we call hunting landscapes. In many ways, they are opening less areas for planting annual crops. They have enough cash to go to the supermarket and buy tomatoes produced in Australia, and they don't have to keep cutting forests and producing food for tomorrow. So they are capable of engaging in land use systems, and long-term land use systems like agroforest and forest management, redesigning or, as I said, restoring the hunting landscapes and forest in the area. So these are the steps, and my colleagues from the Brazilian and the Ecuadorian government really now are trying to appreciate how investing in social programs is not just leaving people from poverty, but also improving the sustainability of environments, and that's part of economies like my colleague Emi Ekowitz should look at more carefully, it's not just the money, the dependency of the small holders on government programs, but also the value of this investment in providing or restoring sustainable landscapes, sustainable environments. So this is just an introduction, a brief introduction of what we are doing in the bushmeat initiative in CIFOR. As I said, we do this work in CIFOR more than two years, spending, collecting information. We also build networks. The issues of bushmeat are very complex, and we need to have the best of the best in terms of expertise, in terms of institutions to continue our work in CIFOR, and I believe CIFOR, if you read the reports, if you read what John called me does in the communication systems, bushmeat appears and disappears, but still there. So, but we have to keep building the networks. Right now we have very good network of experts and institutions dealing with bushmeat. I'm just going to suggest, mention some ideas that we're trying to explore, we're trying to do as the bushmeat, what will be the focus on this bushmeat initiative at CIFOR. One is to see bushmeat as a source of medicine, and the question will be what are the opportunities and constraints for sustainable harvest of bushmeat, and otherwise like products created by the demand of alternative medicine. Alternative medicines everywhere, we are not talking about traditional medicines anymore. What New Yorkers get from the alternative medicine might have an impact on the sustainable harvesting of bushmeat in Laos or in Cambodia. Let's look at what the opportunities are there. Hunting landscapes, we have to see what are these hunting landscapes, these emerging landscapes, what are in terms of their habitat, in terms of how people are managing these hunting landscapes. Hunting landscapes are not anymore far away from the cities, the Periurban areas are providing very important part of the bushmeat that's consumed in the towns. Let's look at that. Food and income sources, what is the contribution of bushmeat and other great products to the food systems and income sources or small holders. Still an issue that being explored many times. I think we have to try to look at more carefully that rather to look beyond these long questionnaires that some of our colleagues in Penn have implemented but providing much more in situ observations and getting more information from the field. The process of the foundation and foundation also I'll be recommend to see how bushmeat harvesting can help to restore large landscapes that are now called degraded or in some ways we can also greening the tropical areas. Thank you. Thank you Miguel. For this brief but I think really interesting spotlight on the complexity of the bushmeat issue. Are there any questions from the audience, if there are could you please stand up before you ask a question because you need to be captured on camera. Yes Steven. Thanks Miguel for the presentation. My question relates to questions of I suppose management of the bushmeat resource and I'd really appreciate your observations. You mentioned enforcement and suggesting that all enforcement or something that enforcement tended to do was to force people underground become clandestine in their use of the resource base. And I'm wondering if there's any empirical research evidence that looks at the actual effectiveness of enforcement with respect to outcomes. Does enforcement actually contribute to sustainable use and management of wildlife or does it protect wildlife? Does it in fact increase, contribute to an increasing of illegal poaching because people can only use wildlife illegally if you will. In other words, do we have evidence that charts the actual impact of enforcement regimes on outcomes with respect to livestock, sorry wildlife numbers? I really don't know. We search the literature and the reports and I don't find any kind of evidence of how law enforcement provides you some elements of sustainable consumption and trade of bushmeat or harvesting. I think it's an open question that we should try to explore more to look at more. There's probably some information but a lot of the condemning bushmeat consumption and trade is more influenced by these conservation ideologies and there is not a lot of evidence. There are more about don't kill Bambi. We have maybe time for one more question. Yes, Peter. Bambi might be a crocodile though, but anyway. Is it on? Should I stand up? Okay. Ebola. The latest argument against bushmeat is about Ebola. Should we do more research on the health aspects of bushmeat? There is a lot. Research and hypnotic disease or infectious disease I think should be part of C4. Understanding what aspect of this research, what questions will be, it's something that we're trying to explore with Robert Nassi and Jan Fah and one of the experts on sonotic disease and urban areas coming here is arriving in the 10th of November, Oscar Pineda who worked in airport disease and sonotic disease in Mexico and New York. He's a member of the New York Academy of Science, he will be coming here and we are exploring some possibilities or looking at what we can look at is not just infection paths but also landscape or habitat conversions and exposure to sonotic disease. Okay. I think maybe we can take one last question if there is a burning one amongst the crowd. No. Well, I wanted to make a point that you mentioned the issue of social pensions and funds going to rural areas that might help recreate these hunting landscapes. And I think in a recent review we did about cash transfers we find sometimes the opposite effect where cash to rural areas where there's less access leads to demand for luxury groups like protein like cows and therefore opening up grazing lands. So I guess there can be opposite impacts of cash influxes to rural areas and the effects of forest. So I wonder if there is some conditions or factors that might lead to one or the other if you would like to comment. Yeah. I think there's a lot of assessments on what social pensions and PES, Pavement for Invented Service are. I think it's a very robust economic analysis so that there is not a robust information on the environmental impact so that I think it's time to look at more decision theories. It's more to build cases, to look at cases, how people are making decisions when they use this money. As I said, one of the markets should not be only how many people are living in poverty but also how many people are contributing to the, inverting the process of landscape conversions and environmental degradation. I think that's one of the rich, rich minds that we need to explore. I invite you to do that. All right. Good. I think it's a, that may be a good note for us to end. Can everyone please give a hand to Miguel for a very interesting and wonderful talk.