 My name is Kazewasa from Japan. My topic is actually a bit changed during the stick approach to the analysis of the characters and its current findings. Written here, it reads Pelezu Nuzha. This means Hello Friends in Sani, a manuscript of which I will mention today, so Pelezu Nuzha. My presentation consists of three parts. First of all, I will talk about geolinguistic approach to the analysis of the characters and its results. The maps of the e-script will be shown when I will mention their practical use and their contribution to researching in manuscripts. Then one in manuscript preserved at the Starz Bibliothek to Berlin will be introduced. According to my analysis, it has turned out to be a manuscript written in Sani. Finally, future perspectives will be referred to in summary. Today's presentation is actually based on my several previous works, as shown. And one of them, my e-book remarks maps of the e-script based on the Swadis 100 wireless can be downloaded for your charge. It must be superfluous, but let me just add introductory part of the languages of the ethnic group. The languages of the ethnic group belong to the Lolo-Bermes language group of the Tibetan-Berman language family. According to the official classification in China, there are six e-dialects, northern, eastern, southern, south-east, western, and central. Four of these six dialects I have mentioned, namely northern, eastern, southern, and south-eastern can be written with the e-script. And numerous manuscripts in those dialects have been written in it. The south-eastern group of the dialects categorized thus by the official Chinese classification are placed as one language of central Lolo-Bermes by Bradley 2002 with the remaining three dialects of northern, eastern, and southern dialects being placed as northern Lolo-Bermes languages. In this presentation, however, for the reasons of expediency, I used the official Chinese classification, because all the data that I used for the analysis of the use and varieties of the e-script were found in, only in Chinese publications, which used the official classification, of course. Furthermore, this work does not address the classification system, and here's a chart showing a dialect classification with or without the script. And besides correspondence between Chinese official classification and Bradley's, just as I have mentioned. And this is a map illustrating the areas with the e-script and dialect classification according to the previous chart. As we know, e-characters show a great diversity from a region to a region. They seem to have been logographic, but now in most of the areas where we can find them, they are in the process of a transition from a logographic to a syllabographic system. Interestingly enough, the e-script was not designed for mutual communication, but for confidentiality, as Dr. Wasluzka points out in her previous works. It is an exclusive writing system to P-Mos, the religious leader among the people. In other words, e-characters are very, very personal. As e-manuscripts have been written by P-Mos hand from one generation to another, many phonetic loans have occurred quite freely and countless paragraphs have appeared without restraint through ages. It will be carrying calls to Newcastle, but anyway, I mentioned this. As a result, there is a huge dialectal difference as seen in the maps of the e-script. Okay, let's move on to the section one, geolinguistic approach to the analysis of e-characters and its results. Why I started to draw maps of e-characters, the biggest reason is that I wanted, of course, and I expected to clarify as concretely as possible how e-characters have changed throughout history and to trace through which path they would have propagated. With a view to investigating these matters, mapping e-characters by meaning seem to be promising. Now, let's have a look at several maps of e-characters and that results. This is the first example. This map demonstrates AB distribution. From this map, we can tell that distinctive paragraphs in red circle area may have occurred only in the Asian dialect region, in particular in Quechua area. Therefore, this character form can be regarded to be regional character in this Quechua area. On the other hand, Lutron region, Lutron area, a Lutron region which also belong to the same dialect as the red circle members in Quechua does not possess the identical form to those seen in Quechua as long as the data shows at the moment. So this fact also seems to support my idea that the form in question is regional character exclusively in Quechua. And this is a map which shows ABA distribution. In this kind of distribution, parapheric distribution A is thought to be older than central one B, for example, if there is no big movement of people or if a feature of the A does not occur independently. Nevertheless, it is not possible to eliminate a strong possibility of phonetic loan coincidentally having happened in both areas, Shida and Lonlin. Just as seen now, one of the most frequent and remarkable phenomena in the e-script is a phonetic loan, Jiajie. This have happened with high frequency. In my maps, more than 20 possible cases have been identified. Let's have a look at the examples. This is a map of the characters, meaning many. And the characters seen in the area shaded in green are picked to graph that once meant a row. Therefore, the meaning right now bear of many must be a result of a phonetic loan. This is a map of the characters, meaning big. I mentioned like this, common character form is seen among those circled in red. And the character in Luna shaded in red is supposed to be an paragraph of those. In Shida, the three characters circled in blue are considered to be phonetic loans due to their homonymity with E. They express water, for example, as well as big. Characters that are similar to them are used to indicate water where the e-script exists. As a result of the analysis of all the e-script maps based on the Swadis 100 word list, basic characters have been set. Here are the criteria for determining the basic characters. A given form is found in more than 75% of all representative points. A case where a continuum is recognized among characters. A case where at least a common feature is still obviously recognized. Here is a chart of the basic characters. From one to 20, then from 21 to 42, there are 42 basic characters in total. They are a tentative one, but anyway, I've set 42 basic characters after the moment. In this section, I will talk about the practical use of the basic characters. For example, in a case of determining provenance of e-manuscripts. For detecting provenance of e-manuscripts by utilizing the 42 basic e-characters. How does it work? Let's have a look. The procedure for detecting provenance of an e-manuscript is very simple. First of all, we eliminate the 42 basic characters. In other words, basically we do not have to take them into intensive consideration. Of course, it depends, though. Then, the next step is to find out distinctive characters, including such paragraphs in each region, which can be found quite easily by the e-characters' maps, as we have just looked in the AV distribution map. Okay, we will have an example of this more in detail. Here, we have a manuscript in BIULO as a typical case. BIULO is be able to take Antonio Verster, DeLong's Oriental, now it has joined BULAC. I'm just giving you a brief introduction of this manuscript. I'm not mentioning the details, so if interested, please refer to my paper of the 51st ICSTL, which is available online. Okay, well, let me state my conclusion first. This is a Nisu manuscript of the Cezanne dialect. The most striking feature of this manuscript is the fact that this is a bilingual manuscript, and this is a very rare case among the e-manuscripts. The rightmost lines are translations in Chinese corresponding to Nisu. The middle lines are transcriptions by Chinese characters of corresponding to Nisu characters. And the leftmost lines are Nisu sentences. So we will have a look at these characters and examine them. I skip the leftmost column, because I have just mentioned this. Please just have a quick look by yourself, and let's go to the middle column. As stated in EWAS 2008, the e-language written in this manuscript is Nisu. Nisu belongs to Cezanne dialect according to the official classification in China. Nevertheless, it used to be classified as Edelester, namely the Eastern E, Nassu, in the inventory of VIULO. I hope it would have already been corrected. Then let's have a look at the last part. Each Chinese bilingual manuscript, which is hardly found both inside and outside China, except Huaiyi. This is not only partially translated in Chinese, but also transcribed by Chinese characters. This is the very first character of this manuscript. It's a character meaning sky by judging from its Chinese translation, as is obvious in the map. As is obvious in the map, an identical character is found in the Southern dialect area around Shippian. Although a similar one is also found around Lu Chuan of Eastern dialect. What its transcription more can indicate seems very similar to the actual data more as shown on the map. Now let's move on to the second example. This is the first character of the second sentence in the third line. In the map, identical or similar characters to this area found in Shippian and Shuanbei. Taking the transcription, Ming, and the actual pronunciation of this character in Shippian, Ming, into consideration, it is highly possible to say this character is typical in any way Southern dialect. And here's another character, which seems to signify below. As the data shows, identical or similar characters are only found in the Southern dialect area around Shippian. The pronunciation suggested by Ke is similar to Ke of Southern dialect. The fourth and last example is this character. An identical or similar character to each is only found around Shippian of Southern dialect. What can indicate is similar to Ke or Ke of Southern dialect. The character signifying sky is written like this and pronounced more in Southern dialect, whereas the identical character is pronounced as Xi and means to die or death in Eastern dialect as indicated in the inventory of B.I.U. a little before. Geolinguistic data also strongly suggests that the e-language written in this manuscript should belong to Southern dialect or Nisu, as other characters demonstrated in this presentation are also typically found in Southern dialect. Now I will introduce the case of a manuscript of Sani which is preserved in Starts Bibliotech to Berlin. In Starts Bibliotech to Berlin, there are four e-manuscripts. It is said that the collection Francis Rock, who is famous for his abandoned Tunasian collection, and three of them, their fax mill editions were already published in 1977 and 1980 by Klaus Janert. Unfortunately, in these publications, there are not a few mistakes which appear to have happened in the photographic work or restoration of them. For example, in every two pages, we can find the wrong side of the page. Until I visited the Starts Bibliotech to Berlin in 2015, I had believed that there must have been only three e-manuscripts there. In reality, there was one more and this is Sani manuscript. Sani is one sub-director of the Southeastern dialect of official classification in China. Sani spoke mainly in Shilin, the autonomous county of Yunnan province. It appears to have arrived at the library more recently than the other three because this manuscript is not included in the works of Janert in 1977 and 1980. Therefore, it must have arrived in the library after 1980 at least. According to the inventory, it seems to have been registered in 1999. Before I researched it, nobody had mentioned it. This means that nobody had realized that it is written in Sani. Following my tentative provenance detecting procedure, I have found several typical characters in Sani from the manuscript. Here are some examples. The left one, Ng'an, is a common form of a polar question in Sani. The middle one, Ma Ng'an, is a common negative form. Especially the character Ng'an is very typical in Sani. It has not been found in other areas as far as I know. The right example, R or R, is a common prefix of nouns or negative particle used among children. This is also very typical in this dialect and never found in other dialect. Here show the maps concerning the forms of to be and not to be. As far as I have found from all the data I referred to, we can see that the case of Sani is distinctive. No other areas possess the identical or even similar characters. This one and this one. Here is also significant additional information about this manuscript. Judging from the Chinese sentences written on the last two pages, this manuscript must have been written by a female living in a village called Wei Zi Tsun in Guishan, Yunnan, China. Why? Because surname is appearing in these Chinese sentences is not found among Sani people, but Chinese. And Chinese people with this surname lived only in Wei Zi Tsun village. Here, that left picture is one page of this manuscript. Due to the copyright, this image is what I copied during my research in Berlin. Shape and size, length is 26 centimetre by width is 20 centimetre. Page is 36 pages and 40 sheets, bound with threads on the left side. And light beige rough paper. And sentences are basically written from left to right and from top to bottom. Characters are mostly written only on one side. There are 11 lines by 16 squares about 1.5 centimetre or 1.5 centimetre on average. And these squares are divided into three columns. All lines are in red. The characters are written with a brush mostly in Chinese black ink, but partially in red one. Written in Pentaslavic regulated verse, Chinese sentences are also written on the last two pages. As Professor Bender mentions, likewise prefixes are found only occasionally and are often more in the vein of a disclaimer of performance about the author's lack of knowledge than commentary on the content of the work. This manuscript also has such a preface or with the author's seemingly modest statement or more accurately his request to readers for tolerating his fumble and the reason why he decided to write this work. Before stepping into examining the main part, I will demonstrate you when this manuscript was written. This is a very rare case as to the e-manuscripts because the production date is normally not written on them. However, in this manuscript, there is description of the date of its production. This is mentioned in the very first sentence of this manuscript. According to it, it was written in 1934, it's Mingguo, 23rd year. As you can see here, an empire does not exist. 23 year, the dot year. Wu Mu, that means the emperor. Ma Zhu doesn't exist. Nti Shikou, that means 23 year. And the next line, law, it's complete or full or filled or something like that. So already 23 years have passed or something like that meaning. And Mu to make, Li is practical, normally expressing a topic. So it used like topic marker. And Nti Shikou, that means dot year. So an emperor doesn't exist. So that's why it means Mingguo. The second line says Tiger months, the first month of the lunar year, 12th day, rabbit day on that day. Here we have a pangolin as well as rabbit. In Chinese astrology, they used to have not a rabbit but a pangolin. It is said that later they started to use a rabbit instead of a pangolin under the influence of Chinese astrology or custom. The second line still continues and it says it seems that I cannot work. Khu ma ge, I can't do, I can't work. Khu zi vi, that means so or that's why or something like that. And in the third line, the meaning of its first half out is vague. So I dare not demonstrate it here but in the latter half as displayed here, I wish none I think or I hope. I have something in mind, that means something like this. I wish readers may not sneer at me. That means prohibition. Ye la, that means sneer at or dried or jar or something like that. We can see the writer's request to readers for tolerating his fumble. The fourth line is here. Actually this sentence seems to continue. However, there is no following word. It says it has snowed, so that's why I cannot go to work. Vajra, it snows, ka, so that's why no mu zhi ma ge, I can't go to work. Ka zi zi, that's why or something like that. But there is no following word. And the line still continues and it says the person living here is 23 years old, then writes this or when the author is 23 years old, he writes this or something like that. So it's all that the person normally writes differently but here the person used anagrams, anagrams, actually phonetic loan, I think. And he is 23 years old. Ka ku, ku that means to do, but here it means to write. Although I suggested that this manuscript should be literary work, the further investigation implies that it may be a sort of sutra which tells how to find a suitable place and build a middle house. To determine the content still requires much more decipherment and investigation. There are many parts, pimos are not sure. This is partly due to the individuality of the characters in themselves and doubtedly but also due to several instruments and vocabulary which are not used and known to sunny people anymore today. Now future perspective in the study of the manuscript where we mentioned for closing my talk. As seen in the last section, while our technology advances and many other tools are abundant, we are losing countless commercial clues for interpreting the e-manuscripts. This means a great loss not only to e-people but also to all of us. Therefore, it is urgently needed to decipher as many manuscripts as possible. Professor Bender also mentioned this matter and we have to decipher as promptly as possible. Since most pimos are advanced aged and pessimistically very few successors to them. And it is inevitable to analyze written in languages from all the linguistic perspectives. In order to qualify the historical changes of e-characters and possible route or possible routes for the propagation of the e-script, more data of e-characters from more regions are undoubtedly needed. It is profitable to continue geolinguistic approach to the analysis of e-characters. And here are the bibliographies and dictionaries that I refer to. And thank you very much, Nick Wu.