 So, today we are going to start our next topic, Educational Psychology, okay? We are going to start here, topic of nature and scope of educational psychology. So first of all we have to know what is psychology, okay? I am explaining in Hindi because of Hindi medium students also. So both Hindi and English medium students will be benefited by this lecture, okay? What is psychology? That is, what is the science of minds, right? They are saying that the word psychology is derived from two Greek words, psyche and logos. Logos, you know, wherever you study sociology, biology, zoology, all these are logos. So, logos means study and psyche means mind. That is, two Greek words are called mind and adhyayan. That is, mind's adhyayan and mind's science. Okay? So, psyche means soul. So, soul means and logo means science. The psychology was first defined as the science of soul. That means, when we defined psychology in the beginning, psychology was defined, that this is the science of soul, the science of mind, the science of the soul. Then, as you will see, it is the earliest definition. Then it will be mentioned as Mr. Dharba. According to earlier psychologists, the function of psychology, was to study the nature, origin and destiny of the human soul. In the beginning, the area and scope of psychology were connected to the nature, origin and destiny of the human soul. But what is the soul? What is the soul? It is metaphysical. Because we have taught them in philosophy. Metaphysics, epistemology and exeology. You have to know that philosophy is the origin of psychology. That is why psychology wanted to know about the human soul in the beginning. Nature, origin and destiny of the human soul. But because it has become metaphysical, it cannot be seen, observed and touched and it cannot make scientific experiments on soul. Because we cannot touch it, we cannot observe it, we cannot see it and we cannot use any scientific evidence on it. Then how will it be modified? In the 18th century, psychology was understood as the science of mind. Now this mind is a little bit related to the brain. It is called the theory and its science. How did William James define it? In 1892, he said that psychology is the science of mental processes. I said that mind is the mind of the brain. So, mental processes. He said that mind is the science of mental processes. So, where will the mental processes go? But the word mind is also quite ambiguous. So, there is no doubt in the mind. So, there is a lot of confusion in the nature and the functions of the mind. Then we have to move on to modern psychologists. I said modern psychologists define psychology as the science of consciousness. That is, the science of soul, the science of mind. Then it came to mind. The science of consciousness. He said that the new modern scientists said that this is the science of consciousness. James Sully has defined in 1884 psychology as the science of inner world. That is, our inner world, our inner consciousness, is the science of the mind. William Wundt, 1892 defined psychology as the science, which studies the internal experiences. That is, the scientific psychology of understanding the different experiences. But, what are the three levels of consciousness? They are free levels of consciousness. These means the forms are the conscious, subconscious and the unconscious. That is, the subconscious is below the consciousness, and the unconscious is above the consciousness. There are many types of consciousness. So, if we believe in the science of consciousness, it is not clear that what kind of level we are talking about. So, it is clear. So, they say that the psychology first lost its soul, then its mind and then its consciousness. That is, first the psychology lost its soul, then it lost its mind and then it lost its desire. This means that according to the soul, we cannot say that this is the science of soul. This can also be said that this is the science of mind. There is no science of consciousness. So, what is it? At present, only its behavior exists. At present, there is no such thing as consciousness. That is, after consciousness, it is said that the knowledge of the mind is only of behavior. William MacDougall defines psychology as the science of behavior. Similarly, Pillsbury and J.B. Watson also called it the science of behavior. So, science of soul, then science of mind, then science of consciousness, and then the science of behavior, which is a little bit hard to understand. There are a lot of work on it. And that work is still followed today. Then what is it? Behavior generally means overt activities which can observe and measure scientifically. What kind of behavior is it? The behavior that we do from outside, which anyone can observe, measure, measure and measure scientifically. I mean, scientifically. But once behavior is always influenced by his experiences. But some behavior is always influenced by his experiences. If our experience is bad today, then we will use it. If we have a very good cut with us today, then we will use it very well. That is, our mood is flexible here. So, we can say a lot of scientific things to the behavior or not to the behavior. So, when we study one's behavior, we must also study his experiences. So, when you want to focus on someone's behavior, then you will have to focus on his experiences as well. So, what happened now? Soul, mind, consciousness is said that psychology should therefore be defined as science of behavior and experiences on human beings. I mean, we will not just say science of behavior, but science of behavior and experiences. This definition is made by B.F. Skinner. B.F. Skinner is a very big psychologist. His name is B.F. Skinner. He studies psychology in educational psychology. Then, how do we define pro and pro? Psychology is the study of human behavior and human relationship. That is, the knowledge of the mind is the behavior of the human being and the relationship of the human being. So, this is a previous base of psychology. Now, what is educational psychology? Why? Because we are not the students of psychology. We are the students of education. In education, we study educational psychology. So, what is educational psychology? Education of psychology is that branch of psychology in which the findings of psychology are applied in the field of education. This is the subject of the How can we apply it in a specific field? How can we use it in a specific field of education? We can get a scholarship. This is the scholarship. It is the scientific study of human behavior in educational setting. When we talk about educational psychology, there should be education in its background. There should be a learner. There should be a teacher. Then it should be fulfilled. So there is a Charles E. Skinner who defines educational psychology that deals with the behavior of human beings in educational situations. If the behavior of human beings was of human beings, then it would have been psychology. But in educational situations, there should be a definition of psychology. Thus, educational psychology is a behavioral science with two main references human behavior and education. We have two main points here. Manusheh's marriage and other definitions in the words of E.A.P. Educational psychology is the science of education. What is this? Educational psychology is the science of education. Education by all means is an attempt to mold and shape the behavior of the pupil. It aims to produce desirable changes in him for the all-round development of his personality. Here you know. You can read this definition and understand Hindi-medium students easily. After that, Manusheh's education is about understanding the principles of education. Then, what do you have to understand? Take the last paragraph. Educational psychology concerns primarily with the understanding the processes of teaching and learning. We have to focus on the main emphasis of education. That takes place within formal environments. That is, we are talking about classroom setting, school setting, institutional setting. We are not talking about informal environments. We are developing ways of improving the educational psychology and the principles of psychology. That is, we can improve teaching and learning in the educational setting. What do we study? Mainly learning theories. That is, the principles of education. That is, how to learn. What are the ways of learning? What are the rules of learning? If we go there, we will teach our students better. Teaching methods. What are the ways of teaching? Motivation. How do you know that when we get motivation, we are ready to do that. How can a teacher motivate a teacher? Cognitive, emotional and moral development. That is, communication, communication and genetic development. That is, how does a person's brain develop? How do emotions develop? How does genetic development and parent-child relationship etc. become a part of the educational psychology. That is, we can make the whole thing more powerful or better. In short, it is the scientific discipline that impresses the questions. Why do some students learn more than others? What can be done to improve that learning? What are the ways of learning? Why do some students learn better than others? Learn faster than others. Learn better than others. Learn better than others. These are all the general questions of the educational psychology. What is the nature of educational psychology? What is the nature of practicing? What is the nature of spiritual science? So, they are saying that the people who make it say that it is nature, it is scientific. As it has been accepted that it is a science of education. It is a scientific, its nature is scientific and it is proven, it was proven, and it has been accepted that this is the science of education, that is, the science of education. We can summarize the nature of educational psychology in the following ways. That is, we can summarize the concept of the concept of the subject of education in this way. First of all, educational psychology is science. So, what does science mean? Science means that any system that we do systematically, and after that we do it in this way, anyone can verify it. In similar conditions, in similar environmental conditions, in similar lab conditions, if we can verify it, if we can generalize it, then it is all science. It is saying that science is a branch of study concerned with observation of facts and establishment of verifiable general laws. That is, we can observe facts. That is, science is proven in the air. It is a theory, it is testifiable. You can test it, you can generalize it. Science includes certain objective methods for the collection of data. It has its objectives of understanding, explaining, predicting and control of it. See, how much you understand. Further, like any other science, educational psychology has also developed objective methods of collection of data. Like any other science, Shabshik Mano's science has also developed a collection of data, that is, objective methods for the members of the organization. Objective methods means that I collect data or you collect data, that objective method is, then you will reach a similar result. That is, when the member and the student are not involved, when the student and the student are not involved, if they are involved, then they are called subjective. If they are not involved, then they are called objective. Objective is called the object, subject is called the object. That is, the object is not the object, the object is not the object. It also aims at understanding, predicting and controlling human beings. Then, it was said first that this is a science. Then it was said that educational psychology is a natural science, that is, science is. But it is a natural science, that is, there is no scientific knowledge. This is a very scientific knowledge. This is what an educational psychologist conducts his investigations, gathers his data and reaches his conclusions in exactly the same manner as the physicist or the biologist. That is, a biologist's life is a scientific knowledge, like the way the data corrects the conclusion, the way the scientific method corrects the conclusion. After that, there is a lot of improvement. There is a lot of improvement in the science, the natural science, and then there is the social science. They say that, like the sociologists, anthropologists, economists and political scientists, the educational psychologists studies human beings and their sociability. Why social science? Because they have to take away everything from human beings. And human beings are social. If they say that you have to focus on parent-child relationship, then what will happen when you have to focus on the relationships between humans and humans? Society, science, etc. After that, there was a lot of improvement in the business, and then there was a lot of modification. Then there was a lot of education and psychology, and then there was a lot of positive science. They are saying that this is a scientific science. What does scientific science mean? Normative science, like logic or ethics, deals with facts as they ought to be. Ought to be means that whatever your ethics is, it tells us what we should do, what we should do with others, what we shouldn't do, what should happen, it tells us about normative science. And positive science tells us that positive science deals with facts as they are or as they operate. It tells us how things are. That is positive science. Normative science tells us how things should be. Educational psychology studies the child's behavior as it is not as it ought to be. It tells us how the child's behavior is. It doesn't tell us how the child's behavior should be, so you can keep it in the training of positive science. And then it tells us that educational psychology is an applied science. What is this? Why? Because we are applying the principles of psychology in education. That is why we can call it applied science. It is the application of psychological principles in the field of education by applying the principles and techniques of psychology to study the behavior and experiences of the pupils. As a branch of psychology, it is parallel to any other applied psychology. For example, educational psychology draws heavy effects from such areas as developmental psychology, clinical psychology, abnormal psychology and social psychology. It tells us that we are applying the principles of psychology in education, that is why it is applied science. And we include only the branches of psychology and developmental psychology in educational psychology. Sometimes we take support of clinical psychology, sometimes we take support of abnormal psychology, sometimes we take support of social psychology. All the branches of psychology are showing the application of educational psychology. What is this? It is applied science. Educational psychology is developing and growing science. This is a science that is developing and growing. This is a science that is developing and growing. This is why you can call it developing and growing science. It is concerned with new and ever new research. Why? As the new research is being done in psychology, we are applying it in educational psychology. As research findings accumulate, educational psychologists get better insight into the child's nature and behavior. As the new research is being done, we are getting to know in a better way how the child's behavior is, how the child's behavior is, how we can mold it, how we can motivate it. There are some points that you can read. It is not easy to understand. Educational psychology is a science, a natural science, a social science, a applied science, a positive science, and a developing and growing science. This is a science. This is its methodology. Now we have to know the scope of educational psychology. What are the things, what are the symptoms, which keep the scientific knowledge of the subject that comes to the work of the subject. The first subject that comes to the work of the subject is the learner. The learner who came to learn was your student. The subject matter of educational psychology is knitted around the learner. The ta-na-ba-na is the whole of the learner's mind. Therefore, the need of knowing the learner and the techniques of knowing him well is the first subject. In this, we emphasize that we can know the learner and we can know what the subject is, what is his personality, what is his intelligence level. And then, we try to understand the techniques of knowing him better. In this, there will be innate abilities and capacities of the individuals. What are the differences between them, individual differences. We will read this topic in your course and then we will read it separately. Individual differences means that each individual is different from the other. And we have to respect this difference and we have to schedule our teaching strategies so that each individual can become useful. And there is a man, the overt conscious as well as unconscious behavior of the learner, the characteristics of his growth in the stage beginning from childhood. That is, since childhood, from childhood to childhood, we need to know all the stages of his life. We need to know how his growth is, how his development is. That is why we have to do according to our teaching strategies. What is the behavior of the learner, what is his unconscious behavior, what is the behavior of the overt that is visible, the overt that is not visible, it all comes within our scope. And then there are learning experiences. That is, what we have just said that we will not just talk about the behavior of the learner, because we have to see the experiences of the learner. So educational psychology helps in deciding what learning experiences are desirable. So what can we do as an educational psychologist that we should know what are the experiences of the learner and what are the experiences of the learner that we will try to give so that the behavior is better and the undesirable experiences should not be given to us. Then there is the learning process. First, we emphasis on the learner and then we emphasize on the learner experience and then we emphasize on the learning process. That is, the practice of learning. After knowing the learner and deciding what learning experiences are to be provided, educational psychology moves on to the laws, principles i.e. what are the principles of the learning and what are the rules that we should know so that we can help the learner. Other items in the learning process i.e. apart from the rules what we have to study is remembering how to remember, forgetting how to forget, perceiving i.e. how to grant something concept formation any concept is formed in our minds thinking, thinking reasoning, logical practice problem solving if we have any problem then how do we solve the problem transfer of learning if we use a different place and if we do, then how does this transfer happen ways and means of effective learning i.e. what are the methods to learn effectively okay so we know the learner processes processes and now we have to know the learning situation what is the learning situation where we are learning so here we deal with environmental factors and learning situations which come midway between the learner and the teacher i.e. what does the teacher do and what does the teacher do so we have to study what will be in it, classroom, climate i.e. how is our class do you think you can solve any problem or is it democratic i.e. we have the permission to solve any problem or is it a less sphere i.e. is there any R or R, when is it going i.e. in which way is the classroom what are the group dynamics the topic of the class is what is the class what is the class what is the class what is the class techniques and aids that facilitate learning and evaluation what are the skills what are the aids from which we can improve the learning of the classroom we can improve the evaluation techniques and practices guidance and counseling for the smooth functioning of the teaching learning process i.e. the teaching learning process the teaching learning process then we have to know the teacher then we have to know the teacher because the teacher is the one who provides you all the materials so how is the teacher how is his mental health if he is fine then he will be able to disseminate the learning information the teacher is a potent focus in any scheme of teaching learning process discusses the role of the teacher it emphasizes the need of knowing the teacher to play his role properly the teaching of the teacher to know who is in the conflict his mental health is bad he is inexious his adjustment is not right then he can teach you better then we have to say that two of the entire scope of educational is included in the above mentioned five key factors it may be further expanded by adding the following i.e. the five five factors i.e. e-learner learning process learning environment and the teacher they are very similar they communicate the scope of educational psychology there are some other factors which can be included in the scope of educational psychology like what is human behavior it studies human behavior in educational situations psychology is the study of behavior then there is growth and development then there is education and development then there is health and environment then you will study the nature of marriage versus nurture i.e. does the nature give more personality in your personality or your genes then it is health and environment nature and development of personality i.e. the development of the person and its nature and individual difference i.e. everyone is different from each other then there is intelligence and its measurement intelligence is a very important factor according to your IQ if you teach a below level child very fast speed then he will not be able to study if you teach a gifted child more or less then he will not be able to study so it is very important to know the intelligence level and guidance and counseling i.e. you can guide the child you can do the counseling and you can learn all this in the scope of educational psychology i think yes so today we have started the paper of our educational psychology in which we have started what is educational psychology what is the nature of educational psychology and what are the scopes of educational what is the scope of educational psychology now in the next lecture we will study methods of educational psychology i hope this is a very easy topic It is very interesting and you will understand it very easily and you will be able to explore it a lot. You will get a lot of material for this. This is enough for you to handle. Okay. Done.