 And as you probably noticed on your agenda, this is our first session right after Tai Chi of the entire program this year. So welcome, you're all early birds. As we sit here today, over 800 million people across the globe still lack access to electricity, while human demand for energy is set to rise by 30% over the next three decades. Yet even now, energy production unused with electricity, industry, construction, transport all included is the largest source of global greenhouse gas emissions. And if we compare the numbers in 2022, the global demand for coal increased by 1.2% and first time in history is surpassed 8 billion tons. Meanwhile, IEA predicted the renewable energy will replace coal as the worst largest source of electricity by the beginning of 2025. Why are we talking about the numbers here? Because what we see here is a mixed picture and a fast changing one. And the choices we'll make today on energy transition will shape our collective future. And how do we achieve that? We'll have a distinguished panel, highly capable of guiding us and navigate this transition map. Let me quickly introduce our panelists today and remind for everyone we'll leave 15 minutes for Q&A, so take your time and think about your questions. First is a lady on my left-hand side, Dr. Sekai, Irene, and Zenza, Minister of Industry and Commerce from Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030, if I'm not mistaken. And the gentleman in the middle is Mr. Xinbao, an executive chairman of Stay Great and Stay Great, and for those not based in China, is not only China's major supplier of electricity, but also the world's largest utility company. And Mr. Simon, sitting right across from me, Simon O'Connen, CEO of SMV Netherland Development Organizations. It's a nonprofit international development organization working on food security, water sanitation, and I'm sure you'll let us know more details in a minute. And most importantly, the access to affordable energy in low-income countries. And last but not least, Mr. Franklin Serven-Schreiber, CEO of Transmutex, the Swiss startup dedicated using technology to reduce the stockpile of existing nuclear waste. So we'll get started. Let me start with Dr. Nzenza. The transition to grain is incredibly important and also is set up as one of the priorities for the Zimbabwe government. But there's still significant room of improvement in your energy transition speed. How to address that and what are the key hurdles? Please. Thank you very much, Lin. Lee, let me begin by saying good morning to everyone and also to bring you greetings from Zimbabwe. And I've noted that there are people here who have been to Zimbabwe or lived in Zimbabwe. So I'll bring you greetings from the President, his Excellents, Dr. Mnangagwa. In Zimbabwe, we are going through a transformation. We have recently, recently as in the last year or so, launched the National Development Strategy 1. And the focus is mainly to transform three key areas, transformation in agriculture, moving on to agro-processing, transformation in the area of manufacturing, where we are focusing more specifically on value change. Having realized Zimbabwe's natural resources, our major challenge, Lee, was to do with exporting raw materials. So the major transformation in Zimbabwe now is to process the natural resources locally. And we're also looking at mining. And within the mining sector, we're focusing on value addition. So in all these areas that I've mentioned, from mining to agriculture, as well as to manufacturing, what's absolutely key is energy and energy efficiency. And we've noted that there is a deficit here. So if you have deficit in energy, you cannot produce, you cannot trade. So what are we doing about it? I would like to just pause here for a while so that for the next question, I can then discuss areas in which we can focus on increasing our energy resources. Thank you. We'll come back to you shortly. And let me move on to Mr. Zimbabwe. Stay great. As China and the world's largest utility companies, stay great in industry and people's lives should speed up the transformation to clean and affordable energy. How do you do that? Thank you, moderator. Ladies and gentlemen, good morning. It gives me great pleasure to participate in today's session. As we all know, effectively step out to the challenge of climate change. The transformation of energy is the key. Low carbon, clean and effective development is critical part. As the largest company in China, we are conducting our obligation in energy transition. And we're building new type of electricity system in China. We've come up with action plans for the reduction of carbon emission. And we've enhanced our investment into key projects as well as scientific research. And we've established new type electricity system innovation alliance. And we are improving our capacity to absorb renewable energies. And we've produced 33 ultra-high pressure grid and more than 4.4 million stations, transmission stations for electricity. Fourthly, we're developing energy storage station, which can support new types of energy storing capacity. And we're facilitating the electrification of end users. As we all know, electricity is the secondary energy, which is clean and effective. So we should raise the mix of energy in the end user consumption. That is the key for energy transition. So energy to replace oil, energy to replace natural gas are the key works we're doing. Now in China, electricity and consumption percentage has reached 37%. In the future, that presentation will climb up. As we all know, there is cost to energy transition. On the one hand, we must promote low-carbon transition. Secondly, it must be sustainable and affordable. So our key is to guarantee the production and to make it steady and stable. Now the average tariff of energy in China has been remaining at a relatively low level. Residential and agriculture use remain at the lowest level. The safety operation of grid has been improved drastically. Our business environment in the world ranks top. So the satisfaction degree and happiness of the end users have increased. Thank you. Helping us lay out the outline of China's energy transition, some of the challenges, but also achievements. These are massive scale what China is doing. China has been working on things not just massive, but micro-scale as well. Like Minister mentioned, you lived in Zimbabwe. So in your work through SMV, how do you see energy equity among the developing countries? Thank you and good morning, ladies and gentlemen. First off, if I may, I'd just like to say what a great pleasure it is to be back here in Chang'an in China. I think we all know, we all recognize that the energy transition, the transition to cleaner energy, the climate crisis, these are global issues that need, yes, contextually tailored solutions, but global solutions. And to have that, you need collaboration, you need relationships, and of course you need trust, which is why it's so, so important and why I'm so delighted to be here in China. You know, to your good question, it's not actually that micro. The issues that we're grappling with, you rightly said in your introduction, there are 800 million people that still lack access to any form of electricity. I could add there are 2.4 billion people worldwide, 2.4 billion people who lack access to clean cooking. These are, you know, big, large scale macro issues as well. And to come up with the right kind of solutions, we need the right kind of partnerships with, yes, development actors, NGOs, civil society organizations, but vitally important as well, the private sector and governments at all sorts of different institutional levels. I think there are three things that we, at SNV, so yes, we're a global development partner, three things that we really encourage a focus on. One is the importance of context and contextual understanding. I'll just give you a couple of examples. I worked for several years in South Sudan. I'd worked in Sudan previously, then went down into South Sudan in 2005 when the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed. The country was then formed as a fully-fledged independent country in 2011, fast-forward from 2011 to 2023, so 12-plus years, and only 7% of that country have access to electricity. In Mozambique, where my organization is working, 34% of the country now have access to electricity, and at SNV we're working already on a large-scale initiative called BRILLO with the British and Swedish government and a range of private sector partners to create access to solar household systems and solar mini-grids for 1.3 million people. So in the grand scheme of the world, perhaps that doesn't sound that large, but in the context in Mozambique it is enormously significant. But the point is all contexts are different from South Sudan with 7% access to electricity, 34% in Mozambique to many, many other geographies. So we have to understand context. Secondly and relatedly, then we need to design solutions that are most appropriate to those contexts. In Mozambique it wouldn't be appropriate for any organization to start setting up solar mini-grids unless, and I believe you just rightly highlighted, you've got your tariff structures in place if you've got a good understanding of your tariffs. In Ethiopia, we're working with the Global Energy Alliance for People and Planets so a large-scale energy initiative to set up 9 solar-powered mini-grids for irrigated agriculture. We can't possibly do that unless the tariffing structure around those mini-grids is set up. And then the third point is relatedly, again, the right financing forms. To have access to an improved cook stove in Mozambique, you need to spend about between 7 to 10 US dollars. There are many, many people in Mozambique that do not have 7 to 10 dollars in their pockets. It may seem extraordinary to some of us in this room. Don't have 7 to 10 dollars in their pockets to buy and improve cook stove in one go. So you need your pay-as-you-go models, you need your lending models, you need your financing structures at those micro levels to enable people, the extreme poor in a country such as Mozambique, to start climbing that energy ladder. And ladies and gentlemen, it's a ladder that we're talking about here. We're not going to go from the 7% access to electricity in South Sudan to 100% coverage on a full grid anytime soon. So we need to be thinking about that energy ladder and the steps we can take accelerated to scale that access to electricity. Thank you. Thank you. We'll come back to many of the points you mentioned here, but thanks for giving us a picture of how comprehensive this challenge is. It's not just energy, there's also finance, there's also governance, everything coming together. Let me move on to Franklin. Well, your company is only four years old as you just told me as a startup, but you are in a very specific and interesting space, the nuclear space. Tell us what's the difference of the role of nuclear energy 10 years ago compared to today or if we fast forward 10 years from now. Thank you, Lee, and thank you, everyone. Good morning. It's a pleasure to be here talking about energy. We definitely need the World Forum because we are together, and CO2 has no frontier, so it's really key. Why are we here is because we are a startup, but we are a spin-off from CERN, and we are based on solid scientific references. And the key thing to understand is that when we talk about electricity, electricity is just a transmission medium of primary energy. What is primary energy? It's coal burning, it's oil burning or gas burning, it's solar panel wind, but it's also nuclear, and nuclear is the fundamental energy of the universe. It is the most powerful primary energy we can find in the universe, so if we could master that, it would be key, and that is our mission. We are now in the uranium fuel cycle, which has amazing advantages, but also one key disadvantage for us, which is the nuclear waste, the long-lived nuclear waste, which is something that is difficult to imagine on a human scale because it's 300,000 years, but there are other ways to do nuclear. Fusion is one, and what we're working on, which is thorium fuel. It's very hard to make a change as fundamental as going from uranium to thorium because of the military need for plutonium for their bombs. We have developed the uranium fuel cycle, the costs are sunk, and therefore we can do commercial operations. We have to start from scratch with thorium, and it's always much more difficult to motivate states to do something new when there is no war. So the war against CO2 is not clearly as motivating as a real war, unfortunately. But that's where we are. As an environmentalist who was fighting plastic pollution of the ocean before, I saw the destruction of the ocean firsthand. That's why I got into energy because we were warming the ocean, we were acidification of the ocean because of CO2. Therefore I got passionate about this. The only thing I saw that really enabled us to have massive clean energy was nuclear. In Ontario, Canada, they went away from coal in 10 years because of nuclear and wind. In the United Arab Emirates, where they have all the sun and all the space in the world that they want for solar, they are already producing twice as much clean energy from nuclear as from solar. So I believe nuclear is going to be indispensable to have clean energy but also to give energy availability. We need, in all countries that are not nuclear yet, a way of making nuclear available which is non-proliferant. That means it has no use in military, which will not make long-lived waste. And which will be safe and cheap because the fuel cycle for thorium is everywhere and there's plenty of it. So this is our focus, to make energy available everywhere and to make the energy transition possible at scale with nuclear. Thanks for sharing that, very exciting. And as promised, I'll come back to Minister and just like Simon mentioned, solutions must be appropriate to the country context and reality. You said you wanted to share with us what actions in but we are taking to accelerating energy transition. Let me just begin by an anecdote. I was born in a very small village and there was no electricity then and at that time I know my mother was using paraffin lamps. I don't know who still uses paraffin these days but there are many places in Africa where we still use paraffin. And we were also using candles. And I went to school studying using candles. And for cooking it was just firewood. So that means cutting down trees and also making fire every single time you make a meal. But what has changed in my little village, in my home state? We've got solar. That was a life transforming, especially in my own home village but we haven't got enough of that yet. There's so many schools that are off the grid. So many clinics still off the grid. So what we're looking at is a transformation, giving access to solar energy at household level, at village level, at institutions and also at schools. But when we move now to business, what we're looking at is bringing in that technology that I just talked about, the solar energy. But our vision is to reduce carbon emissions by 30% by vision 2030. Now that requires a much larger goal, larger strategy. So from a regional perspective, we are looking at partnership and collaboration within the region, the Sadiq region with commessa and more importantly, now looking at the role of the Africa continental free trade area and how best we can as Zimbabwe be part of that regional integration. And also not just the regional integration but looking at the role of the private sector in ensuring that there is access to reduction of carbon emissions. I must also mention that Zimbabwe has had this long-term relationship with a number of Chinese companies and also especially the Chinese government. And we are focusing on looking at new investments that bring in new solutions to our energy crisis. And already we are seeing some very positive developments. At the moment, we do have one of the largest iron and steel company in Zimbabwe and they've only just started introducing new methods and new ways of bringing in solar energy. And going forward part of our strategy is that any new investments must also look at how best to introduce new solutions to the use of reducing carbon emissions. I also just want to mention that we are in the stage of transition and this transitional stage can only continue to improve through collaboration and partnership and by focusing on the private sector. Thanks. Thank you. You mentioned collaboration quite a few times. Collaboration with the regional player with the international stakeholder and also collaboration between the public and private. I want to bring that to Mr. Shing as well. How is China from your angle collaborating with key stakeholders internationally? In terms of lower climate change and to seek international cooperation, in your perspective, how China seeks regional collaboration with the stakeholders. And thank you very much for your questions. Just now you mentioned the key issues in the energy transition that is to ensure the power security and the security in supply and the reliable production. It is true power-centered, electricity-centered. The transition is very, very challenging. China, 1.4 billion. We have realized household-based and the village-based power accessible. And in this development, we have formed much experience through our experience, through our practice. We want to seek collaboration and to enjoy the result. On one hand, we develop green energy and also we want to utilize more renewable energy to advocate green consumption. And also to promote carbon neutrality, we try to provide regional solution. In Brazil, invested and built and plus-minus 100 kilo-voltage ultra-high voltage transmission. And also, we can have the clean power to the hundreds kilometers away to the rail and some polo centers injecting the green power to the regional development. Secondly, we have the connectivity of the power infrastructures, enhancing the connectivity in power with other countries and to emphasize on the policy coordination to promote energy production, energy consumption and internalization of the process. At present, together with 10 countries such as Mongolia and other countries, we have over 10 cross-border transmission lines. The other thing I want to mention, we have collaboration on the low-carbon green technology with the digitalization and energy technologies in depth integration. New tax and new facilities equipment keeps emerging together with the universities, institutions, international organizations. We want to enhance the fundamental research and fundamental technologies collaboration with international partners engaged in the international standards formulation. The other one, international cooperation in the transition. For example, the summer doubles and winter doubles international cooperation and dialogue to reach consensus to work together. And we want to leverage international network of energy in a promote the energy transition and the low-carbon development. We try to contribute our wisdom from our state grid cooperation. Thank you very much. A picture of the international collaborations. I want to bring that to Simon, you next. Throughout your work at the developing countries, how to balance at the same time the need for development and as soon as possible and also the necessity of energy transition and like the previous two speakers mentioned, what kind of role the international collaboration plays in that? Great question. I think I just come back first of all to Minister Nzenza what you said about, you know, your story of paraffin lamps. There was actually a former US president who talked about, you know, that extraordinary moment around a hundred years ago going from the darkness to the light. The transformation of just having that basic access to lighting to enable reading in the evening to enable some productive use of energy activity. So that transformation is so extraordinary from darkness to light. Then you look at your improved cook stove transformations. Currently worldwide about 3.2 million people, mostly women, are dying prematurely from respiratory illnesses from smoke inhalation. 3.2 million people, mostly women, annually. You look at your time savings. Imagine, ladies and gentlemen, an improved cook stove, the 50% time saving you can gain from an improved cook stove. So again, these may seem like micro things, micro initiatives, but they can be extraordinarily transformational. What needs to happen, I hugely embrace the terminology, the language from the Forum Centre for Energy and Materials, you know, really highlighting this transition has to be sustainable, secure and just. And for it to be just, in fact for it to be all of those things, it has to be inclusive. It has to be inclusive. So how do we ensure this inclusive transition? One, we need to take a systems approach and was just said in the examples of collaborations with Mongolia and many, many other countries. You know, energy is rarely just a national issue. It cuts across borders and as Franklin, you rightly said, it's of course a global issue as well. So we have to get the framing right around a systems perspective and it would be wrong for me working for a global development partner to think squarely within that global development framework or box. We have to build those collaborations with the private sector. Second, and governments of course. Secondly, and as I said, tailor solutions to context, but particularly think about the most economically viable solutions. I think there are currently about 420 million people worldwide accessing solar mini-grids and the IEA would say that's the most viable economic model for those 420 million of the 800 million people still waiting to have access to electricity. Solar mini-grids offer affordable viable economic solution. Thirdly, in building those collaborations and particularly engaging with the private sector let's not forget that smaller medium enterprise segment which is by far and away the largest segment within the private sector that we need to be talking about how we can stimulate the right types of financing. So at my organisation we're working on things called results-based financing where we're incentivising those smaller medium enterprises to go those extra miles to go to those more peripheral geographies in the countries where we're working and providing access to the products that are so needed in those geographies through creating additional payment mechanisms for them. And then lastly, I think it's so important for us to think about the optimisation element, the energy efficiency side of things or what my good friend Roberto Boca might talk about in terms of energy intensity, I'll just give you one little example because I guess part of my role here is to try and contextualise some of the conversations we're having. In Western Uganda, SNV, we're working with tea farmers, fairly large scale, great, very productive tea farming country but it's hugely energy efficient because you're needing to cut down a lot of wood to fuel the drying of that tea which then goes from Western Uganda over the border into Kenya down into Mombasa where it gets sorted and then sent off around the world. Who knows, perhaps we're drinking tea here in Changin from Western Uganda this morning. But the challenge is there to produce a more clean, energy efficient tea so you don't have to cut down all those trees to dry that tea. You need to connect those tea plantations, those tea producers to the grid to cleaner forms of energy and the truth is ladies and gentlemen to do that, ultimately you need to pay a bit more money for your tea that you drink in places like The Hague where I'm based and to pay more money or to be prepared to pay more money you need to have your tracing sorted out so that you can trace your tea back to those more cleaner productions in countries and contexts such as Western Uganda and that's one little example but you could say the same for the textile or garment industry in Bangladesh where I was a week before last or in many, many more countries so you need your tracing and then you need your preparedness for us in those more affluent societies to pay more for the goods and services that we are consuming so that you enable that more rapid transition to cleaner energy in contexts such as Western Uganda. You've mentioned that it's financing, it's tech change it's also the mindset change and now consumer behaviour change these are all coming together and finally you can have the energy transition that we are talking about Moving on to Franklin your nuclear energy project is quite ambitious although it's young and since we are talking about collaboration how do you see we can leverage international collaboration in that specific area and partnerships to accelerate the deployment of advanced nuclear energy in the safe way you just described Thank you Collaboration is essential, first of all energy is government the private sector works very much within the framework that the governments give it for energy and nuclear is the summum of this we have security, safety, all kinds of issues and nothing is going to happen without government and collaboration between government because it's expensive and ambitious What is the startup doing there? A lot of people ask me what is the startup doing there? You have big collaboration, governmental collaborations such as ITER for example for fusion and other big collaborations and they work but very slowly What we bring as a startup is speed and dynamism I don't need to ask anybody for approval in order to go and meet somebody to make a collaboration agreement with the research lab here or there So we have this concept which is very much like CERN where we have a core team of super talented people and then we dispatch the work across the best labs and the best private companies in the world So we do bring the world together we think everybody's talent this is such an extraordinary moment an extraordinary need for a new energy that we need to bring together the best talent in the world and that's where the collaboration works We have America, a lot of European countries together and now we're reaching out to Asia to bring the world together The problem is nuclear, is also weapons and therefore there is a special sensibility but I feel the urgency is such that we will find a way to collaborate even if there is this nuclear sensitive aspect to it So that's why a startup is here to bring the world together in a much more nimble and productive way Thank you And we do save time as promised for questions coming from the floor and as people thinking about your own questions all through one until the stage first We talk about the developing needs for many countries How to avoid power crisis that's in the mind of a lot of governments while you do the energy transition especially to the affordability and sustainability Who wants to take this first? Prime Minister? How to avoid power crisis Zimbabwe is now the second largest producer of lithium second to DRC So we are looking at how best to utilize the lithium into electric batteries And let me just say we are actually looking for investments in that regard Secondly, we have almost 365 days of sunlight in Zimbabwe So we are best placed to utilize solar So in that regard we are looking at investments in solar packs And I would be very interested to talk to any investors who might be here interested in establishing solar packs in Zimbabwe That would be one of the key solutions One solution coming from investment For energy transition we believe the first key is to stick to the direction of clean and low carbon with the prerequisite to guarantee the delivery of energy to assure that there is stable production and supply of energy Secondly, we should enhance the safety and security of global value chain and industry chain as well as the smoothness of these chains Thirdly, we should step up policy support to energy transition to stimulate entire society to participate in energy transition Thank you With that, we'll take questions from the floor Please raise your hand and quickly identify yourself The lady first and the gentleman Please I think my question is for Xinbao and Xinzong So I use Chinese In your presentation you said to guarantee the delivery of energies to prerequisite and you've mentioned state grid's achievement in that In China, when we are improving our electrification how do you interpret the situation in China when we are faced with the consumption increase of electricity? I'm from TMA News, I'm a journalist Thank you for your question As a matter of fact, to guarantee the delivery of energy is a task although there is increase of power consumption looking at the current status we could guarantee the delivery of power in China but I want to touch upon the point that is about climate change and fast economic development there is drastic increase of power consumption in China So in 2023, overall, the delivery of power is controllable and could be satisfied but in certain regions during peak hours there might be some small gaps However, we've optimized the deployment of power on our grid We believe we have capacity to ensure power delivery even during peak seasons and peak hours So please rush it short Thank you, good morning I am Juan Emilio Posada from a company called ISA Electricity Transmission in Latin America and we operate in most countries in Latin America What we have seen connected to some of the subjects in this panel is that there are citizens who do not have access to electricity and they do get to see the power lines and that is not a fair and just transition So we invite anyone of you to join us in a campaign to innovate and research on how to sustainably provide electricity to anybody under our direct influence of transmission lines in Latin America And add to that data connectivity since we usually have fibre optics on top of the transmission lines So we are very much open to that type of collaboration globally Thank you, thank you for the comments and do you have anything to add? Yeah, I think there are of course many many contexts where that is a lived reality for many people It goes to my point about the importance of understanding context We need to understand why indeed that is the case Why are power lines going straight across certain geographies What are the barriers to connecting the people living in those geographies to the grid, is it? Is it the obvious one of finance or is it something different? And then when we better understood what those barriers are we can come up with contextually relevant solutions to overcoming those barriers I would say as well that we continue to be somewhat fragmented as a community working to address some of these issues I think even within the sort of non-profit development actor side of things we have work to do to better share information, relationships and technical know-how and in doing so we can go a long way to underwriting the risks or de-risking that development finance institute money that is so desperately needed We're still not quite connecting enough the different parts of the ecosystem as it were so that we de-risk that financing which is which is needed Thank you And the lady behind? And I'm from the Rockefeller Foundation We were part of setting up the global energy alliance of people in planet that Simon just referenced I guess my question is that you know for most of the developing countries the challenge is really how do you balance economic growth with decarbonization Energy transition is something which needs a lot of capacity building in the developing world because you know we're just assuming that the way energy access happen energy transition will happen the same way certainly not you know even basic stuff around how do you write regulatory policies for energy transition etc there's a lot that needs to be done on the capacity side on the other side we're seeing there's a huge deficit when it comes to commitments around climate finance so my question to the panel would be you know we've been going into cop after cop you know if you had your kind of vision what would be the two things that you really would want cop to deliver on this time because this is a real crisis I mean climate change is not knocking on a door it's right here and issues around energy transition need to be addressed right away but with the capacity gaps financing gaps how can the global south really be able to be on a path of economic growth which is absolutely critical Thank you, thank you for the question we have a session on climate finance tomorrow afternoon in collaboration with Caixiang as well so welcome to that session and who would want to comment on that probably start with the minister I think Simon wanted to go first No you go first, just need to write down if I can Happy to go first, I'll be lovely to be in a room with you Deepali and thanks for the question I think for me one massive point is the climate financing money that famous 100 billion that we've been hearing about it must be additional to the odor monies it cannot be a substitution it has to be new money we're seeing huge pressures on official development assistance budgets in all sorts of countries so we have to ensure we protect, preserve and in fact even grow some of that official development assistance financing and then the climate money comes in comes in on top secondly we have to explore those opportunities for leapfrogging the transition needs to be secure, sustainable and just slash inclusive to do so I'll give you an example a country like Laos 90 plus percent of Laos is on grid now and the grid in Laos is relatively clean it's largely hydro so there can be opportunities to leapfrog in the clean cooking space to go rapidly towards making more available your electric cooking, your e-cooking technologies so constantly being aware of and in fact encouraging or pushing towards those leapfrogging technologies has to be somewhere a part of the the solution to this Minister and Mr Shinwon's to ask you to I'd like to look at this at two levels firstly just pick up on Simon's point in terms of taillight to two contexts so from a household village level firstly is the the awareness in Zimbabwe for example when we started talking about climate change we struggled to find the right language because in our language the language is right language because in our language we didn't have climate change but we found a way of packaging it in such a way that people then understand what climate change is so at that household village level we're looking at inclusiveness which you just mentioned but also looking at affordability accessibility and affordability and then that brings in the technology and then the second point is to do with just to pick up on financing that you mentioned that is indeed a challenge Zimbabwe has been under sanctions for just over 20 years and we are now focusing on ensuring that we utilize the natural resources that we have looking for investments in many other areas within the global context so financing is really absolutely important and that again coupled with our partnership and collaboration fantastic and as she mentioned what would be the two items you wish to happen on the COP28 that's part of the question what would be the two and part of my answer was ensure that at COP28 the climate financing that is required is truly forthcoming on top of the official development assistance allocations that are also necessary and minister I'll say also access to the carbon credits and we actually haven't spoken about that yet but I think there's a forum for that but again within the African context we're looking at reducing carbon emissions through carbon credits are the gentlemen over there for question and then on this side a mic please I was speaking Chinese I'm from Jingke Energy and we are a major global solar panel and also PV solution providers just now we talked about economics behind the solar energy and 90% lower price in China's energy supply I mean the power supply in solar economic performance is a very important consideration has been addressed by lower price in the solar energy and the other thing like countries like Zimbabwe and the other countries and the relevant regions we haven't mentioned stability of these countries even economically stable but without the stability of the country and the solution may not be sustainable so we have some comments solutions to that would you just unpack that a little bit for me so basically he says the scale can bring down the cost and solar is one casing point that the solar cost is brought down by 90% already because of the production and now for companies like theirs when they come to the new market the worry is more about the stability especially political stability whether they can invest and work over there to address the stability a security of that we've come out of a difficult time in Zimbabwe but I would like to say quite clearly and categorically that we are in a good place and that there is political stability in Zimbabwe we are going towards elections and we expect them to be free and fair and that going forward investment and the open for business mantra that the president continues to speak about will continue and also just to enter that we have increasingly noted the number of investors coming into Zimbabwe and not just from China but also from Europe thank you so we have time for take the last round of questions I want to collect all the questions and then go around the title so the gentleman over here please bring a mic Philippe Patron from Orano I just wanted to comment on the nuclear energy I think that we have to emphasize that the nuclear energy allow recycling of energy and the spent fuel and it was to be said because it allows to enter in kind of circular economies and I think this is the only this is the only energy that we can do that just to give an example in France in France we do recycling since now 40 years 10% of the electricity that we consume in France is coming from recycled fuel, spent fuel that we call the MOC fuel actually China as well has adopted this policy for on the nuclear side to recycle in the future the spent fuel I think it was to be said thank you and the gentleman behind let me collect all the questions from the audience yes just a second so I work for an environmental NGO in China and I have a question to the gentleman of the state grid of China so China's emissions are still a very large share of the global emissions and also still slightly rising so my question to you is there's also been quite a few approvals of new coal-fired power plants in China so what do you think would be the best way to accelerate the energy transition in China which is so critical for the world my understanding is that the state grid plays a very important role in that thank you and the gentleman writing front thank you thank you very much and the manager in China we have been China for 40-50 years my question goes to all the panelists here if possible would you please to share with us and by 2050 by 2060 what will your perspective of the energy mix win the solar or nuclear in the coming years down the way and the 2050-2060 what will be the energy mix thank you hi my name is Baruch Halperdan from Electric Global hydrogen storage company in power part of our dealings we see all the time questions about microgrid and how the energy transition could be utilized to live for like you mentioned Simon the old ways of electricity transmissions lined so do you see a path forward by microgrids utilizing solar and wind and expediting I would say electricity all around in the third world like it was done in telecommunication in the 90s thank you so we got five questions already and five minutes left but before we answer those questions let me introduce the first speaker of us Roberto Boca is leading the center for energy and materials at the forum he can make a quick comment and we can start answering the questions as well thank you very much so a couple of comments actually you asked me a question on how we avoid power crisis I think it's important to look at the element that Simon mentioned the energy intensity the waste of energy that is happening is a big element so if we can reduce the waste so address the energy intensity that is the best form of energy the one that is not consumed that will allow us being on the cooking stove or in the big industrial system I just wanted to mention one piece of work that we are doing that will be issued tomorrow a report on the energy transition taking the energy triangle as we call it so the energy system has to support the three dimension of sustainability security and equity has been discussed today in this panel tomorrow there will be the ranking 120 countries out there doing with a view of this transition so I won't tell you much about the content because I would like you to look at it tomorrow but it's very interesting to see how the two countries that are represented here both China and Zimbabwe are really doing a lot of good things so thank you for giving the space thank you and let's come back to the question Neil Cleary and then on the investment to China's energy transition that is about the emissions in China in the energy transition how could we accelerate the energy transition especially the utilization of the coal is rising and then I want everybody to have a quick comment on the energy mix you are seeing in 2050 so Star Wars probably in nuclear thank you we've seen many cops coming and going and we've broken record every year of CO2 emissions in the world so we have to question if the world is organizing a way to truly combat CO2 production and to do the energy transition as best as we should I definitely think nuclear is necessary and I think for the 2050 energy mix the director of the international energy agency states that we need to invent 50% of our energy is going to come from technologies that have yet to be deployed and invented so this is also where we should focus we shouldn't just say it's going to be the way it is today just projected we need to reinvent something completely new that's where we are reinvent something Simon thank you for the question I think mini grids absolutely recognises and as I stated earlier have to be a part of the solution going from your solar household systems to your solar mini grids you get an increased productive use of energy you therefore start to generate an economic dividend as well which enables that climbing of the ladder and we're seeing of course countries like Mozambique there's now the regulatory environment starting so that you get your tariff structures and then you're enabling of indeed that overall mini grid structure the global energy alliance for people and planet have been an important part of that I do also think there was a question earlier about the operating in more insecure or volatile environments still extremely fragmented you look at the sort of supply chains and the battery side in particular there's work to do to think about how we aggregate some of those initiatives form deeper collaborations and in doing so de-risk so that we can get more of those technologies into those more fragile places so mini grids yes indeed a big part of the solution thank you and just now talked about the coal based power coal based power utilisation in China the energy demand is growing however the GDP the power consumption per GDP is going down dramatically and which has been stated in the government working report at the same time the coal based power development in China we advocate a clean and efficient development of it we have certain restrictions imposed on the development of coal, fire power which is to provide room for renewable energy development and to provide absorption and support function to renewables we know that there's still intermittency and instability and renewable energy so we need fundamental energy to support the development of renewables that is why we are developing clean coal to support the development of renewables thank you Mr Xin energy mix 2050 in 2050 I would like to see a household that no longer uses firehood and also to see a mix possibly of biogas and using the latest technologies that would have been available by then through innovation and research and the use of technology and secondly I would like to see a situation where at policy level you have the private sector working very closely with government to find sustainable solutions to energy usage thank you well we have to wrap up but before we go I want to insert a sense of urgency like Franklin mentioned wearing a war combating CO2 emissions and combating global warming so if you identify one most urgent action we need to take on energy transition what would that be start with Franklin I think we need to find alternative to nuclear the way it is I think complimentary everything has to be on the table we need renewable and we need new energies also that we're going to develop so investing in research and doing fundamental things everything on the table investing in research mine would be to accelerate and scale locally led solutions by providing the right forms of financing local solutions right financing I believe firstly we should develop renewables secondly to build renewable internet energy internet energy that's accessible and affordable to the majority of people and also at industry level to have a stronger focus on use of solar I see solar affordability gentlemen thank you extraordinary panelists for the discussion this morning