 Graphene-based nanomaterials, GBNs, have gained significant attention from the scientific community due to their unique physical and chemical properties, which make them ideal candidates for use in biotechnology, biomedicine, bioengineering, disease diagnosis and therapy. Despite the large number of studies conducted on these novel nanomaterials, there has not yet been a comprehensive review of their biomedical applications and potential environmental and human health effects. This paper provides an overview of the history, synthesis, structure, recent developments, and applications of GBNs in biomedical fields. Additionally, it discusses the potential environmental impacts and human health risks associated with their use. Finally, it outlines future directions and challenges related to the use of GBNs in biomedical applications. This article was authored by Thabitha Pete Desari-Sharina, Danielle McShann, Asak K. Dasmahapitra, and others.