 Yeah, well, thank you so much, and so I would like first of all to represent my gratitude to Nathan Hale for our gracious help. And I hope that in this talk, I will continue his glorious affidavit and grandly linguistics. And so today, I'm sorry Guillaume, because I'm not doing something Hungarian, because I don't have yet interesting things to say about the Hungarian linguistics, whereas that is very unfortunate. So I took a look at this little family of languages called Bai. So the topics, so the basic context of this talk would be that whether the Chinese portion of the vocabulary of Bai is something that is derived from all Chinese, or does it present in existence in all Chinese. And so in order to sell under this background, I did a new reconstruction for Bai. There are still some of the details that are not clear, but I think in general, I know my reconstruction for about 90% of the words concerned, so I can already give a very provisional introduction to this new reconstruction. And so I will try to compare my new photo by with the new Chinese, backstab and so on. So for the introduction, the majority of the basic words of Bai look very Chinese. There are some words that don't look Chinese, so there are two basic positions on the genetic position of Bai. Either Bai is non-synetic with a lot of Chinese learned words, or Bai is simply a Chinese dialect, albeit a very ancient one. And however, so Wang Feng in 2006 advanced a third position, which says that Bai is a close cousin of Chinese, so there is sign of Bai group, and there are forms reconstructed by Wang Feng for Protobai, which are not able to be explained by any version of all Chinese. So that is presented as evidence to counter these first two positions. And everyone agrees that if Bai is considered as something like Chinese, then it's a very Arctic Chinese. So I have some lexical examples presented here. So for Xin and Tao, they are used in mainstream Chinese until respectively 13th century and 4th century. So they are not that ancient, and indeed I find these words in Waxiang, so another very, very Arctic Chinese dialect. But anyway, in any Chinese dialects that are well known enough to get their way into the into the modern Chinese dialect, and neither of these four words appear in their right senses. So for Yi to put on something, to wear a piece of clothing, and for Qin to sleep, these five words are impossibly ancient. It's especially for Qin, which disappeared even from the written language in Han, in Han era texts. So there are some clearly something not right here, and I think that Bai already comes from this, the Chinese person of the Bible, already comes from a somewhat, say, a somewhat peripheral conservative dialect of Southern Chinese, and there must be something like that. And so our basic sources are Wang Huang, the deceased, in 2006, and Yin Chun, in 2006. So these are two proto-Bais which are quite evidently independently executed, because while the general directions are the same, but the concrete solutions adopted are very different. So I don't think the two authors know the existence of each other. And so the basic dialectology of Bai is we have what is called the Biproker, and what is called the Western Bai. And from the Biproker you have Central Bai, which is spoken by the majority of Bai speakers, and some peripheral dialects. There is one that is very interesting, which is documented in the book of one called Macho Long Bai. And we have also a language called Tai Jia, where the Chinese portion of the capital looks very similar to Bai, but the pre-Tai Jia, or the ethyl-Tai Jia, looks very different from the pre-Bai. So very probably it's the same super straight applied on two different substrates. And so for the tones, everyone knows the correspondence between Bai tones, but the interpretation in terms of comparison with Chinese is not clear. I don't yet have time to look into this question, but both solutions have some defects. And so for now I provisionally so subscribe to the solution of Zheng Chang, Shang Feng, and Yuan Ming Jun. So when you just look at the Protobai reconstructed by Wang Feng and Yuan Ming Jun, you see that there are a lot of clusters, and they look eminently comparable to all Chinese clusters. But I'll show that for most of them. So it's an easier matter for Yuan Ming Jun because he has learned historical linguistics from the Cargherinian, from the Cargherinian Cossons back in school. So if you have something, if you have K in this dialect and P in this dialect, then it's a K key. It's how Cargherin does things. And we couldn't have fought in much on this one. So for example, the Mhe Rhe cluster is a Rhe in some dialects and an N in some dialects because of the assimilation from a rounded rhyme. And they're a He, something which comes from the He. So everything is put together to get Mhe Rhe. And I think the Wang Feng reconstructions for the Mhe Rhe is awesome. So you have these cases where if you compare the two reconstructions, the more likely one will follow. But however, for the most important clusters, there is what I have called here a Pu Mo Arph between Wang Feng and Yuan Ming Jun, where you have Phe Rhe for Phe Rhe, you have Pihe for Pihe, you have Therre for Therre, you have Therre for Therre, you have Therre for Therre, etc. So in the first part of my talk I'll examine these clusters one by one. So let's start with the Phe Rhe Phe Rhe cluster. So I put the Wang Feng first and the Yuan Ming Jun in second. These clusters are characterized by a Phe, by a Phe, by a Baibiu reflex and by Phe Rhe and the Zhe like reflex and by a Phe Rhe reflex in western Baibiu. Some of the most famous words with these customers are Ba, so that would be a Phe Rhe. And the Feng, there would be Therre in the backstress of our reconstruction, which does not differ much from the previous reconstructions. So I think that's why they reconstructed Phe Rhe for this correspondence set. But there's a dead giveaway for this because in both reconstruction you have only the Phe Rhe and never the, so it has something clearly fishy here. And also many of the Chinese Comparanda cannot be characterized to have R. So for Phe Lan, Phe to bark or this part of the body that the Tibetans call the symbol of femininity, you really can't have R in the Chinese form. And so there's a problem here. And this problem is recognized by Wang Feng himself, who however offered it as an example of that Baibiu cannot be characterized. Okay, so the solution is actually quite easy. So in fact, when you have a Phe Rhe, it's simply followed by an Yi. So for Ba, for example, which they will reconstruct, a Bra, in fact, is simply a Phe Rhe. Now why do I put an Yi that belongs to the Rhine rather than a Yod, which belongs to the, which belongs to the initial, is that there are a certain, there is a certain class of by initials. So Tibetans say that when you have a Zhe for this year, and these two initials, so the Zhe is from Ghe or Dhe, which is, which are half a life, these initials, they only occur, they mainly occur before a certain, before three rites. So all A and R. So later I will reconstruct the prehistory of Yi and Yi. And you only have Yi in Zhusheng. And you only have Yi with an either with another final or with Zhusheng. So it's very clear that the, this Yod is a secondary development from triple the by. So it should appear. So it should belong to the Rhine. Okay. Now that Pre is a revised to some kind of a Phe Rhe, then the problem goes that one and one has felt very correctly reconstructed, very correctly reconstructed the labial dentals as a Phe Rhe. So there is a problem. So if we have Phe Rhe and the Phe Rhe, which have a different, which have different modern reflexes, then, then in what ways are they different? Well, if we look at the, if we look at the words with Phe Rhe in central by, they always have a V as the Rhine. So, and if we look at other words where you have in central by, they always come from a, you look at it and just of course, of course, is a Xu on the Mandarin. You also have Hu, from Huizhou, and you will say, in Chinese. So, so, so the, so the Chinese compare the in central by is always fish. So, so I would imagine a coming from something which like, which is like Yu. And in fact, you have two sets of vowel correspondences for central by in other dialects. So either they correspond to, either they correspond to front vowels or to all like vowels. So I reconstruct those with front vowel of the correspondence as a Yu and the, those with full like correspondence. So when you have central by, it comes either from Yu or Yu. And this, this reconstruction works quite well when you, when you look at the words with the, with the legal dentals and, and by. So for example, for Fei, which is a, you have a, you have a, you have a, you have a, you have a, you have a, this is not very good, but, but there is something that I'll explain later. And so for, for stomach, you have a, for, for the, you have a, so, so at least my, my solution looks like that it would work. And so there are two words that merit a special attention. So you have Liu and Ju. Liu has a, has a L in middle Chinese, which corresponds to, to LH in proto means. So it should ideally, as I will explain later, have a ge in, in proto by. And for Ju, you have a ge in Chinese. So, so these two words should, should be gu in central by, but in fact you have fu. The other difference is that when you have real labial dentals, you have the, the matcha long by preserves the original non, non labial dental initial while in, while for these two words, even matcha long by has, has labial dental initials. And, and it's, and it could not be a borrowing because even in Caixia, which is, which is not by, but related, you have a fu for six, which, which contrasts with fu for to fly. So, and so these two words are belong to another, belong to another initial. However, I don't have a good, I don't have a good solution for it because we also have gu with, which, which comes from either Ju or Ju, which means to sit and to live with almost the same, with the same etymology. So, Ju is, is homo, is homophone with Ju in, in every form of Chinese, yet they are not homophones in by. So, from now I, I just retain this P thing, but I, but it's most probably incorrect. So, now that vu comes, either comes from yu and yu, we can, we can use this hypothesis to, to resolve another problem in the, in the preceding, in the preceding reconstructions of a protobuy. So, there is this kind of words where you, we take the ghost, for example, you have u in, in central by and you have chi in western by. So, the air in, in guopan, in LBZ, it comes from, comes from a kind of yu. So, it's, so, so, so basically the correspondence is gu versus Ju versus zhi. And if you look at the etymology of this word, it's clear that it comes from, it's clear that it comes from a kind of protobuy yu. And you, you have the same set of, of Chinese etymology as, as what is, as what is for the, for the yu in the label then the words. So, so I will just reconstruct them as gu, gu, gu and yu. I'll, I'll explain, I'll explain the, what I think about how the words got yu in, if you wish, in, in the question time. And so, it contrasts with, with the words like to, to sit. So, so this will have, so this will come from gu. And when you have gu, you'll have the gu, gu, gu. Now the, now the final, now there are three other correspondence sets which are reconstructed as tr, tr and zhi in the, in the different reconstructions. They are in fact quite easy to, to there, there is a very clear complementary distribution between the three. So, and, and all of them are reflected as zhi in central bias. So, in one way it's central bias that, that looks more archived because where, where, while there are mergers, the mergers, they are, are not as complex splits that, that depend on the, depend on the rhyme. So, so basically the, the conclusion of this, of this new prototype is that you can, you can just use central bias, you can just use central bias in the comparison with a few caveats. So central bias could come from yu and yu and central bias could either come from zi or zhi, but that's, but that's all, central bias could come from gu and qi and for these things you go to the dialects, but otherwise the many in the, much in the variation in the dialects are not meaningful. There, there might be some, but I'll look that into that later. So now, so now what, what I have understood from the preceding reconstructions is that you can just basically take central bias as, as almost the same thing as prototype. However, so, so now the revolution is done, the eggs are broken. So, so we will like to see some of the omelettes. So, so, so we have two of the omelettes which, which concern rather the evolution from a pre-prototype to prototype which is almost the same thing as in, as modern central bias. So first we have this vowel which I reconstruct following one form as x. So in central bias, in some dialects you have a, in some times, in some dialects you have a, you have some, you have what is kind of reconstructed at her and I have forgotten to put the examples here, but most of them come from Chinese art. So, so ultimately they, they come from Chinese. So there, there is a connection here between the rotech, between the r-colored, between the r-colored vowel of some central bi dialects and, and the r of, and the r of all Chinese. However, some of the, some of these words with, with photo by app has no r in Chinese. So for example, 鸣, 鸣子的鸣, 鸣子的鸣, nails, 鸣, red, 鸣, 鸣, 鸣, 鸣, 鸣, as for, not really words, but 鸣, 鸣, 鸣. So the thing is that for these, for these words where you have, where you have a photo by app, which corresponds to, which corresponds to Chinese elements that has no r's, they, they are either, they have either a nasal, they have either a nasal code, reflected as a nasalization in modern bi or they are Russian words. So what is, and if you look at etymology, they come either from 鸣 or 鸣, either in, either in middle Chinese or in old Chinese. So I will reconstruct this, these two sound changes 鸣 and 鸣, which come from 鸣 and 鸣. So that's why you have, for example 鸣, which is 鸣 in bi, because 鸣 becomes 鸣, where the secondary 鸣, where the secondary 鸣, the origin of 鸣. So I also succeeded in finding an etymology for a problematic word, which is 鸣 to catch, because this is etymology as a 鸣, which is the 鸣, but 鸣 is a second division word, which always have 鸣 in protobytes, an uvular in protobytes, but this doesn't have uvulars. So, and also in 鸣, it doesn't mean to catch 鸣, which nobody knows what 鸣, which means, and aside from this, aside from this example, 鸣 simply means to go to somewhere, for example, in the in the Chinese version of the, in the Catholic version of the last period, it said 鸣, for that kingdom come. And so, I found another word, sadly in the dictionary, which is 鸣, so 鸣, so the formal correspondence and the meaning is perfect, but it's a dictionary word, which only exists in 鸣, etc., so not that good, but better than 鸣 anyway. The other thing that is difficult is the form, yeah, for 鸣, this is simply not logical, and however, when you have 鸣 words in 铸, it never comes from a 鸣, a word that ends in 鸣, so I hypothesized that 鸣 come from 鸣, which of course earlier comes from 鸣, and there are a couple of other examples, so 鸣 and a 鸣, and for 鸣, you have 鸣 and 鸣, which looks like the same thing, but I'm not that sure, and when you have a 鸣 initial, it has the more regular treatment. So, this is a brief presentation of my new prototype, which is just the same thing as modern central bi, and finally, let's take a look at the comparison with Chinese. So first, there are high tone, there are high register sonorans, and low register sonorans in photo bi, but apparently all Chinese words with sonorans are reflected as high tone sonorans, irrespective whether photo mean has high tone or low tone sonorans, so you have only four more and 银 in this example, which are probably cultural words, so this is not very meaningful. However, the reflexes of Chinese 鸣 is very interesting, so from 鸣 to 鸣, you have 鸣, 鸣 and 鸣, which is a very late pathalization of 鸣 in bi, and you have 鸣, 鸣, and you have non-prefixed 鸣 in 鸣, for force and sharp. I think there are other mean delights with the 鸣 or with high tone forms, so for which reason 鸣 reconstructed and something reads, so these are exceptions, but anyway 鸣 has probably from literary borrowings. On the other hand, when you have 鸣 or when you have 鸣 in bi, you always have 鸣 in 鸣, with prefixed 鸣 in Chinese. It doesn't work for the word 鸣, which has the 鸣 in 鸣, and I have also looked at the 客家, it has a low tone 鸣, so I don't know about this one, but anyway, so the correspondence is quite solid. One of the more interesting thing is that for the word 鸣, which that says 鸣 reconstructed with unclear voices are, I don't know why, but it is in perfect accordance with the bi data, because in prototype now corrected, it has 鸣, so you have a nice 鸣 for 鸣 Chinese 鸣 and prefixed 鸣, and sorry there is a title here, so for watchless 鸣. What this means in terms of phonetic reality of late old Chinese sonorants is a matter of discussion, but I think it's highly interesting. And the other thing of interest is that you have three cases where you have 鸣 in bi, which corresponds into a 鸣, into 鸣 in Chinese. There is 鸣, which has a Baxter-Sagar 鸣, and you have 鸣, thank you, and 黃鸣, which means copper in bi and 鸣 in 蔡佳. These two also have 鸣 in prototype. So the paleographers think that the words 鸣 and 鸣 are written with this phonetic, with this phonetic component, or this for example, also in 鸣 鸣, so there is 鸣, contact here, which might point to other to other universe in the Baxter-Sagar system, while they are not reconstructed in the current one. So finally, there are a few points of, a few miscellaneous points of interest. So there is 鸣, which has 鸣 in prototype, which corresponds to 張祖 in Chinese, so it's like a 撐 in, it will correspond to 撐 in modern Chinese, I still have. So that, this will mean that it would not worth the time to really reconstruct different things for palatal, for africating and non-africating Chinese girls, sorry. And finally, the, so you have 鸣 for the, all the, in previous prototypes, but now you have 鸣, and it corresponds to the central dialect form 鸣, so 鸣, it says that in 眼遇私恒, it is pronounced with 鸣 in 眼遇私, it is pronounced with 狠口, 鸣 and 河川, 鸣, like 鸣 in 山東 dialect, and so 白 has the central dialect form for 天 and possibly, but it's not that sure, for 鸣, which is 鮮 in 捍衛 poem, in 捍衛 poetry, so apparently compared with modern mainstream Chinese bi-consistently show features belonging to the Archex central dialect, while modern mainstream Chinese show forms belonging to the Archex 山東 dialect, and that's all.