 I'm Jocelyn Akkologis with a specialty in Brunsah age and I want to tell about the project we had in the museum. I'm working in the museum and it's very seldom but we were lucky to get some research money to make studies about a certain area in South Denmark. We tried to analyze social context and try to understand Brunsah age networking and human relationships in a certain area. And we used different sources, for instance low-techs, rock carvings and of course macrofossil and radio carbon to try to find out how was the society working. This is the Brunsah age settlements in Denmark. We have around 830, I think, registered Brunsah age settlements in Denmark. An interesting thing is that we all say and it's a general consensus about the importance of cattle and beef in the Brunsah age diet. We have many questions still open, for instance, where are the cattle? Because out of these over 800 settlements we have, for instance, only 16 sites with signs of stables and we still have the open question about manoeuvring and trade. In southern Denmark we have several settlements from the early and late Brunsah age but we only have about three sites where we actually find cattle bones. Where are all these cattle gone? Another question is, did the Brunsah age longhouses house the cattle? This aspect isn't fully investigated and how can we find out features which could relate to the handling of cattle in another way? I would try to suggest an interpretation of temporary cattle folds for certain features and talk about tree hay for the foddering of the cattle. I'm going to show some interpretation on this. The map is showing the location of the site in southern Denmark, the red line is the border between Denmark and Germany. We investigated a site where the red size marked it turned out to be a cooking pit area where there were about 300 to 400 cooking pits covered a large area. There were no other constructions on this area like houses or signs of activity and we got the possibility to date, radiocarbon date the cooking pits 125 samples were taken and we could see that the area has been in use for around 1000 years from latest Neolithicum to early pre-Roman Iron Age. We had dated pits from all these periods. The interesting facts for this presentation is also that we took out macro-fossile samplings from every pit to analyze them. And one question among others were could these materials say something more? Was it only firewood we had or was it possible to get more information out of it? As said 125 samples got analyzed and it turned out that they were only used twigs and branches with a max diameter of 5 cm. There were no signs of logs or pieces of bigger chunks of wood. That gave an interesting aspect to the question about cattle father. From the Netherlands it could be proven that we don't know about hay for instance as feeding the cattle in the Bronze Age. And the macro analyzes in Netherlands showed that twigs left overs from trashing were in fact used for cattle. And on our south Danish side we can see the same pattern in the macro-fossile material. So what kind of charcoal was found in the pits? We found some interesting distribution of tree sorts in the cooking pits. They were analyzed to be twigs and smaller branches. And these are all sorts of trees that are known as very good fodder. Especially ash and hazel are the perfect tree hay. If you consider that this cooking pit area had been an assembling place and was frequently visited maybe one or two times a year we must consider that a lot of people were coming there and they had to be served with food. They may have brought the cattle with them for other purposes of course to trade or give away and retails and whatever. And the cattle had to be kept nearby maybe over two or three days and fed. And our theory is that they were meant to be cooked in the cooking pits later on. But until this time of course they had to be fed and keep. And we could imagine that people were bringing the firewood and the material could be used twice. If you take a lot of branches with you you can use it as a fire material and the leaves from the branches were used maybe to feed the cattle. So if we think about how we could have kept the cattle in the Bronze Age we presume that they were not kept near the houses but maybe were wandering around in herds. But actually of course sometimes they have to collect them and use them for different assemblies The moment the cattle got assembled and had to be kept near the community or the village they needed also a lot of follow for them. And we suggest that these branches and twigs we found leftovers from in the cooking pits shows that the cattle would feed with this tree hay. Our macrofossil botanical people could also show that the twigs and branches used that the forest in the Bronze Age was used systematically and that all the resources were carefully dealt with. I looked at ethnological parallels and it's shown that this work was still carried out until the 1850s in the Alps and in South Germany where people collect the woods, go into the woods and collect all the branches with the good leaf to feed the cattle. We suggest that the cattle was not kept near the houses but maybe was taking around certain areas and that the access to the good grazing areas were shared and organized. In this area of South Denmark the landscape markers which are the grave mounds indicate where different groups had the right to graze. The keeping and herding of cattle could have been quite different and not always the same according to the weather and the resources. And we are talking about mixed farming structures in this area. We don't know how the cattle were surviving outside in the winters and the suggestion is that they were taken into the houses but the houses actually don't show any signs of these features who could be stables. This is known from the later Bronze Age in the Netherlands. We find signs of stable boxes but we don't have any really proven signs of these in South Denmark. So we presume that the cattle has to find its father itself also in the winter and they could have been maybe fed with the tree hay. The cattle has been over adjusted as other wares are human and that was proven also by the strontium isotopic analysis carried out especially in the Netherlands and in South Germany. The question about what did people then do and how did they keep this cattle near the houses brings us back to the assembly site in South Denmark. As I said there were no house structures were found near the assembly places but a few hundred meters away from the central spot of the site we found structures like these. The usual interpretation says that we are dealing with house wall ditches but there were no traces of post holes or other settings found in these structures. We suggest that it's cattle phones which can be rinsed very quickly. The structures are found in contexts where we have either cooking pits like assembly places or settlement with houses with no signs of stable of boxes compartments for cattle. And the slide shows different examples from Danish settlements. They are all very close in a radius about five kilometers from the central assembling place. The shown structures are very similar to each other. The redrawing of the three cattle phones shows eye-catching similarities. These are from the three best preserved from the area. The ditches are not deeper than 15 centimeters. No post holes were found except the example. In the first example there were very thin posts put in the ditch. There were maybe about four centimeters. Some small traces of posts or just made twigs were put down in the ditch. The structure sizes are between 90 and 120 square meters and could easily contain about between 20 and 25 cows. The walls could maybe have been out of light metal or even just small branches put into the ground as known from etymological examples. Okay, I have to speed up. So we think this could be traces of mobile cattle phones. When I was looking for parallels in other sources for this cattle phone I found a very nice example from the rock carving area in Montbego that shows a structure like this. It's interpreted as a cattle phone even with a sign for cattle or bull inside of this. And if we look at the outline structure from Riese-Sönervang the found place, the assembly site the similarity again is striking and gives the integration of a cattle pen in more arguments. This slide shows a similar rock carving from Montbego and the themes on the carving are depiction of a village and a kind of gardening or a garden maybe and a cooking pit area you can see the spots with a light fence or something around it. On the left there are two cattle phones the cattle in different designs are shown in the upper and lower part of the carving. The cattle shown from above you see the horn body and the animals tail. Some are used for plowing. The sizes of the depicted animals shows the importance of the cattle. The right side just shows an example of the archer structure as activated on our assembling place and this is just a geomagnetic graphic about the cooking pits how they were laying in no certain pattern with the chaotic view. The last slide now just shows a reconstruction suggestion of a cattle phone from South Denmark like found in the archaeology finds. It's a temporary phone not intended for stationary use because we think the cockheeds were living in the grazing areas and wood and not in the houses. It's a light construction easy to wood up for certain events when it was necessary to double the cattle for feast and trade of cooking. Thank you very much for your reading and thank you.