 Hello everyone, my name is Tushar and I will be taking a presentation related to Linux. Before I start I would like to know how many of you know something related to Linux. Can you please raise your hand, quite a few. So what exactly you know about Linux, okay it is an operating system, anything else open source. It is an open source operating system, as a file system it recognizes the USB as file system anything else apart from these points. Okay let me put it in a different way, how would you compare Linux operating system with Windows? Sorry, more secured in what terms? In terms of, okay viruses and rodents, good it is free, yeah as one of my friend already said that it is open source, right. Now let us start with an overview of this presentation. I would not be calling it as a presentation, I would rather describe it as a discussion rather than you know having a presentation. So the overview is like what was there before Linux, what is Unix, what is Linux, history of Linux, different flavors of Linux. Now coming to the topic that will be introduction to Ubuntu, origin of Ubuntu, versions of Ubuntu, software includes Windows versus Linux, this is the overview and starting with the point, what was there before Linux? As you guys already might be knowing that there is an operating system called Unix, right. How many of you have heard about Unix? Some of them, okay that is all. Now what about Microsoft? Everyone knows Microsoft, right and Mac. Now before Microsoft there was Unix from 70's, 1970's, okay. This was the operating system which was built by some employees at AT&T Bell Labs, okay. One among the employee is value might have heard his name, his name is, right, I am having a photo of it, okay. So what about, along with Dennis Ritchie, there are few more guys which are quite famous, can you name some? Kernigham, have you heard about Kernigham? Okay, Brian Kernigham. So these were the guys who initially took the initiative of developing Unix. Earlier it was developed as a form of assembly language. Later on it was rewritten in C, right. So this is in 1980's Microsoft as you know dominated the whole market, right. After that the era of Steve Jobs began which we today know as, instead of calling it as Macintosh, we refer to it as iPhones, iPads, tablets and can you guess the photo which is after Steve Jobs? The next door one, right. He was a second year student and he had one goal in his mind at that time and that was like, you know, it is better to have a free version of an operating system. At that time Unix was there in the market and it was a bit expensive. All end users cannot afford it. So he thought let's modify some code, some source code of the kernel itself so as it can, you know, operate freely. His main intention was related to an academic version of Unix, okay. So that's why he started rewriting the code inside the kernel. So basically Unix is a multi-tasking, multi-user operating system and as I told you a couple of minutes back, it was originally developed in 1969 by a group of employees at Bell Labs and the group consists of Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Bryan Kernigham and it was recoded in C but the limitation of Unix or SCO is that it's a commercial operating system. Now when we refer to as Linux, it's a free operating system as some of you guys have already mentioned. So what's the difference between a commercial operating system and a free operating system? Can I have an answer for that? We need a serial key or a registration sort of thing in order to run it. Now what is Linux? Linux is basically an open source version of Unix. As I told you earlier Unix was an expensive operating system. So people started looking for its cheaper version or the academic version or I would rather call it as a free version because we all believe in free. It does not matter whether it's a Unix operating system, a Microsoft or a Mac, they all have one thing in common and that is they are all proprietary products, they are all commercial. Now as I told you earlier Linus Thorwald's when he was studying computer science thought it would be a good idea to have an academic version of Unix which is freely available. So it began to work and this is how Linux was born. Now this is the history of Linux and that is Linux is nothing but basically it's a kernel on top of which all other software applications reside. I would like to point one more thing and that is Linux is not Unix. Now when he was a student, Linus Thorwald when he was a student he posted his first message on to the Minix FTP and that was this. I would like to read it out and that is Hello Netlanders due to a project I am working on in Minix. Now Minix is another operating system which was prevailing before Unix. I am interested in the POSIX standard definition. Could somebody please point me to a machine readable format of the latest POSIX rules, FTP sites would be nice. What this says or what this depicts is like when he was a student, when he was studying like all of you guys. His intentions were very clear and that was to develop an operating system free of cost. It should be freely available without any restrictions or without you know any permissions or without purchasing any license keys in order to make that operating system operate. So this was his first message. Later on he started rewriting the code on the other hand. There was a guy whose name you might have heard Richard Stallman. Richard Stallman is another guy who believes in free. What he believes is like he is a firm believer of a software that could be freely available to any person in the world so that he or she can modify it or copy it in order to make it a far more better version of the current version. But the problem here was Linus on one side was rewriting the code within the kernel itself, Linus kernel itself that is half done and the remaining part was being filled by Richard Stallman. He was writing some software applications which are freely available to everyone. Now whenever we read his name, Richard Stallman's name, we associate that name with GNU. Some people call it as GNU. Basically GNU is not UNIX. It is the full form of GNU. It is a recursive term which basically means that GNU is not UNIX but it could be UNIX like. Now it aims at developing a UNIX like operating system which is free from copying or modification. Stallman built his first GNU compiler in 1991. But the funny thing was the operating system which was supposed to be compatible for his GNU C compiler was not yet ready. After couple of years, both things were merged. Now these are the different flavors of Linux. One is Red Hat, the other is Fedora, the other is Debian, Suze and Ubuntu. Can anyone tell me something related to Red Hat? Now what this guy has mentioned is it is a commercial version of Linux. It is right but it is partially correct. I would call it as a Red Hat Enterprise Linux which is a commercial version of Linux. The previous versions which were there before Fedora came in the market, before Fedora launched there was only Red Hat Linux. And as you may see the pic that is there of F, we all know what it is. It is Fedora. Anyone knows anything related to Suze? Suze Linux. It is basically a very user friendly flavor of Linux. And what in typical other Linux flavor happens is like you have to keep on pressing next, next, next button in order to finish the installation, in order to complete the installation. But when Suze was launched in the market along with the collaboration done with Novel Network, at that time they advertised it as a one click installation of an operating system. It was somewhere around 7 to 8 years back and that caught everybody's attention. If you can just click only once and you can complete the installation, you do not have to worry about the rest of the part. It will directly show you the finish button and then you have to reboot. That is all. So basically open Suze or we call it as Suze. It is a one click installation operating system and it is very user friendly. Now the next thing, next pic is of Debian. So who is the developer of Ubuntu? Canonical. Canonical is a term which is used for the repositories wherein you can put all the softwares within it and then later on you can retrieve those softwares. So that is a Canonical, I would rather call it as a third party or a collaboration done or you can say a volunteer support by all developers which are there in the world. They keep their softwares within this Canonical repositories and then later on you can retrieve it and you can install it in your operating system Ubuntu. So the developer of Ubuntu is none other than Mark Shettleworth. Now let us go ahead with introduction to Ubuntu and that is origin of Ubuntu. Ubuntu is basically about people. It is about building a community. The original meaning of Ubuntu is you are doing something for humanity. You are coming together and building an operating system or you are building a support for humanity. In terms of application, in terms of software which can be used by any other person at any corner of the world without paying a single penny. So that is basically done keeping one word in mind and that is humanity. Now Mark Shettleworth is an African entrepreneur in 2004. Mark founded Ubuntu project. The objective of that project was to build a high quality desktop and a server operating system. Initially they started with only one thing in mind and that was to build a high quality desktop. Later on they started building a server based addition of Ubuntu operating system. And the good thing about this is it is freely available in the market and Ubuntu has originated from Debian. The reason I am saying this is because if you want to install any package in Ubuntu, you follow the same rules which you are following or which you are following in Debian. And there are two ways to do that. If you want to install any package in Debian or in Ubuntu, either you can do it through command prompt or you can do it through a graphical user interface which Ubuntu has given which we call it as synaptic package manager. Heard this name before? Great. And from command terminal, can I get an answer for in order to install a package from command terminal what do I have to do? Exactly. Pseudo apget install and that package name. Now one thing you might notice is like you just write down Pseudo apget install package name that is all such as Pseudo apget install vlc which is nothing but it is an application or it is a player which is used in order to view movies which stands for video land client. So we just write vlc what if that package is not available within the repository? How can I install that? Add apt repositories. Now what if that package is available on the net but I am not able to install it even after doing add apt repositories dpkg. dpkg is like what? Exactly dpkg is nothing but it is a command basically and it stands for Debian package. In order to execute this command you have to write on the terminal dpkg space minus i vlc minus version number dot deb. So this is the file extension of any package which is getting installed in either Debian or in Ubuntu. So in Fedora the extension is different. In Debian or Ubuntu the extension is different. Can I have an extension name in Fedora which we generally use? rpm which stands for red hat package manager. Now coming back to the versions of Ubuntu the previous version which was there and which is still there in the market still prevailing in the market and that is Ubuntu 11.10. One IRIC is the code name given to the Ubuntu version. The latest version of Ubuntu is 12.04. The code name of it is precise pangolin. Any idea what this pangolin word means? Sorry it is an animal. What kind of animal? Anteater. There is a name given for that anteater. In Malay Malay is the language which is used in Malaysia. Am I right? So in Malay they call it as penguling which basically means an anteater. So the same word, a slightly modified word they have used and it is called as pangolin. Now since you know about this latest version you might also be knowing about the latest features of this edition. So can you name few? HUD. What is it? Widgets. So once you click on that icon on the top you can the moment you try to write something it will show you the icon of the recently opened applications or other applications which are installed in your system. So my friend has given a very good feature over here and that is HUD which basically means head up display. Now the due version that is yet going to be released on October 2012 that will be Ubuntu's forthcoming version and it is 12.10. Now as you have already know that we can have more than one operating system in our existing machine. So at the max how many operating systems can I have in my machine? That is the question. Any guess? So at the max we can have four operating systems physically residing on the machine. Now if we talk about virtualization we can have more than five operating systems but basically they all depend on two factors. One among them is the processor the RAM is the next factor. Am I right? Please rectify me if I am wrong. Now the previous versions and even the still versions which are still there in the market they need minimum of 4 GB hard disk space in order to install a minimal set of applications of Ubuntu. You can install Ubuntu with minimal set of applications within 4 GB of hard disk space. So this is another advantage of Ubuntu. Now if you want to install Ubuntu there are two different ways through which you can do the installation. The first is through LAN, through network and the other is through a CD. Now within a CD you might have heard this term live CD. So what is it basically? You can run the complete OS on the CD. Now these are some of the software which are there in Ubuntu operating system. A Firefox browser we all are familiar with this and we know why we use this. The other one is Thunderbird Evolution Email Open Suit which is also called as Open Office Suit. Now this is quite an alternative to your exactly Microsoft Office and you have GIMP. What is GIMP? It is an image editing software alternative to Photoshop. Now what about the music player? Are there any modifications within the music players or still they are running the Banshee? Now it is Jumbo. What about Totem? Totem is still there without any codecs support still? Whenever you open it and it will still, is it still asking for, you need to search for the plugins and then you click on that plugins and then after couple of minutes it will stay unable to connect. So that is why you install VLC which is far more faster. You just add that PPT or slash PPA and it will start working. And then there are games. Now coming to this discussion and that is related to Windows and Ubuntu. Windows versus Ubuntu. Now as we all know that it needs a serial key to complete its installation. Now there are ways to get the serial key. So you have got the answer. But that is not the case with Linux. You do not have to install Linux operating system except Red Hat Enterprise Linux or I would say the commercial product of any Linux flavor needs a serial key. Other than that all other operating systems which are freely available in the market, they do not need any serial key. It is freely downloadable from the net and it does not cost you a single penny. Or there is always a second option. You can always ask a friend for a CD and you can never return it back or perhaps you can return it back after 4 days. So the other difference between Windows and Ubuntu is like in Windows we have a command interpreter which we all know as CMD or C-O-M-M-A-N-D. Have you ever used it? So what all different commands you have typed within it? IP concept, anything else? Trace root, ping command is used. Or ping is used for? Just getting the reply whether my LAN is connected properly or not. Or you can do a lot of things with ping. Can these commands work on Linux? No. But some of these commands can run on Linux such as cd, cd dot dot mkdir, mkdir, mkdir, mkdir, mkdir rm, remove directory or mv, move directory or rmdir which is used to remove a directory. Now there is one more difference between Linux and Windows and that is you can have multiple users logged in at the same time on one single machine and that is possible in Linux. That is not possible in Windows. In order to log in into another set of users first you have to log out. You can switch but that does not log out. But up to how many users you can switch in Windows? That is great. But here in Linux you can log in to seven different users at the same time or eight different users or more than eight. Perhaps it could be like ten but most people do not log in up to ten different users on the same Linux machine. But I would rather stop at eight different users. You can log in into eight different set of users on the same machine. Now without even logging out. Now the good thing about Linux is like the moment you start your machine it gives you a graphical prompt wherein you type your username to type in your password. Now if you want to log in to another set of users what will you do in Linux? Any idea? That is one way. Any other way? Yeah we can switch to users provided first you create another user then you can switch. So how to create a different user or sorry how to log in to different user? Sorry any answer? What you can do is you can press control alt and f1 at the same time. You will get a screen which is not graphical which will display at the top left hand side as Ubuntu or any Linux player's name and the version and beneath that there will be a word written as login. Now you enter your username then press enter to enter your password. You can directly log in. Now similarly in this way only you can log in to seven different users on the shell prompt itself. I am coming to what the shell prompt is. Now in Windows there is only one desktop right? Once you log in you get a fancy desktop. In Linux you have how many? Four different desktops and you can simultaneously switch on to or toggle to all these four desktops at the same time. You can run some applications on one desktop some applications on other remaining desktops. Now there is a way to even change this desktop. We call it as theme. So can I get some names of these themes? Unity is there. Somebody does not know the names so how about have you heard about KDE? So what all these things are? These are desktops but basically these are themes. Any other thing other than KDE? Nome is there by default this is what is installed right? Now it is Unity in Ubuntu perhaps still at the top it is in Fedora it is still Nome if I am not wrong. I do not know the what they are installing right now it is in the latest version of Fedora. I completely lost the touch but perhaps you guys can enlighten me. Fedora still at Nome is prevailing and any other lightweight X11 desktop environment can sorry LXDE is there which is a desktop environment. Very lightweight desktop environment then there is one more XFCE KDE is also there. So what about all these lightweight desktop environments? Why do they build it? Any specific reason? Why do we have lightweight desktop environments when there are you know much heavyweight competitors in the market sorry for low memory machine minimal to run on minimal systems. Basically these lightweight desktop environments such as XFCE, LXDE these are used as the small footprints of the entire graphical user interface to run on minimal machines machines which are operating on ARM ARM controllers right or PIC controllers. Now in machines having multiple versions of Windows we have a boot loader called Windows Boot Manager. In Linux we have Grub nowadays it is Grub 2 right. In the earlier versions of Linux when Red Hat Linux was there in the market that is before Fedora came in the market it was Lilo Li Lo which generally stands for Linux loader. Now what is the difference between that Linux loader and Grub? One comes up with a very good graphical interface and the other one does not. Now can you guess which one? Grub. Now how you can get inside the Grub? Shift or just writing command as Grub you can get inside the Grub provided you have that root privilege what will you do when you are inside Grub? What can you do when you are inside Grub? You can change the options am I right? You can change the options of other operating systems for example whenever your machine is installed with one or more operating systems you get a chance to select either one of them right. Now suppose your Windows operating system label is at the top and Ubuntu operating systems label is at the bottom and if you want to change it what can you do? You get inside the Grub namely the file is called as Grub.cfg or it is Grub.conf is there any other name? No. So within Grub file you can make the modifications suppose if you want to keep Ubuntu operating system label at the top before Windows you can do that now this file Grub resides inside which directory? There is a directory called Etc directory within that directory there is one more directory called Grub okay Grub.d and within that directory it is there it is not hidden it is there if you do ls it will display. Now there is another difference a major difference between Windows file system and Linux file system and that is as you all know Windows file system comes up with NTFS and FAT32 right in Linux we have EXT2 earlier it was Minix file system then there was FS then it became there were certain modifications within FS then it became EXT2 which is generally extended file system EXT2 and then there was EXT3 EXT4. Now the basic difference between EXT2 and EXT3 is can anyone say what is the basic difference between EXT2 file system and EXT3 file system the basic difference between these two file system is one among them keeps the log of the entire files okay now let me explain it to you in a much more simpler way suppose you are working something working on to something and the power shuts down okay now what happens is like the file onto which you are working the data gets lost right so what EXT3 does is like it uses a term called journaling which keeps the data and it will recover that data okay and then that data will be displayed to you so this happens because of journaling which was not there in EXT2 now think about all the possibilities of this file system this file system if it is residing on a server okay if a server is having an EXT2 file system what it does just think of a scenario where power shuts down and that is not a normal desktop machine and it is a server machine when after the power comes when you switch it on what it will do initially it will try to recover the files okay at the time of recovery it will start from 0 and it will go up to 100 okay I am just telling an instance which means it will check for all the files unnecessarily which is nothing but it is a waste of time now the time can be optimized in EXT3 file system if this file system EXT3 file system if this is having a log of all other files apart from the files in which you are currently working when the power goes and comes back again it will only try to repair the file on to which you are working the rest of the files are kept as it is okay this will save a lot of time now there are other variants of windows there is windows 98, windows NT, windows 2000 XP server editions and nowadays we have windows 8 now I would like to ask you one question and that is is it safe to keep our data which is confidential on to the cloud that to windows okay you can have a private cloud windows I would then ask one more question is windows private or is windows having a private cloud do you think it is safe to keep no one can able to access it the point I would like to notify you is like it is not the only windows that is in the market for cloud it is also Ubuntu Ubuntu one is there in the market okay Ubuntu enterprise cloud right now in windows what we generally see as an executable file is an EXE file right so we have already discussed related to synaptic package manager and there is one more thing in Linux and that is you can download the entire source code of an application or a software and that source code comes in the format of either dot tar file or dot tar dot gz or dot gz file or dot dz file these are nothing but these are the sorry these are the options which are used to compress a set of files or a set of directories okay now once you uncompress these directories you can go inside a directory and then you can install an application now there is a way to install an application first you have to do dot slash configure then you have to do make and then you have to do make install this is how you can install an application in Ubuntu or in Debian or in Linux okay in this way in windows we have turbo C or Borland C in Linux we have GCC CC C plus plus okay and these are nothing but these are the compilers which are used to compile either C file or a C plus plus file okay in windows we have a shell interpreter each and every operating system has a kernel a shell and then there are set of applications okay now in windows we have a DOS shell okay in Linux we have SH we have bash we have ASH CSH in all there are so many things some 10 other 10 or 11 other shell interpreters which are different from others such as there is a difference between bash shell and ZSH shell or TCSH shell can anyone tell me what is the difference between a bash shell and TCSH shell any idea as the name suggest TCSH shell it is nothing but it is used to compile a C program okay or I would take an example of CSH shell it is a minimized set of shell which only uses some specific commands which are in related which are in relation to compiling either a C program or a C plus plus program okay whereas bash shell is coming up with all other options okay and then we have commands such as you can type the command LS you can type some normal commands such as PWD, CD, MKDIR, RMDIR and so on you can use this TCSH or CSH shell because it is a minimal shell interpreter which can be used for an embedded system wherein you have to type very small set of commands sorry when you have to type or execute very small set of commands okay. Now in Windows we have an integrated development environment better known as IDE which is dot net frameworks or visual C plus plus VP is there visual basic right in Linux we have net beans we have eclipse right again these are also available for Windows edition okay the good thing about these frameworks these IDE's net beans or mono develop or Anjuta or eclipse they are all open source they are freely available for download which is not the case with VB or VC plus plus once you boot in the system you get the login prompt you login and you can start using an application such as Firefox or you can start in using an application such as a shell terminal okay if you are a an extreme developer if you want to develop some application or if you want to modify an existing application which you have recently downloaded from the net you can do that using a shell terminal and this is what generally in some of the versions like welcome to Linux but now a days you do not see this so you can see this if you want to and you have to edit one file and that is bash RC file you can write this within this file and you can rerun it okay you can rerun this script this welcome message will appear on your screen.