 So thank you for the opportunity to make this presentation to you all, and I hope it's of interest. So as I said, the International Acre Initiative is short for atmospheric circulation reconstructions over the earth. So I've got the next slide please. So Acre is a grassroots as a bottom up initiative that's marshaled together the international weather and climate data rescue and science communities over the last 14 now nearly 15 years. It's very much an end to end initiative and it links together three elements. International historical terrestrial marine weather data rescue, especially prior to the 1940 50s 60s, we tend to focus for that period. And that's daily, sub daily synoptic scale, weather data from land and from sea. Then the third pillar of element that's linked together from this and you see the diagram that follows the sticks in the net with which we follow with the next slide is that it also has the dynamical three dimensional reanalysis and weather reconstructions. And then finally, to take both the data and the reanalysis outputs is weather reconstructions and then make them available to users to climate services, applications, communities, etc. And so, as has been said in introduction, it involves recovery imaging scanning digitization and curation of these data was far back in time as possible. So said they're fed into international repositories that hold these data. And this enhances or hopefully enhances the weather mountain quality and quantity of these weather observations, going back through time which could be used for reanalysis or for any other purposes for that matter. And these are freely available to the full range of global climate services applications. But we're also working and have certainly for good part of the last eight years or more perhaps with social sciences humanities disciplines to try and meld together the weather reconstructions the reanalysis with climate histories the historical climatology and other elements so that we can capture the the environmental the social the biological the all of these elements that are going on in the system through time and how they can be put them together with the reanalysis to get a better product. So we don't just have a physical reconstruction the weather, but we have all sorts of information that helps us to understand the impact of that weather in the wider social and economic and environmental sphere. So let's synthesize this in a bit on the left hand side to data rescue there a massive effort going on there. Going from traditional king or digitization of marine and terrestrial data, right through to cloud source and citizen science approaches to to this, which of course they come very big across all sorts of disciplines in more recent times. And so it's bringing those sort of techniques together so we go from if you like, industrial or sort of cottage sort of scale one or two people digitizing right through the industrial scale digitizing right through the citizen science so we're pulling together all sorts of aspects to capture all this data, and going to national repositories I mentioned a couple the ICADS glamour by codes co ads glamour and ISPD, then feeding through to reanalysis, the one we particularly have been working through since the start is this 20th century reanalysis, it's a bit of a misnomer because it goes from 1906 to 2015 at the moment. And this is a global reanalysis, and it actually puts out more than one realization to be through to 80 realisation starts the model slightly different starting period of times. And therefore, you have these number of realizations of what the reconstruction of the weather. It's on the grid that it's mentioned they put 75.75 spatial resolution so feeding the data into this technique of reanalysis and then distributing it out both in terms of the actual reanalysis as the 20th century puts it out, but also we can downscale it. The better office place approaches being used and others can be as well. The enhancing the reanalysis I mentioned bringing together more the wider social, social sciences, disciplines, etc, trying to understand what more we can add to improve the wider scope of this reanalysis on this output, and then making it available to users. Next slide please. So in addition to providing this sort of international umbrella for data rescue activities. Acres developed a number of individual regional data rescue foci. You can see a list of them there covering various parts of the world show a slide in a moment which gives you the visual on that, but also important to note that Acres supported by major international bodies. It's a global organization, G cost WCRP, GEO, global framework for climate services and many others. So over that 1415 years that Acres has evolved. It's been linked in works with more and more of these, these bodies, and does get some funding from funding and personal is the biggest task that we have in sustaining that over time. So the next slide. Thank you. Thank you to the ACA and other data rescue efforts that Acres links into so in blue text and in shadings. You can see the various ACA regional focus, the Arctic, Canada, the Pacific, even the whole global oceans as make your oceans there, South Africa, Chile, Argentina, etc, etc. And other projects that they link into just showing in yellow there with the black text that we work to try and maximize our efforts and to sort of avoid duplication where possible. So it's it's working on a very much an international scale, but being able to get down to regional scales as well and to work with the those in those regions, so that both both benefit both Acre and those who are working in those regions from all sorts of different sources. So the next slide. Thank you. So some of the sources terrestrial instrumental weather observations just very briefly. There's a lot of early efforts in Europe in the late 18th century from Germany and France and other places to try and bring together networks of data for meteorological data. And previous to that in Italy in the 1600s, that's where it all started they were the first to try and develop networks within the Italian sort of what wasn't Italy then but within that region. But then we also get data from National Met Services, many since the 1850s or later. And others observatories, there are medical sources, military, Royal Engineers Army Medical Corps missionary data, consular data, lighthouses, port authorities, general publications, diaries, newspapers pamphlets, government gazettes journals, etc. Things like botanical gardens, signal pilot stations so wide variety of sources because in the particularly with a lot of these in the colonial era. The efforts for recovering what we important meteorological data that we're after could be in any sort of different source they wouldn't necessarily been a national met service certainly before the middle of the 19th century. And so you have to look to this wide range of possible sources and others to be able to recover the data that you're after. So we go to the next slide please. This is the marine side of things. There's a lot of books whether they be merchant shipping companies naval expeditions surgeons journals on the ships remarks books is a hydrographic and naval surveys that were done and private diary so mixture of things again to try and recover data. The next slide. I mentioned citizen science as one area where we've been looking at in more recent times to be able to address the whole digitization, you know the mass digitization of data and I put a few of them up there began on the top row there with old weather. Elements of old weather wailing and other elements which were some sort of sets that were developed to focusing on particular sources of data was what in Australia called weather detective 2014 to 2017 is funded by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation the equivalent of the BBC in the UK. But then we've got other ones on the bottom there there's something with Southern weather discovery out of New Zealand on the far left. UK tides from our title colleagues and sea level, trying to get them involved in from their own sort of sphere involved in data rescue. This is one of the most recent efforts where the rescue where the rescue to see led by Ed Hawkins University of Reading, and most recent one of the most recent ones is by our acre Argentina colleagues. This is on the first ones, which has actually been tapping more than the English speaking populace if you like in the world. This was, it has a Spanish as a Spanish side obviously. So some of the data that's gone into things like I co has international comprehensive ocean atmosphere data set. This is the least three and new ones sort of about sort of Philly soon I think, but shows you some of the things that I can contribute to that expeditionary data on the top left hand panel there English East India company logbooks. And they're showing that both in the time on and spatial distribution of this material. And on the bottom left hand side there Australian abstract logs. This was from the person who was the Clement rag who was the colonial meteorologist instead of Queensland and for some reason he got into getting data from ships in the late 1890s etc. And, okay, sort of small amount of data small window, it's only a small window of data but a very valuable you can see the distribution in those years. And then if it's on World War one that we were looking at that sort of particular period, and you have some links there to do that you can follow up when if anybody wants to after this presentation. So we go to the next slide. There's more of this sort of data this came out from the Indian Met Department. And a guy called Elliot is a John Elliot he was the second, so the third way second, get a right a second British director of the Indian Met Department. And for some reason he he was really getting into the wider sphere of things beyond India. So it got into the 1890s and there was a set of data in the books there which had this marine data over that I'm showing here. This is this is the raw coverage each of those years from 1993 to 1999 so some dots over the land that we have subsequently sorted out because of problems and that is in longitude that were wrong and incorrect. They cut off unfortunately at 10 degrees south so we miss out on some of the stuff there, but another layer of information that we can bring to bear on things. So the next slide please. So some examples of region activities like a foci chapters that that are ongoing so we have the next slide. So Acre Australia as an effort that's been going for a while now. A lot of logos there showing various bodies to see so I used to work and various efforts going on. A lot of it led led by my colleagues of the Linden Ashcroft and Joe August in Australia in the Bureau of Ethology and in the Canberra at the Australian National University and Christopher Minsky University Southern Queensland. So, you know, so a lot of things being brought together by these people who are folk high who leave this effort in in the Australian region, and just these maps on the right hand side just below the map of Australia that you might see in Australia's 1879 to 1881. This was showing us on the before and after map where the yellow dots and shading are where data has been brought in. And the thing was that the one lot of people who are working on this out of my hometown of Adelaide and the Bureau of Ethology there were volunteers who were digitising a lot of newspaper and all sorts of stuff for us and they wanted to know what difference does their effort make. So actually got us thinking more about that and so these two maps are to show before their data was available and after and you can see there's basically nothing or very little before and then much better later on just for that one spot time in space and time. So, again, the importance of getting more data and getting people to to work with you on this. So the next slide please. So this is one of the efforts under the Acre Australia's Acre Merit, my colleague Matt Benoy out of the Adelaide region office. And these are some of the things that they've been doing over the years for us as well as doing the things out of newspapers, old Adelaide registers that they've recovered going way back lighthouses, not just in South Australia but in Queensland the Ross Bank one there observatory. Old maps, whether maps they're the top right hand corner there for about 1879 65,000 maps that scan and got information from and things like that so a plethora of information that's being pulled together by various components and since it's just within the Australian situation. So the next slide please. There's one in Australia that I've particularly been interested in two lighthouses near the town of Albany in Western Australia the point King and break sea island lighthouses. So next slide. Thank you. So Western Australia in the middle exit on the map. The points in break point King and break sea island lighthouses are showing just the red they were so close together they're all coming together in the bottom southwestern corner of Western Australia. I pointed to a more detailed map of King George sound I think after Sydney Harbour it's putting on the biggest setting in Australia is the biggest harbours that exists that's actually bigger than Sydney Harbour. And so this is important one and they see the location of the two lighthouses one on the coast which is actually near Albany on the left and then one on the island of breaks the island out there. They were built by convicts and they cover period from 1861 onwards point King goes to sort of early in the 20th century very early. And then Peter's out you can see it's a ruin on the first of those pictures of it breaks the on has continued on, certainly into the 1920s. And we've begun digitizing these data we've, we've done a lot of the point King data. And we're still now working on the break sea island and these will be very valuable because of course you got ships coming across the old days from across the Indian Ocean, etc. And a very valuable effort that we're, we're trying to put together a potty get a paper on this to show it. The interesting thing with these in particular is that we discovered them bound in with the actual ship logbooks in the Met Office's archives in the UK. And as far as we know, certainly that 19th century part of the record. Basically, it's the only record of it doesn't exist in Australia. It's only exist there and so these are the sort of things you have to tease out sometimes maybe a little bit of detective as well as a climate scientist, etc. So interesting past perspective in terms of finding data with these particular lighthouses to the next slide please. So quickly some of the Southeast Australian lighthouses the next slide. I won't go to too much detail here but you can just see there are a lot of points here. Those with these big, these blue sort of filled in some star things. They're ones that we've had digitised or in the process being digitised I mentioned sort of some of them earlier. I'm sorry the other way around the red ones have been done and the blue ones haven't been done yet. So we're still going to address some of those and you can see there are a number of locations there that we can get them and go back through time they're going to be very valuable. So the next slide please. Just a bit on Perth in Western Australia has been an effort to push that record back and working with my Australian colleagues I was able to discover that there were data in Perth in Western Australia back to 1830. So the next slide. Thank you. So this is what they've been reconstructed to be part of paper that's about to be about to be to come out and to be submitted to a journal. And you can see here this is just the pressure. This is the pressure data from 1830 from various sources that our Australian colleagues have got into and discovered that help us to develop a long series of observations and says pressure here will have temperature etc. And so a very, very valuable set this is only able to October period, but we have it for the full full year. So again, you know, pushing things back further and trying to get long records. Next slide. Thank you. So I can Antarctica. This is one of two. I can read your efforts run out of New Zealand out of near in New Zealand by my colleague Drew Laurie. There's also a Pacific. We got the next slide things. So something with the discovery which is one of the things I mentioned they've been doing this is a citizen science efforts capturing all with the data. If you go into cop at cop 26, I can have an event there. And it's a listening to the video. So if you wanted to look at the whole thing, including Southern with a discovery of it. You can you can look at it there. So the next slide. Thanks. So another thing just getting just showing examples from the the weapon with acre Antarctica. This is the data was recovered of the male ship SS. Discover 20 circumnavigations between 1885 and 1893. And these are coming up to the UK. To Australia. The bottom left hand thing. And then going on from Australia, New Zealand and the South America and back to the UK. So these are very valuable in recovering high latitude Southern hemisphere data. And these the sort of data is like gold dust. So next slide please. I guess South Africa is another effort that's that's that we've been doing an original basis. So some funding from Copernicus and from the Newton fund and from WMO. And this is just a snapshot of some of the data that's being worked on the yellow ones that we've recovered digitized so far as yellow text font shaded data runs. So there's all sorts of interesting things there. The various places shown in black there, Central Ireland, St Helena Capewood, hope, etc. Ranta Zanzibar, where they have what a call whether existed in the past called stationary ships. And these ships were left in Harvard for it could have been weeks months years decade even. And hopefully they recorded meteorological observations while they were there. And some of them listed on various places. So we're working to recover what we can have the meteorological observations from those sources because they're extremely valuable. The ones over the continent red that we're working on also and then blew a whole series which were from a South African meteorological commission back in the 19 about half the 19th century, which I'll say something about a minute. So if we go to the next slide. So this is work that was done to recover data from the Cape Town Observatory by my colleague, Stephen Robbins people in Acre, South Africa. And this has been published as an example here reconstruction of coal on the bottom right hand corner there reconstruction of coal weather frequency over South Africa from 1834 to 1899. It's right through to present time. They even got some in the first half of the early parts of the 1818 20s 30s, etc. Little bits and pieces that they are putting together and hopefully better get this record extended even further. So it will, though Perth is a nice one for making dirty and great one. This will perhaps me and supersede it but all these long records are extremely value if you're trying to build up picture what's going on and feed data into the reconstructions. So next slide. Thank you. And this is some of the work they've done over 1.5 billion entries in the last three years or so. And then those those commission reports that I mentioned to you these are made in 61 to 1908. The monthly data is available in published books and things like you can see on the bottom right hand there. But the problem has been finding the daily or sub daily. Now though this isn't exactly to do with commission that one that's in the middle there where it shows. This is the sort of thing that we've actually found that a lot of these daily sub daily data is actually in the newspapers, which is really great. But the quality of them varies and that's a really good image taken a scan from a newspaper. Some of them are just about illegible. That's really frustrating because they could be the only source we're going to get for this daily sub daily data. So again, there's a lot of work done in trying to tease out the information we want from various sources. And there's not only newspapers that looked at ship logs, but even farm diaries. My colleague Stefan is actually away from Johannesburg at the moment to be the farmers out in the various parts of South Africa to try and get old data from farmers. So the next slide please. So other ships we might want to look at. So next slide. So cable ships, I won't go into details, but these are ships that laid the original cables for the telegraph. Of course we know much more fancier situations than that, but they're extremely valuable because they go across a certain lines. They have to come back and check them every so often they can be breaks in it. So there are potential to get data from that. And we've discovered that the cable ships it's the engineers logs that the instrumental observations that somebody time scales are held. We also get sub daily water temperatures and salinity measurements down to the bottom where the cable is on the city on the in that sort of vicinity. And so these things are extremely valuable and we've been searching for them. Some of them are online, which you can scan some are held by the issues civil engineers in London. Some are actually the National Maritime Museum and Greenwich we nearly need to be able to push on this because these could be again a very valuable source of data. So the next slide please. So package ships, these are male ships, hence the term packet. So these are British ships which went out of Falmouth. Now the map in the middle shows a picture of those that went across the Atlantic to the Americas and across the South America and even to the Mediterranean. But there are a lot more, a lot more of them and they go to all sorts of places, West Africa, Cape Town, Australia, New Zealand, et cetera, et cetera, Valparaiso. And so we really need to get at this data. It's been frustrating because the few that we have found of packet ships generally tend not to have meteorological observations in them. But we're encouraged that the there are a set of these things in the UK Postal Museum. And the catalogue there covers about 1839 to 1929. And it says that it contains names of packet ships, dates, times of ships to purchase and arrivals and any observations made during the journey. So we have our fingers crossed that includes meteorological observations. So there's another one we have to get at. And some of them are also held again in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich. So the next slide. So also we find ships going up rivers and such. And it's mainly in China, also I guess in the Amazon, but mainly in China where we've been able to get some data and pick the up the Yangtze. The Yellow River is apparently not particularly navigable, but beyond certain point. But the Yangtze is and actually goes right up from Shanghai right up to Chongqing. You might be able to pick out one of the diagrams there in the middle of the slide, which shows the river. So it's a good part of the river going into China where these ships were able to get to and obviously back in the day, the colonial period, you know, they were policing their situation there. So you had colonial gunboats and all this sort of stuff. So there's a thing called the Yangtze patrol, which is run by American interest 1854 to 1941. And so we've been getting data out of that and of course the Royal Navy from 1965. So we've been patrolling these rivers, some in this couple right in the southern part of China and also not on the bottom. There's a couple in Vietnam that we need to perhaps look at. So these are very vital sort of information, but we're also trying to track down what other nations all of them had a most nations at the time had a hand in various parts of China. So where are the German, French, Italian, Japanese, Austro-Hungarian, Portuguese, Russian log books from ships like this because they'd be extremely valuable. You also get them from expeditions, historical expeditions. So particularly when they're really early like this, they're extremely valuable. There was one in the Congo River about in 16 and we're hoping to get some data from that and then looking into that. And as you can see on the top side, the Congo goes quite a way into parts of Africa. So again, a very important one to get. And then the Niger River one in 1841, again shown in the slide there, vital to capture stuff data into the parts of the country where sometimes there's not any terrestrial data or very little. For the next slide. And finally, African steamers on Lake Malawi, often going up to service the missions around that lake. And so again, we're trying to track those down and see, did they have any meteorological observations on them, because they would be extremely valuable. The next slide. So another project that I've taken me about eight or nine years to get this going, all sorts of online games with illustrations and net services and goodness says what is something called the Mauritius project. So we're covering it in the chicken are coming, et cetera, the usual story of all weather observations. And there are a couple of sources that are very valuable, particularly the first one. These are extracted ship logs in 188 volumes, like Charles Mildrums journals from 1853 to 1914. He was one of the instrumental people and setting up the net society in Mauritius one of the earliest ones outside of Europe. And so that and for whatever reason, he began to have a very strong interest in ship log books. And we don't know whether his idea or where he got it or where we got it from somewhere else. But what he used to do is to send his people down to the harbor put Louis on Mauritius each day to ask the ship captains if they could come on board and transcribe the weather observations out of their logs. And so he's recovered, you know, this is an amazing data set for the Indian Ocean, extremely valuable, because we believe that the bulk of these log books may no longer exist. So the only source could be from his extractions. They do also have ship log books 1848 1874 to get a terrestrial weather observations from Richard itself, going way back into late 18th to early 20th century. So the next slide please. So this is a map of Mildrums on the 1st of January 1861, showing the Indian Ocean in the wider region. And they won't be able to see it exactly. There's two to two slanted detail. But if you can see the black lines and sometimes you'll see the arrows on it. These are the ship observations coming across the Indian Ocean there and even around Southern Africa there. And the lines they sort of iso lines isobars Mildrum was attempting to draw isobars from the data that was on those ships and show it graphically. Now, the problem was, he only managed to publish the first three months of 1861. And after that, they ran out of money and he basically says some stage of 13,000 maps and I have no money to publish them. Fortunately, those analogical journals from which this drawn on drawn have survived that they can be in burning quality. And so these are vital to be covering that so another layer of information over the Indian Ocean in this case. Next slide please. And just to show you some of the wider implications from this. I discovered that I was working on the data that's so far been done from around the 1870s. And I found about 50 or 60 ships from different nationalities, which were going on what's called the glano trade, the fertilizer trade from South America and Pacific there. Back to other when someone went through Mauritius, obviously that's where we'll have the data. But others were going back to Europe, etc. to provide this vital fertilizer for crops. And this is the bark James Henwall in 1871 in the Australian Australian shows that Oscar summer of 1871 so they're going around Cape Horn up to the Cape of Good Hope and eventually we'll go on to Mauritius to Mauritius. The interesting thing is this passage across the Southern Atlantic, and my tame naval historian, Clyde Wilkinson looks after Acre Ocean said well, there's very little data across this region and some of these times and so these are very valuable data and you can see down the bottom left hand corner, the pressure in blue and the temperature in orange from that particular voyage now it's not quality controlled or anything but it's just to show there is information there. The next slide is the only as the other one on the other one I'll show you, but the interesting thing about this one, this went through around Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, etc. to Mauritius in the winter of 1871. Now you can imagine going around Cape of Good Hope in the winter. I don't think I want to be doing it. Thank you. But again very valuable data and you can see again the trace we've got from that so again another example of information that can be gleaned. In this case beyond the Indian Ocean as it turns out, because of the nature of where this was going and the fact that they actually recorded. So the next slide please. So another source like this of marine data are settler and convict ships going out to Australia and New Zealand in the period from the late 18th to the 1867 I think was the last convict ship went out. So next slide please. So what we discovered was that the Royal Navy Medical Officer Surgeons, the Surgeons General Surgeons journals on these ships which are held by the ADM which is the Admiralty Records in the National Archives in the UK. We discovered that they often, well, not as often as we would like, but often enough to make it useful. They actually sometimes tabulated not just all the horrors of the looking after people with all sorts of medical conditions, convicts, etc. and pretty squatted conditions, but also sometimes the meteorological observations. And that's what's shown in the middle. And then you won't be able to see it, but there's a sort of light red is where they've written in the meteorological observations and I've shown a highlighter there, a barometer reading and a temperature reading. So they can be like this, so we have to be drawn out of the text, or sometimes you have people who you praise most highly, who did beautiful tabulations of all the data, everything you want, and you know presented it in their journals. And I think there's some of the 600 odd ships that went out to Australia with convicts. And of them, we've found about 150 odd have temperature observations. Now, often it's temperatures in the ships, you know, in the Surgeons rooms or in the bowels of the ship, but sometimes they're on deck as well. So we might be able to get something out of that, about a third of them 156, sorry 50 or 60 of them have atmospheric pressure, which is very vital for the reanalysis. So some daily observations usually. So, we've been looking at that. And we have at least from 1816 to 1867 that the Wellcome Trust did scan this material and so it's available online we can use it. Next slide please. Just some examples of ships again this is a convict ship, the ship Albion in 1828 so very valuable early time. And I've shown that in the map there I've shown that the voyage there the red dots each day. The blue ones are like blue ones being made aware there are storms, according to the ship, both in terms of above they're the blue line of the barometer readings. And orange, but the barometer readings there, the dips in them. And I've also put in a pretty bad to read it but from the actual logs whether there was evidence that this really was wasn't an aberration. There's a lot more quality control on it, but each one of those dips there with this, but it seems to suggest that the storms, we were able to attribute text from the the volumes which said that there was pretty rough and pretty bad weather conditions. So this gives you some very valuable information that's just one ship. And to conduct ship so we have the next slide. This is a settler ship. And again, train my bias. This is HMS Buffalo, which brought the first European settlers to South Australia my home state to Adelaide in 1836. And again, this has pressure in blue and temperature in orange there, and the trace of the voyage and you can see that they they have certainly around that's a lot of part of the voyage there Indian Ocean in the blue there they had quite a rough time there. Some stage towards is November, really December of 1836 before they arrived in South Australia so again just examples of the sort of things that you can get from these these voyages so the next slide please. And I put this one this is this is again a settler ship this is the Tory which went to New Zealand so we can't keep out keep on New Zealand friends out of all of this I'll get into trouble with them. But this ship was actually the readings from this ship were actually made by a German naturalist who was going out to New Zealand to do studies of the, you know, the environment and the natural world out there. I've got bifenberg if I thought that correct. But the interesting thing here is he had not just blue pressure, orange or red temperature, but in green sea temperature. It's splitting the unfortunately in the record we've got it in two pieces. I don't know what happened the middle bit seems to be missing, but at least we've got something. And then after in the second part of the block there you see, there's also in black, something called a temperature. I might go into all the details about it but it's a sort of barometer, which I think uses oil and all sorts of other strange things a bit of a monstrosity apparently, but it was to try and capture rapid drops in pressure with storms obviously. And so we may be able to use this as a pieziometer and barometers from what we can tell so far, don't always match up terribly well but this one looks like it's not too bad because when the barometer broke, you can see that maybe I said that the blue and the black lines aren't too bad. And so we may be able to use this pieziometer going forward to help us with the again as a pressure source if you like. So next, next slide please. And just to show you sort of ship tracks and things they're made in 5480 just pick up a few years, but the point to show here was that for the region in red showed around Cape Town and the region around Perth in red circles there. So we've got the member earlier that Cape Town and Perth pressure, we've got these ships that I just showed you convict settler whatever going around across the Indian Ocean like that. So one of the things we're hoping is that we'll be able to do a study of the least the pressure data, the land data at Cape Town and at Perth, against the ships as they are the stop the stop the Cape Town or Perth, or usually went past. So we're hoping that this might be able to help us to adjust things and see whether it all makes sense or whether there's something other things that we need to take into account to improve the record. So, move on to the next slide please. And just to mention, Captain Cook's 250, there's a few years ago now. And beyond that, we've been looking at pushing things to the limit, looking at some of the early voyages of explorers including Cook and green are the ones that we've been digitised and yellow ones we haven't got much data or any data out of. Most of them have some sort of air temperature, like the conduct ships or and some though fortunately do have barometer pressures in there. So if we look at the next slide, we can just see some examples. So the top left is Cook's three voyages they're shown in blue, red and green. You have the next to that across to the right have Vancouver in 1791 to 1793 he has voyage there. And again, valuable tracks, they're going where, you know, hopefully we can get data and we have got data from that. Below that on the bottom left, La Peruse for he was lost. The story there was that I got to the fledgling colony of New South Wales in 1788 was when the first fleet went out to Australia. They were alive there sometime after the first leader just had landed and they left, I don't know it's copies or I think it was copies of their logs with them. And then when they just went off they disappeared in recent decades as the actual ship been found. But otherwise we would not have had this data, if they hadn't left a copy with the British ship in Port Jackson at that time. So the Malaspina's voyage, 1789, 1794, and again data we've got from these voyages. So I think I've covered two English, one French, one Spanish voyage so hopefully that covers a few wider ranging things. So next slide please. The next estimate is that worldwide there's something like 10 million logs as a ship logs, there's also the land data as well and related items that have yet to be discovered so there's a massive effort that we're going to have to put in an ongoing effort to find and recover this and we've found stuff in all sorts of strange places, in Scandinavia for the ships, the old wind jammers going out with the grain and stuff to Australia in the late 1830 19th century places we didn't think that these things would exist. So a lot to do by go to the next slide. This is something we've just recently discovered a few years ago now I was pestering one of my Portuguese colleagues because she mentioned about stuff that they'd had, which was supposedly lost in a fire in 1978. And after a bit of effort they discovered that in her university, Lisbon there, but in the attic. And as you can see here in the slide all this material which we thought lost was actually saved or at least a portion of it made like a portion of it was saved. So it's all bound up it's seen smoke damage water damage you name it. And we really need to get at that so the next slide. Thanks. And that gives you a better idea of what's there. I kind of got some money for my Portuguese colleague to for her to do this work. But it's, it's probably the biggest curation effort in terms of actually getting to the data that alone, saving it after you digitize the scandal and whatever that we've faced. And she's going to have to get professional people in to be able to open these parcels successfully carefully to be able to get the maximum of information down without destroying the data. So the next slide quickly. And this is another source in Lisbon to hoping is that their archives and marine archives over there, all sorts of types of ships logbooks and lighthouse tenders and all sorts of things we need to get at and so we're slowly focusing on that. So I'm almost to the end now I've got two slides to go. The next one please. So we have to operate like these guys pirates of the Caribbean. We really have to be sort of inventive look for not only sources of data, et cetera, but also the funding, the personnel to do this it's not something where you can say okay we've got some money latch onto that. And that's it for you know as long as we can, because it changes very, very rapidly and it's something where it takes quite a lot of effort to discover it. And finally I'd like to last slide please I'd like to dedicate this talk to my friend and colleague Dr Kevin Wood who unfortunately passed away back in February. Kevin was our ACA Arctic lead. And he was based at the Pacific Marine Environment Lab PML at NOAA in the US in Seattle and also linked to the University of Washington I think. He was a fantastic guy and had battled for at least a decade or more with the lung cancer. And unfortunately it caught up with him and very sadly lost in February so I'll end on a bit of a down note but I hope that what I presented will give you a feeling for the sort of things that we do and need to do to make ACA work and be successful. So thank you very much. Thank you very much Rob, fascinating combination of historical and climate science activities there so thank you very much for that really interesting. We've got time for a few questions. So if anyone has any please do post more in the Q&A I've got a few that have come in during the talk that I'll start with if that's all right Rob. The first one is that you mentioned that you've got a wide range of data sources from measurements, historical data, citizen science inputs. How do you how do you kind of balance the relative value and worth of each of those data sets when you bring them together and manage the very level levels of confidence in the respective sources and actually related to that second question was just how do you make judgments about the quality of data when you're Well we're trying to quality control as most people do well everybody using data needs to do initially so you know to very basic things like checking nearby stations but also various algorithms to check that the the data looks reasonable. I mean even even the most basic first thing you can sometimes tell straight away if there's something wrong there. So you need to do all those techniques from the most basic right through to sophisticated initially to see whether the data holds up. Now the other thing that's very useful in terms of using the data in the next step with the reanalysis or whether reconstruction is because they have another level of check before they assimilate or absorb these data into the reanalysis so they will reject data for all sorts of reasons. So you've got several levels of checking I guess I'm saying from what we do for the data goes international repositories to holding quality and quality of data, but also people are using the data. And so the reanalysis do a whole lot more. And the other thing at the other end of their output is that when they output their renounce I didn't really show any reanalysis much alluded to et cetera, but when they actually produce fields of pressure or winds or temperature or whatever reconstructed over time. They're also able to, because they've got these, in this case now 80 realizations that they can look at the spread, and they can see whether the observations of any parameter in any place in time and space converge so you're rating realizations. How well do they converge and put criteria etc. So again that can highlight if there's a problem with the data, it may not be the data quality maybe just something else but again we'll pick up these various things so we have this sort of beginning middle, sort of end quite but checks on the data as a consequence of it's it's it's about making available and usage. A second question, actually again sort of to two related questions really. When you look at the fact that acres operated in various regions around the world. How do you go about implementing common data standards so that you've got into operability of the outputs across those regions and a sort of related questions are the challenges different in the different regions. Okay, so it's really between regions because it's all coming in to a central source or sources is what I just said in the previous answer applies to that. It's all going to be treated equally. So, you know, you're hoping that your colleagues in various parts of the world and these various acre regions or chapters are doing a good the proper job when they're pulling this together digitizing on stuff but it's all going to be looked at as a mass by, the whole thing that as I've said before by the actual repositories, their quality control equity control on it by the reanalysis quality controls, etc. And what was the other second question sorry I'm just trying to remember. It's just whether whether the charges kind of differ between different regions. They can be that can be very different yeah. We've tended to sort of develop regions. We have somebody who's taken up the gauntlet you need a champion or somebody who's prepared or is it a position to be able to do it. And this is why it's important to work carefully with them. And yes, sometimes there are more challenges. It can vary from all sorts of things. Like I've sort of been saying there. Now, Argentine colleagues found a lot of data online on one of these sites scans of the data. They could get them most of them, but then there's a lot of them because of the nature of the site, we said oh unless you're based in the US you can't access it so they have to go and talk to them about it I mean even on that sort of level. And it just depends. I mean as I said my colleague Stefan Graven South Africa is out talking now as I speak probably to farmers trying to recover you know go and speak to the one to one to recover data so it does vary in that sort of way. But also in terms of the where the sources of the data and I think you saw there there's a whole plethora of different parts of the areas where the data could be held in different parts of colonial administrations etc. There are varying challenges like that we need to take into account to it. Yeah. Great. Thank you. Just looking through to the other questions. So I mean, this is clearly a large international initiative. How do you go about coordinating funding sources and prioritization across acres a whole isn't as a global activity. Get what we can when we can and where we can. And it's very is quite a bit over the course of the 40 15 years that's existed. We've been able to get it becoming this become integral part of the Met Office where I'm based. You know over that is evolved over that time because originally this was actually funded by three years of money from the Queensland State Government Australia for me based at the Met Office to do this acre project at that stage and it sort of grew from that. So we have to be, you know, pretty quick in our approaches and nimble. I think it's the better word in terms of actually finding data. So, so, you know, it's a bit of fortuitous sometimes and sometimes it's who you know, and this sort of thing because there are, you know, to get. I don't think there's a funding system the whole thing like I don't think there's a funding store pot of gold somewhere on high, which you can tap into that's going to be there for five 10 years or more. I just not there, you have to be able to do it this way I think because I don't think if you go too much straight and straight narrow on the findings, it just won't hold up. So we have to be very careful what we do and also very nimble as I said in terms of where the sources might be both not terms of funding but in personnel as well. So one final question from from the Q&A. So this is it's fascinating to learn about how all these old logs are imaged and called data. Is it simply hard graph that enables you to get the data out or can you use AI techniques to cover some of the data at all. So what sort of approaches do you use to extract the data. Well, I guess up into a more recent was probably still is hard graph is an element of high graph with it. I think that's that's what we've found. You should going from cottage industries to to sort of industrial scale where you might have a block of stuff you send out to someone to digitize specialists to digitize. But you know you've got to be again to be fairly nimble about all of this. And it's only recently that AI colleagues of ours of acre to acre have begun to look at things like AI and we have fingers crossed that that will eventually come to fruition and we'll be able to actually, we'll be able to do that at the whole sort of, you know, thing that the data sets, the material that we need to get, you know, it really would be a revolutionize what we do. In some ways citizen science has been slight revelation, you know, to get more people to do it, and if nothing basically, but it's a benefit. But yeah, it's coming. But AI and even optical character recognition is still not quite there. We have tried it. If you fiddle around with it, you can sometimes get to it but something where you can just take whatever a journal logbook and put it through something and, well, it takes the whole lot is still to come. I think that that's probably we're coming close to the end of our time now so thank you very much again Rob for that very fascinating presentation and discussion. Just serve as well with the session was recorded it will be made available on the, on the website but also on the YouTube channel so just a reminder, once again to subscribe to that channel if you're not already doing so. This webinar in the series will be on Friday the 8th of April at 11, and that will be presented by Malcolm kitchen, looking at opportunistic data for weather forecasting so please make a note of that. Book your place on the website and get signed up to come to that one. And with that, I think that that's it for this morning so thank you very much again all for making time to attend thank you again Rob for, for your presentation and discussion there, and we'll close the session there so enjoy the day. Thanks so. Thanks, I don't know. Thank you very much.