 Preface and Part I of a Goldhunter's Experience. I have often been asked to write an account of my Pike's Peak expedition in search of gold. The following attempt has been made up partly from memory, and partly from old letters written at the time to my sister in the East. C. J. H. End of Preface. A Goldhunter's Experience by Chalkley J. Hambleton. Part I Early in the summer of 1860, I had a bad attack of gold fever. In Chicago, the conditions for such a malady were all favorable. Since the panic of 1857, there had been three years of general depression. Money was scarce. There was little activity in business. The outlook was discouraging. And I, like hundreds of others, felt blue. Gold had been discovered in the fall of 1858 in the vicinity of Pike's Peak by a party of Georgian prospectors. And for several years afterward, the whole region, for 70 miles to the north, was called Pike's Peak. Others in the East heard of the gold discoveries and went west the next spring. So that during the summer of 1859 a great deal of prospecting was done in the mountains as far north as Denver and Boulder Creek. Those who returned in the autumn of that year, having perhaps claims and mines to sell, told large stories of their rich finds, which grew larger as they were repeated, amplified, and circulated by those who dealt in mining outfits and mills. Then these accounts were fed out to the public daily in an appetizing way by the newspapers. The result was that by the next spring the epidemic became as prevalent in Chicago as cholera was a few years later. Four of the fever-stricken ones, Enos Ayers, T.R. Stubbs, John Solid, and myself, formed a partnership, raised about $9,000, and went to work to purchase the necessary outfit for gold mining. Mr. Ayers furnished a larger share of the capital than any of the others, and was not to go with the expedition, but might join us the following year. Mr. Stubbs and I were both to go, while Mr. Solid was to be represented by a substitute, a relative whose name was also John Solid, and who had been a farmer and butcher, and was supposed to know all about oxen. Mr. Stubbs was a good mechanic, an intelligent, well-read man, and ten years before had been to California in search of gold. Our outfit consisted of a 12-stamp quartz mill with engine and boiler, and all the equipment understood to be necessary for extracting gold from the rock, including mining tools, powder, quick silver, copper, plate, and chemicals. Also a supply of provisions for a year. The staple articles of the latter were flour, beans, salt-pork, coffee, and sugar. Then we had rice, cornmeal, dried fruit, tea, bacon, and a barrel of syrup, besides a good supply of hardtack, crackers, and cheese, for use while crossing the plains, when a fire for cooking might not be found practicable. These things were all purchased in Chicago, together with the fourteen wagons necessary to carry them across the plains. Then all were shipped by rail to St. Joseph, Missouri, where the oxen were to be purchased. The entire outfit, when loaded on the cars, weighed twenty-four tons. I stayed in Chicago to the last to help purchase and forward the outfit and supplies, while Stubbs and Sollett, the substitute, went to St. Joe to receive and load them on the wagons and to purchase the oxen. On the first day of August, all was ready, and we ferried our loaded wagons and teams across the Missouri River into Kansas to make a final start next morning into regions to us unknown. Stubbs started the same day by stage for the mountains to prospect and look out a favorable location, and then to meet the train when it arrived at Denver. Sollett was to be train master, which involved the oversight and direction of the teams and drivers, and the duty of frequently going ahead to pick out the best road and select a favorable place to camp at night, where water and grass could be had. I was the general businessman of the expedition, had full power of attorney from Mr. Ayers to represent and manage his interests, and hence I had the control and responsibility in my hands and practically decided all important questions relating to the business. The fourteen ox drivers were all volunteers who drove without pay except their board for the sake of getting to the gold regions to make their fortunes there. Most of them were from Chicago, three married men who left families behind, and one a young dentist. Another was a son of a prominent public woman who was a rigid Presbyterian, and when I left Chicago his father gave me a satchel full of religious books to give to him in St. Joe to read on the plains. He deliberately pitched them into a loft where they were left. Another was a young Illinois farmer called Tobias, a splendid fellow. Among those we secured in St. Joe were one German and two Missourians. The principal article in the outfit of each individual, aside from his ornaments in the shape of knives and pistols, was a pair of heavy blankets. One of the Missourians first appeared without any, but next morning he had a quilted calico bed cover stuffed with cotton, borrowed probably from a friendly clothesline, and which at the end of the journey presented a very dilapidated appearance. Early in the morning of August 2nd all were busy yolking oxen and hitching them to the wagons, but as most of the drivers were green at the business and did not know how from G and a number of the oxen were young and not well broken, it was several hours before our train was in motion and finally headed for Pike's Peak. The train consisted of fourteen wagons, a driver for each, forty yoke of oxen, one yoke of cows, and one pony with a Mexican saddle and a raw hide larry at thirty feet long with an iron pin at the end to stick in the ground to secure the animal. For the first two or three miles while crossing the level valley all went well, but when we reached the bluffs and ravines that bounded the river valley on the west, the green oxen began to balk and back and refuse to pull their loads up the hills and the new drivers were nonplussed and helpless. The better teams went ahead and were soon out of sight while the poorer ones had to double up, taking one wagon up a hill and then going back for another and consequently made slow progress. Instead of riding or walking along like a boss at ease, I soon found myself fully occupied in whipping up the poorly broken oxen on the offside while the green drivers whipped and yelled at those on their side of the team. It was surprising how soon the nice city boys picked up the strong language in use by teamsters on the western plains. The teams got separated and the train stretched out two or three miles long. Then Solot rode ahead, picked out a camping-place and directed the drivers to halt and on yoke as they reached it, but when it became dark three or four teams were still a quarter of a mile to a mile behind and in trouble, so they unhitched the oxen and let them run in their yokes for the night. Our lunch and our supper that day consisted of crackers and cheese as we had no time to cook. About dark a shower came up and it drizzled a good part of the night, the last rain we met with for many weeks. We rolled ourselves up in our blankets on the ground under the wagons or in a small tent we had for sleep. At daylight next morning we all started in different directions through the wet bushes that filled the ravines to find the scattered oxen and before noon they were all collected at camp. We had hot coffee and some cooked things for breakfast, but several accidents had occurred. The cows had fallen into a gully with their yoke on and broken their necks. One load of heavy machinery had run downhill and upset. One axle, two wagon tongues, one yoke and some chains were broken. Solot with two or three of the drivers who were mechanics went to work to repair damages. As we seemed short of oxen I rode back to St. Joe and bought two yoke more, spending the last of our money except about fifty dollars. By next morning we were ready for a new start. Experience had already taught us something and we adopted more system and some rules. All the teams were to keep near together so as not to leave the weaker ones behind in the lurch. Our cattle would be strictly watched all night by two men on guard at a time, not together but on opposite sides of the herd. Two would watch half the night and then be relieved by two others who stood guard till morning. We all took our turns except the cook who was relieved from that duty and from yoking and hitching up his own team as cooking for sixteen men while in camp was no sinecure. The man chosen for cook was one of the drivers from Chicago named Taylor who had cooked for campers and for parties at work in the woods. He was really a good plain cook. His utensils consisted of some large boiling pots and kettles, a tin bake oven, two or three frying pans, a two gallon coffee pot and a few other unusual articles. Each person had a tin plate, a pint tin cup with a handle and an iron knife, fork and spoon. The food was placed in the dishes and cups on the ground and while eating we stood up, sat on the ground or reclined in the fashion of the ancient Romans according to our individual tastes. The article of first importance at a meal was strong coffee and plenty of it. Next came boiled beans with pork whenever there was time to cook them and that could generally be done during the night. Then we had some kind of bread, cake or crackers and sometimes stewed dried fruit. About the third day out our open air prairie appetites came and it seemed as if we could eat and digest anything. I had been a little out of health for some time, was somewhat dispeptic and had not tasted pork for years. Soon I could devour it in a manner that would have shocked my vegetarian friends and for the next two years I was conscious of a stomach only when hungry. The third day the teams went a little better but we had to double up sometimes to pull the wagons up the hills and out of the deep gullies we had frequently to cross so we only made seven or eight miles. In a few days we got out on the level prairie and went along faster but every morning for a week one or more of our cattle would be lost from the herd. They would sneak away during the night and hide in the bushes and ravines or start back toward home. As I had no special duties in camp or in yoking up in the morning hunting them felt a my lot. If not found in the first search before starting time I would ride back on the pony for miles, scour the country and hunt through the gullies and bushes for hours till the lost animal was found then drive him along until the train was overtaken. That could easily be followed by the tracks of the wheels on the prairie. Hiawatha, Kansas and a few scattered cabins some miles to the west of it were about the last signs of settlement and civilization that we saw. That season was a very dry one in Kansas and on the western plains. The prairies were parched and looked like a desert except a fringe of green along the water courses. The heat was intense and the distant hills and everything visible seemed quivering from its effects. The dry ground and sand reflected the sun's rays into our faces till a few with weak eyes were seriously affected. The iron about the wagons and the chains was blistering to the touch. The southwest wind was like a blast from a heated furnace. It was worse than stillness and I frequently took shelter behind a wagon to escape its effects. The heat was very trying and debilitating to the oxen. They would pant, lull their tongues out of their mouths, refuse to pull and lie down in their yolks. Sometimes we were compelled to keep quiet all day and drive in the early evening and morning and during the night when we could find the way. The most important thing was to find water near which to camp. Wolves began to surround our camp and the herd of oxen at night and break the silence by their piercing howls. After we had gone to sleep they would sneak into camp to pick up scraps left from supper, then come within a few feet of someone rolled up in his blanket and startle him with a howl. But with all their noise these prairie wolves were great cowards and would run from any movement of a man. Soon after starting out one evening for a night drive after a very hot day one of the weak oxen lay down and refused to go. That the train might not be delayed they tied his mate to a wagon and I concluded to stay behind with him till morning to see if he would recover. Soon after dark the wolves, seeming to divine his condition and the good meal in store for them, collected around us a short distance off and seated on their haunches with howls of impatience waited for the feast. They were plainly visible by their glaring fire-like eyes. I varied the monotony of the long night by walking around, sitting down, lying upon the ground, and occasionally falling asleep beside the sick ox. Then the wolves emboldened by the stillness would sneak up close to us and break out in piercing howls, but they would instantly vanish when I got up and threw something at them. Daylight came at last, the ox had grown worse instead of better, and I left him to his fate and the wolves, and followed the wagon tracks till I overtook the train and camp early in the day with an appetite for a quart of strong coffee and something to eat. In this hot weather the oxen with their heavy loads did not make more than a mile an hour when on the march, so with the numerous delays it was nearly two weeks before he reached Marysville on the Big Blue River. This was a small settlement on the verge of civilization, with a few ranches, saloons, and stores situated on that branch of the old Oregon Trail which started northward from Westport, Missouri, and passed near Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The inhabitants had the reputation of being mostly outlaws, black legs, and stock thieves. Their reputation inspired us with such respect for them that we kept extra watch over our cattle and possessions while in the vicinity. About a week after starting, one of the drivers got homesick, discouraged and disgusted with the trip, left us and started back home on foot. This compelled Solid and me to drive his team, one of our wagons not being made of properly seasoned wood became shaky from the effects of the heat and dry air of the planes. At Marysville I traded it off to a ranchman for a yoke of oxen and had the load distributed on the other wagons so that again we had as many drivers as teams. I also traded some of our younger, weaker oxen for old ones that served our purpose better, though they were of less market value. We learned that between this place and the little blue there was no water to be found to enable us to camp for a night, so we were compelled to make the trip some twenty miles at a single drive. As the weather was hot we started late in the afternoon, drove all night, and arrived early next day at that small river where we found water and grass. Solid rode ahead much of the time to pick out the road. Our course for several days was now along the little blue in a northwest direction toward Fort Kearney on the Platte. To avoid the side gullies and beveens which were water courses in the spring, though now dried up, we frequently circled off two or three miles on to the level prairie but had to return near the stream when we camped in order to get water. One day off to the west a mile or two away we saw a single buffalo which had probably been outlawed and driven from the herd to wander in solitude over the plains. Our pony had crossed the plains before and was well used to buffalo. Solid mounted him and rifle in hand rode off to the long beast. One approach to began to run but the horse soon overtook him and he received a bullet. Then he turned savagely on the horse and rider and with head down chased them at high speed before trying to escape. The horse overtook him a second time and he received another bullet. Then he charged after the horse and rider again. When the horses turned to chase came next the buffalo received a third shot and soon fell dead. This was quite exciting sport for us tender feet who had never seen a buffalo hunt. Solid who was a butcher by trade was now in his glory. He rode back to camp sharpened his knives and with the help of one or two of the men carved up the animal and brought back a supply of fresh meat. This proved rather tough as the animal was an old bull. Nevertheless the tongue and the tenderloin were relished after having eaten only salt pork for three weeks. The small stream of water in the little blue grew less and less as we approached its source and the last night that we camped near it there was no running water at all. The little that was to be seen stood in stagnant pools in the bottom of the river bed. When we would approach these pools turtles, frogs, and snakes in great variety that had been sunning themselves on the banks would tumble, jump and crawl into the water and countless tadpoles wiggled in the mud at the bottom so that the water was soon black and thick. Its taste and smell were anything but appetizing. The oxen though without water since morning refused to drink it even after we had dipped it up in pales and allowed it to settle. We boiled it for the coffee but the odor and flavor of mud still remained. The situation had become serious and our only hope was to reach the Platte River before the oxen were famished from thirst. Earlier in the season before the streams dried up this was a favorite route of travel but it was not so at this time of year and we saw very few passing teams. By daylight next morning the oxen were yoked and hitched up and we commenced a forced march into the water and salvation. The old trail seemed still to follow the course of the dried up stream bearing much to the west. We concluded to leave it and steer more to the north with the hope of striking the Platte at the nearest point. The prairie was hard and level, the day not excessively hot and everything was favorable for a long drive. The rule of keeping together was ignored and each team was to be urged to its best speed in the hope that the strong and the swift would reach the goal though the weak and the weary might fall by the way. Before noon the teams were much separated. They halted for a nooning, the oxen browsed a little on sagebrush and dried grass, the men lunged on crackers, cold coffee and the remnants of breakfast. But our water-kig was empty. By the time the last team was at the nooning place the head ones were ready to start on. Solet rode ahead to explore and pick out the road, carrying his rifle on the saddle as we were liable at any time to meet bands of treacherous pillaging ponies whose haunts were on the lower platte. I formed the rear-guard with a hindmost wagon and it would not be deserted and alone in case of accident. Each team was always in sight of the next one ahead of it, though the train was stretched out some three miles long. Late in the afternoon Solet rode back with the cheering news that he had seen the stars and stripes waving over Fort Kearney to the west and that he had picked out a camping ground near the river a few miles below. Soon after dark the last team was in camp and the men and beasts were luxuriating in the clear running water of the platte. The next forenoon we drove on to the fort and camped a mile or two west of it for a day's rest. This was on the 20th of August so we had been out twenty days on the road from St. Joe. At the fort was a post office and here we received letters from our friends in the east and spent a good part of the day in writing in response to them. Letters were brought here by the coaches of the Overland Express which carried the United States mail to California. The fort consisted of a few buildings surrounded by a high adobe wall for protection and adjoining was a strong stockade for horses and oxen. There were a few United States troops here just outside the fort grounds were some ranches, stores, saloons and trading posts. The two Missourians proceeded forthwith to get dead drunk and it took them till next day to sober up. By way of apology they said the whisky tasted so good after being so long without it. We had no whisky on our train. It was one of the very few that crossed the plains in those days without that so considered an essential article in frontier life. Personally through the entire period of my pike-speak experience I adhered strictly to my custom of not tasting spirituals or malt-lakers nor using tobacco in any form. We were now on the main central route of travel from the states to the mountains Salt Lake, California and Oregon. We saw teams and trains daily going in both directions and Kearney was a favorite place for them to stop over a day and rest. Our course now lay along the south side of the plat Cluted Denver and with the prospect of level roads and plenty of grass and water we looked forward hopefully to a pleasant trip the rest of the way. The valley of the plat is a sandy plain, nearly level, extending westward for hundreds of miles from Kearney, bounded on the north and the south by low bluffs, some four or five miles apart. Back of these lie the more elevated, dry plains extending to great distances. Winding through this valley is the plat river, a half mile or more wide, with water from an inch to two feet deep running over a sandy bottom and filled with numberless islands of shifting sand. The banks were lined with willows and cottonwood bushes and bordered in many places by green grassy meadows but trees were a rarity and for some 200 miles we did not see one larger than a good sized bush. The day we camped near Kearney we began to see buffalo in small groups off a few miles to the south and west. When I awoke next morning soon after daylight I saw a lone one quietly eating grass about half a mile from camp. I got out a rifle and went toward him, stooping or going on my hands and knees through the wet grass till within good rifle shot. I then stood up, took deliberate aim just behind the shoulder and fired. He gave a quick jump, looked around and started toward me on the run with head down in usual fashion for a charge. My thought was that I had hit but not hurt him. I dropped into the grass and made my way on hands and knees as fast as possible toward camp a little agitated. Losing sight of me the animal soon stopped stood still a few minutes and then suddenly dropped to the ground he had been shot through the heart. This was my first and last buffalo as sneaking up to them and shooting them down did not seem much more like sport than shooting down oxen. I was neither a sufficiently expert rider nor hunter to chase and shoot them on horseback. The one I shot was carved by solid and one of the men and furnished us fresh meat for breakfast and several meals thereafter. During the day we passed a ranch occupied by a man and his son, twelve or fourteen years old. The boy had eight or ten buffalo calves and a pen which he said he had caught himself and intended to sell to parties returning to their homes in the east. He had a well-trained little pony which he would mount with a rope in hand that had a noose at the end and ride directly into the midst of a small drove of buffalo and while they scattered and ran would slip his rope about the neck of a calf and lead it back to the ranch. The calf would side up to the pony and follow it along as if under the delusion that it was following its mother. The man traded in cattle by picking up a straze and buying for a song those that were foot sore and sick keeping them till in condition and then selling them to passing trains that were in need. We now began to see buffalo quite plentifully off to the southwest in small groups and in droves of twenty or more. Sometimes hunters on horseback who had camped near Kearney were indulging in the excitement of the hunt chasing and shooting and in turn being chased by the enraged animals. That evening we camped on the verge of the great herd that extended some sixty or seventy miles to the westward and blackened the bluffs to the south and the great plains beyond as far as the eye could reach. This great herd was not a solid continuous mass but was divided up into innumerable smaller herds or droves consisting of from fifty to two hundred animals each. These kept together when grazing, marching or running the bulls on the outside and the cows and calves in the center. Sometimes these small herds were separated from each other by a considerable space. The great herd had probably started northward from the Arkansas in the spring and had now reached the plant where they lingered for water and the better grass that was found along the river. Following in the wake and prowling on the outskirts of this slowly moving host were thousands of wolves collected from the distant plains to feast upon the young and the weakly and the carcasses of those that were killed by accident or the hunter's gun. The turn for watching the cattle the first half of that night fell to the lot of two of the boys from Chicago. The cattle were grazing in a good meadow off toward the river, half a mile from camp. At dusk the boys went off to take charge of them. After dark the wolves began to howl in all directions and sometimes it sounded as if a hundred hungry ones were fighting over a single carcass. Then the buffalo bulls chimed in with the music and bellowed apparently by thousands at the same time. Pandemonium seemed to rain. The two boys got nervous then frightened and finally panic-stricken and long before midnight came rushing into camp declaring that they were surrounded by droves of hungry wolves and furious buffalo. The cattle were also disturbed and inclined to scatter and wander off. Next morning early all of us except the cook started off to hunt them up. Someone upstream, some down and some back along the road we had come. Tobias and myself waited the river to the north side to hunt them there but we found neither cattle nor cattle tracks. We did find a huge rattlesnake which we killed. The river was about three quarters of a mile wide and in no place over two feet deep. Waiting it was easy enough if one kept moving but if he stood still he would gradually sink into the quicksand till it was difficult to extricate his feet. By noon after this thorough search we had collected all of our oxen but two which could not be found. We saw it was very suspicious of cattle thieves and whenever an ox was lost his first opinion was that it had been stolen. Mine was that it had strayed off and hidden in some ravine or clump of bushes. He decided that these two lost ones had been taken by some ranchmen or passing train. I believed they had gone off with a buffalo and that when they wanted to drink badly they would come back to the river. I therefore concluded to let the train go on while I with the pony and some food would stay behind and patrol the river for a day or two. I rode back eastward along the river's edge searching in the bushes and at night came to a ranch near which I picketed the pony and slept on the ground. Next morning after first examining the ranchman's cattle I started westward again making another thorough search as I went along. In the afternoon I found the stragglers quietly eating grass near the river and then drove them along as fast as possible till the train was overtaken. We were now right in the midst of the great herd through which we journeyed for nearly five days. The anxiety they gave us was greater than that of any of our previous troubles. To avoid having the oxen stampeded or run off with the buffalo at night we wheeled our wagons into a circle when camping at the end of a day's drive and thus formed a corral into which we put as many oxen as it would hold for the night and chained the rest in their yolks to the wagon wheels on the outside. This was hard on the oxen as they could not rest as well as when free nor could they graze a part of the night as was their habit. Whenever we looked off to the south or southwest we could see dozens and dozens of the small droves of one or two hundred buffalo moving about in all directions. Some of the droves would be quietly eating grass, some marching in a slow, stately walk and others on the run going back and forth between their grazing grounds and the river but each separate drove kept in quite a compact body. Sometimes they would keep off from the trail along which we traveled for several hours at a time and not trouble us. At other times they would be going in such great numbers across our route passing to and from the river that we had to wait hours for them to get out of our way. Often a drove would get frightened at a passing wagon, the report of a gun, the barking of a dog or some imaginary enemy and would start on a run which soon became a furious stampede. They hindermost following those before them and in their blind fury crowding them forward with such irresistible force that the leaders could not stop if they would. If they came suddenly to a deep gully the foremost would tumble in till it was full and thus form a bridge of bone and flesh over which the rest would pass. Several times these frightened droves passed so near our wagons as to be alarming. One drove came within a few yards of one of our wagons and some of the drivers peppered them with bullets from their pistols. Though these frightened droves could not be stopped they would shy to the right or left if an unusual commotion was made in time in front of them. When a drove at some distance seemed to be headed toward our train we often ran toward it yelling, firing guns and waving articles of clothing. The leaders would shy off and that would give direction to the whole body and thus relieve us from danger for the time being. Every teamster, traveler and hunter that crossed the planes felt that he must kill one to a dozen or more buffalo. The result was that the plane was dotted and whitened with tens of thousands of their carcasses and skeletons. With this general slaughter and the increase of travel induced by the discovery of the Pike's Peak goldfields no wonder that this was the very last year that these animals appeared in large numbers in the Platte Valley we always estimated their numbers by the million. Footnote, the estimate was probably not an exaggeration. In the late work it is stated on the authority of railroad statistics that in the 13 years from 1868 to 1881 in Kansas alone there was paid out $2,500,000 for their bones gathered on the prairies to be utilized by the various carbon works of the country principally in St. Louis. It required about 100 carcasses to make one ton of bones. The price paid averaging $8 a ton. So the above quoted enormous sum represented the skeletons of over 31 millions of buffalo. The Old Santa Fe Trail by Colonel Henry Inman, page 203. The author further states, in the autumn of 1868, I rode with General Sheridan, Custer, Sully and others for three consecutive days through one continuous herd, which must have contained millions. In the spring of 1869, the train on the Kansas Pacific Railroad was detained at a point between Fort's Harker and Hayes from nine o'clock in the morning until five in the afternoon in consequence of the passage of an immense herd of buffalo across the track. Horace Greeley crossed the plains in 1859 in the stagecoach and, as stated in his published letters, he saw a herd of buffalo that he estimated to contain over five millions. End of footnote. For some years after, they appeared in large numbers in some parts of the Great Plains of the West, but they rapidly declined in number till they became extinct in their wild state. While in their midst we not only had fresh meat at every meal, but we cut the flesh in strips and tied it to the wagons to dry, and thus provided a small supply of jerked meat. In the dry, pure air of this region, though in the heat of August, fresh meat did not spoil, but simply dried up, if cut in moderate-sized pieces. This was also found to be the case with fresh beef in the mountains. We felt relieved and heartily glad when the last drove of buffalo was left behind. Familiarity with them, as with the Indians, destroyed all the poetry and romance about them. They were not a thing of beauty. An old buffalo bull with broken horns and numerous scars from a hundred fights, with woolly head and shaggy mane, his last year's coat half shed and half hanging from his sides in ragged patches and strips, flying in the breeze, the hole covered with dirt and patches of dried mud, presented a picture that was supremely ugly. On the journey from St. Joe to Kearney, we found, along the water courses and ravines, enough of dry wood and dead trees to supply us plentifully with fuel for cooking and, occasionally, to light up the camp in the evening, to make sure of never being entirely out of wood, a small supply was carried along on the wagons. Along the plant there was practically no wood to be had, for one hundred and fifty miles we did not see a single tree, but the buffalo supplied us with a good fuel called buffalo chips, which was scattered over the plains in abundance, and which in this dry country burned freely and made a very hot fire. When approaching camp in the evening, the drivers would pick up arms full of fuel for the use of the cook and for the evening campfire and place it in a pile as they came to a halt. As soon as we reached camp and while others were taking care of the oxen, the cook built a fire, drove two fork sticks into the ground, one on each side of the fire, placed a cross stick on them, and then hung his pots and kettles over the blaze. A big pot of beans with pork was boiled or warmed over, coffee was prepared and dough made of flour and baking powder was baked either in the tin oven or a Dutch oven. Frequently some of the men were seated on the ground around the fire, stick in hand with a piece of pork on the end of it, held near the coals to toast, while eating and during the early evening, storytelling and ironical remarks about the prolonged picnic as the trip was called were indulged in. We were now on the main route of travel between the east and the Pike's Peak gold fields, horse and mule teams going west and traveling faster than our ox train could go, passed us frequently and gave us the latest general news from the states. We also began to meet the vanguard of the returning army of disappointed gold seekers. They came on foot, on horseback and in wagons drawn by horses, mules and oxen, and many of them were a sorry, ragged looking lot. Judging from their requests from us, their most pressing wants were tobacco and whisky. In those days, western towns were full of enthusiastic, sanguine, roving men who were ever ready for any new enterprise and they were the first to rush to the gold regions in the spring. But lacking pluck, perseverance and the staying qualities, they were the first to rush back when the difficulties and discouragements of the undertaking appeared in their way. These returners told sad stories about life in the mountains, the prospects and the danger from Indians on the road. They said that there was but little gold to be found, that very few of the miners were making expenses, that food was scarce and that before we reached our destination nearly everybody there would be leaving for home. Besides they said there were hundreds of Indians along the route, robbing and murdering the whites. Such stories had a discouraging effect on some of our drivers and I was very fearful that a few of them would leave us and join the homeward procession. Some of these chaps showed a humorous vein in the models painted on the sides of their wagons. On one was Pikes Peak or Bust, evidently written on going out. Under it was written Busted. On another was Ho for Pikes Peak and under it was Ho for Sweet Home. Each exaggerated account of the Indians made by these people brought us nearer and nearer to them and made them seem more and more dangerous. Finally one morning as we reached the top of a gentle swell in the plain, a large band of them suddenly appeared in full view, camped at the side of our road about half a mile ahead of us. From all appearances there were five or six hundred or more of them. They belonged to the western branch of the Sioux tribe. We stopped a few minutes to consider the situation. We had heard and read enough about western Indians to know that the safest thing to do was to appear bold and strong, while a show of weakness and timidity was often dangerous. So we placed in our belts all our ornaments in the shape of pistols and ugly-looking knives and those who had rifles carried them. Then we drove boldly forward toward the camp. I rode the pony beside the driver of the foremost wagon with my old shotgun in hand. Soon two or three of their mounted warriors or hunters rode at full speed toward us and then without stopping circled off on the plain and went back to their camp. They were evidently making observations. Off to the north several hundred shaggy ponies were grazing in a green meadow near the river and the greater part of their men seemed to be there with them. The camp was made up of some forty lodges which looked like so many cones grouped on the plain. These lodges were formed of poles, some fifteen feet long, the larger ends of which rested on the ground in a circle while the smaller ends were fastened in a bunch at the top with a covering of dressed buffalo skin stitched together. On one side was a low opening which served for a door. As we approached we were first greeted by a lot of dirty, hungry-looking dogs which barked at us, snarled, and showed their teeth. Then there was a flock of shy, naked, staring children who at first kept at a safe distance but came nearer as their timidity left them. The boys with their little bows and arrows were shooting at targets making their first lessons as future warriors of the tribe. When we got near the edge of the camp several of the old men came forward to greet us with extended hands saying how, how, how, and we had to have a handshake all around. Some of them knew a few words of English. They asked for whisky, powder, and tobacco. Instead we gave them a little cold grub. They looked over all the wagons and their contents so far as they could and were particularly interested in the locomotive boiler which was placed on the running gear of a wagon without the box and with the help of a little rude imagination somewhat resembled a huge cannon. I told them it was a big chute and that seemed to inspire them with great respect for it. They looked under it and over it and into it with much interest. The greater part of the squaws were seated on the ground at the openings of their lodges, busily at work. Some were dressing skins by scraping and rubbing them. Some making moccasins and leggings for their lazy lords. Some stringing beads and others preparing food. The oldest ones, thin, haggard and bronzed, looked like witches. The young squaws in their teens round and plump, their faces bedopped with red paint toned down with dirt, squatted on the ground and grinned with delight when gazed at by our crew of young men. We all traded something for moccasins and for the rest of the trip wore them instead of shoes. Curious to see inside of the lodges, I took a cup of sugar and went into two or three under the pretense of trading it for moccasins. Their belongings were lying around in piles and the stench from the partly prepared skins and food was intolerable. One old Indian seemed to think that I was hunting a wife, for he offered to trade me one of his young squaws for the pony. A pony was the usual price of a wife with these western Indians. They exhibited no hostility whatever towards us. It might have been otherwise had we been a weak party of two or three possessing something that they coveted. They asked if we saw any buffalo. When we told them that at a distance of two or three days' travel the planes were covered with them. They seemed greatly interested and before we got away began to take down some of their lodges and start off. They were out for their yearly buffalo hunt to supply themselves with meat for the winter. In moving they tied one end of their lodge poles in bunches to their ponies and let the other end spread out and drag upon the ground. And on these dragging poles they piled their skins and other possessions. The young children and old squaws would often climb up on these and ride. Cactus plants in hundreds of varieties grew in great abundance on these dry plains. They were beautiful to the eye but a thorn in the flesh. As we walked through them their sharp needles would run through trousers and moccasins and penetrate legs and feet. We often ate the sickishly sweet little pairs that was seen in profusion. Prairie dogs by the million lived and burrowed in the ground over a vast region. The plains were dotted all over with the little mounds about two feet high that surrounded their holes. On these mounds the little animals would stand up and bark till one approached quite near, then dart into the holes. In places the ground was honeycombed with their small tunnels, endangering the legs of horses and oxen which would break through the crust of the ground into them. They shot at many of them but never got a single animal as they always dropped either dead or alive into the hole and disappeared from sight. Many small owls sat with a wise look on top of these little mounds and rattlesnakes too were often found there. When disturbed the owls and snakes would quickly fly and crawl into the holes. It was a saying that a prairie dog, an owl and a rattlesnake lived together in peace in the same hole. Whether the latter two were welcome guests of the little animal or forced themselves upon his hospitality in his cool retreat I never knew. One day we came to a wide stretch of loose dry sand, devoid of vegetation, over which we had to go. It looked like some ancient lake or river bottom. The white sand reflected the sun's rays and made it unpleasantly hot. The wheels sank into the sand and made it so hard a pull for the oxen that we had to double up teams taking one wagon through and going back for another. So we only made about three miles that day. The unexpected was always happening to delay us. The trip was dragging out longer than was first reckoned on and the early enthusiasm was dying out. Walking slowly along nine or ten hours a day grew monotonous and tiresome. Then after the day's work to watch cattle one half of every third night was a lonely, dreary task and became intolerably wearisome. Standing or strolling alone half a mile from camp in the darkness often not a sound to be heard except the howling of the wolves and nothing visible with the sky above and the ground below. One felt as if his only friends and companions were his knife and his pistol. In the early part of September violent thunderstorms came up every evening or night with the appearance of an approaching deluge. Very little rain fell, however, but the lightning and thunder were the most terrific I ever saw or heard. There being no trees or other high objects around we were as likely to be struck as anything. For a few wet nights we went into one of the covered wagons to sleep where some provisions had been taken out and right on top of twelve kegs of powder I sometimes mused over the probable results in case lightning were to strike that wagon. We passed one grave of three men who had been killed by a single stroke of lightning. Graves of those who had given up the struggle of life on the way were seen very frequently along the route. They were often marked by inscriptions made by the companions of the dead ones on pieces of board planted in the graves. Now we came to extensive alkali plains covered with soda white as new fallen snow glittering in the sunshine. No vegetation grew and all was desolation. An occasional shower left little pools of water here and there strongly impregnated with alkali and from them the oxen would occasionally take a drink. From that cause or some other unknown one they began to die off rapidly and within three days one third of them were gone. The remainder were too few to pull the heavy train. The situation was such that it gave us great anxiety. What was to be done? Either leave part behind and go on to Denver with what we could take or else keep things together by taking some of the wagons on for a few miles and then go back for the rest. The conclusion was to leave four loads of heavy machinery on the plains and go on with the other wagons as fast as possible. I asked the drivers if any of them would stay and guard those to be left to bias and the German volunteered to stay. We selected a camping spot a mile away from the usually traveled road so as to avoid the scrutiny of other pilgrims and look like a small party camping to rest. Then we left them provisions for two or three weeks and went ahead. We guessed that we were then about 150 miles from Denver. The two left behind had no mishaps but found their stay there all alone for two weeks very dreary and lonesome. To bias was for over a year one of my most valuable and agreeable assistance. The German went in the mountains a short time lost his eyes by a premature blast of powder in a mining shaft. I helped provide funds to send him east to his friends. A few days before this misfortune of the death of our oxen and when the drivers were in their most discontented mood solid ever suspicious came to me quite agitated with a tale of gloomy forebodings. He said he had overheard fragments of a talk between the Missourians and some others who were quite friendly with them which convinced him that a conspiracy was hatching to terminate the tiresome trip by their deserting us in a body injuring or driving off the oxen or committing some more tragic act. He thereupon armed himself heavily with his small weapons and advised me to do the same. Instead of following the advice I became more chatty and friendly with the men and talked of our trials and our better prospects. I discovered in a few a bitter feeling toward Solot occasioned by some rough words or treatment they had received. Solot was honest and faithful in many things very efficient but was devoid of tact and agreeable ways towards those under his control especially if he took a dislike to them. One man urged me to assert my reserved authority and take direct charge of the whole business of the train to the exclusion of Solot. I had no longings for the disagreeable task of a train master and simply poured oil on the troubled waters and went ahead. When the oxen began to die off Solot told me that he thought one of the Missourians had poisoned them and he disemboweled a number of the dead animals to see if the cause of death could be discovered. He found no signs of poison and nothing that looked suspicious in the stomachs but he said the spleens of all of them were in a high state of inflammation. I did not, however, understand that the oxen got their ailment from the Missourians. One evening we saw the clear cut outline of the Rocky Mountains including Long's Peak. We differed in opinion at first as to whether it was mountain or cloud and could not decide the question until next morning when as it was still in view we knew it was mountain. For several days though travelling directly toward the mountains we seemed to get no nearer which was rather discouraging. Small flocks of antelope, fleet and graceful were frequently seen gliding over the plain. They were very shy and kept several gunshots away but their curiosity was great and if a man would lie down on the ground and wave a flag or handkerchief tied to a stick till they noticed it they would first gaze at it intently and then gradually approach. In this way they were often enticed by hunters to come near enough for a shot. Forty or fifty miles below Denver we came in view of one picturesque ruin, Old Fort St. Vrain with its high thick walls of adobe situated on the north side of the plat. It was built about twenty-five years before by Saran, St. Vrain an old trapper and Indian trader. These adobe walls standing well preserved in this climate it seemed to me would be leveled to the ground by one or two good eastern equinoxial storms. End of Part One Part Two of a Goldhunter's Experience This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Sue Anderson A Goldhunter's Experience by Chocolate J. Hamilton Part Two We reached Denver on the 18th of September about noon, being forty-nine days out from St. Joe. Stubbs met us five or six miles out on the road. This gave him and me a chance as we walked along to talk over the condition of things and our plans for the immediate future. He had been in Denver about a week waiting for us and had had no tidings of the train since I wrote him from Fort Kearney. He had considerable liking for display and had evidently told people in Denver that he was waiting for the arrival of a large train of machinery and goods in which he was interested. He thought it would be a scene to be proud of to see fourteen new wagons heavily loaded and drawn by forty yoke of oxen come marching into town in one close file. When he saw only nine wagons straggling along over the space of a mile covered with dust that had been settling on them for weeks with oxen, lean, foot sore, limping and begrimed with sweat and dirt and teamsters in clothes, faded, soiled and ragged his pride sank to a new low and he did not want to go into town with the wagons. The train did not tarry but crossed Cherry Creek then entirely dry though often atorrent drove up the plat a mile or so and camped for the day on the south or east side of the stream. Stubbs and I spent a couple of hours looking over the town and calling on some acquaintances and then went to the camp. Denver was at that time a lively place with a few dozen frame and log buildings and probably a thousand or more people. Most of them lived and did business in tents and wagons. A Mr. Forrest whom I had known in Chicago was doing a banking business here in a tent. The town seemed to be full of wagons and merchandise consisting of food, clothing and all kinds of tools and articles used in mining. Many people were preparing to leave for the states some to spend the winter and to return others more discouraged or tired of gold-hunting to stay for good. When I went to the camp in the afternoon Solot and all the drivers wanted to go back to the town to look it over and make a few purchases. I told them I would look after the oxen till evening when the herders for that night would come and relieve me. The afternoon was clear and warm though the mountains to the west were carpeted with new fallen snow. I went out in my shirt sleeves without a thought of needing a coat. The oxen wanted off quite a distance from camp in search of the best grass and I leisurely followed them. Late in the afternoon and quite suddenly the wind sprang up and came from the direction of the mountains damp and cold. Soon I was enveloped in a dense fog and could see but a few yards away. I lost all sense of the direction of the camp or town and the men at camp did not know where or how to find me. When night came it grew so dark that I could not see my hand a foot from my eyes and could only keep with the cattle by the noise they made in walking and grazing. Later the fog turned into a cold rain with considerable wind and was chilling to the bone so I was booked for the night in a cold storm without supper or coat. To keep the blood in circulation I would jump and run around in a circle for half an hour at a time. Sometimes I would lean up against one of the quiet old oxen on his leeward side and thus get some warmth from his body and shelter from the wind. When the oxen had finished grazing and had lain down for the night I tried to lie down beside one of them to get out of the wind but the experiment was so novel to the ox that he would get up at once and walk off. During the night the oxen strolled more than a mile from camp. When morning came I was relieved by the men and was ready for breakfast and especially for the strong coffee in times of exposure and extra effort coffee was the greatest solace we found. When on a visit to Denver twenty-three years afterwards I tried to find out just where I spent that night an old settler of the place decided with me that it was on the elevated ground now known as Capitol Hill. During the day we crossed the plat and went forward with the train to the foot of the mountains and camped some two or three miles south of where Clear Creek leaves the foothills. Next morning Solot took twelve yoke of oxen with two drivers and started back for the four wagons and the two men that had been left behind on the plains. Our teamsters who had volunteered to drive oxen to the mountains without pay had now fulfilled their agreement but most of them were glad to stay with us for a while at current wages about a dollar and a half a day. The prospect was not as golden and the men were not as anxious to get to mining as they had been when a thousand miles further east. Stubbs had spent a month among the mines and mills and his observations made him rather blue. The accounts he gave me were most discouraging. He was inclined to think that the best thing for us to do was to go into camp for the winter, look around, watch the developments and in the spring decide where to locate if at all or whether to sell out, give up the enterprise and go home. The proposition was not a bad one by any means but I was too full of determination to do something to think of sitting down and quietly waiting six months. After all we had gone through to get there I thought we would all be better satisfied if we were to pitch in and make a vigorous effort even if we failed in the end rather than to quit at this early stage of the hunt. The usual route from Denver to the Goldfields was to the north of Clear Creek by Golden City to Blackhawk and then to Mountain City. Stubbs selected a route further south because there was a fine camping place with good grass about fifteen miles or halfway up to the Goldfields from the foot of the mountains. The roads were quite passable up to this camp though the hills were steep. With the drivers and oxen that were left after Solot started back the wagons were gradually taken up to this mountain camp and he was back on the plains and Stubbs and I were looking over the Gold Region to decide on a final location. The weather was pleasant and rather warm during the day but frosty at night. We still slept in the open air and our blankets were often frozen to the ground in the morning. There was more or less gulch mining and prospecting going on over a large section of the mountains but the principal part of the load mining and most of the mills that had been located were confined to a field not over five or six miles in extent the center of which was Mountain City now Central City. Footnote. Prospecting included the searching for gold in almost any way that was experimental. Going off into the unexplored mountains to hunt new fields of gold whether in gulches or loads was prospecting. Digging a hole down through the dirt and loose stones in the bottom of a gulch to see if gold could be found in the sand was prospecting. Sinking a shaft into the top dirt of a hillside in search of a new load or into the load when discovered to see if gold could be found there was prospecting and manipulating a specimen of quartz by pulverizing and the use of quicksilver to see if it contained gold was also prospecting. End of footnote. There were fifty or more mills already up and in running order they varied in capacity from three to twenty stamps some were running day and night crushing quartz that was apparently rich in gold some were running a part of the time experimenting on a variety of quartz taken out of different loads and prospect holes and generally not paying and some were idle the owners discouraged, bust, and trying to sell or else gone home for the winter to get more money to work with. The most of these mills were located about mountain city and blackhawk and in Nevada and Russell's gulches the rest of them were scattered in other small gulches or mountain valleys in the vicinity the richest mines being worked were the Bobtail Gregory and others in Gregory Gulch between Mountain City and Blackhawk the other principal gold diggings were some seventy miles further south near the present site of Leadville these I did not then visit nearly all of these mills had been brought out and located during the year 1860 this was about the last one to arrive that season it was evident that the business was not generally paying the reasons given were that the mills did not save the gold that was in the quartz and that those that work in the mines were nearly all in the cap rock which was supposed to overlaid the richer deposits below the theory was that the deeper they went the richer the quartz there were just enough rich pockets and streaks being discovered and good runs made by the few paying mines and mills to keep everybody hopeful and in expectation that fortune would soon favor them so they worked away as long as they had anything to eat or tools and powder to work with after looking over the fields a number of days carrying our blankets and sleeping in empty miners' cabins Stubbs and I concluded to locate at the head of Leavenworth Gulch which was about a mile and a half southwest of Mountain City between Nevada and Russell's Gulches the side hills were studded all over with prospect holes and mining shafts several loads said to be rich in gold had recently been discovered and a nice stream of water ran down the Gulch only three mills were in operation there and a number of miners who were developing their own claims strongly encouraged us to come promising us plenty of quartz to crush several parties were Gulch mining there with apparent success and during the short time that I watched one man washing out the dirt and gravel from the bottom of the Gulch he picked up several nice nuggets of shining gold which was quite stimulating to one's hopes I afterwards learned that these same nuggets had been washed out several times before whenever a tenderfoot would come along who it was thought might want to buy a rich claim as soon as we located and selected a mill site we went vigorously to work and all was preparation, bustle, and activity Stubbs was a good mechanic and took charge of the construction others were cutting down trees, hauling and squaring logs and framing and placing timbers to support the heavy mill machinery as soon as Sollett returned from the plains he with a few of the drivers went to work to get the wagons machinery and provisions from the mountain camp up to our location in many places at first glance the roads looked impassable they went up hills and rocky ledges so steep that six yoke of oxen could pull only a part of the load then down a mountainside so precipitous that four wheels of each wagon would have to be deadlocked with chains to keep them from overrunning the oxen then they would go along mountain streams full of rocks and boulders and upsetting a wagon was quite a common occurrence I saw one of our provision wagons turn over into a running stream and among other things a barrel of sugar start rolling down with the current as soon as everything was brought up to our final location I sold some of the wagons, some oxen and the pony thus securing cash to pay help and other expenses I traded others off for sod lumber, shingles, etc. for use in building the millhouse and a cabin grass was very scarce in the mining regions one of the faithful well-whipped oxen was killed for beef a little like eating one of the family in this dry pure air the meat kept in perfect condition for many weeks till all eaten up and it was an agreeable change in our diet when we had finished the hauling of timber and other things we sent the oxen still on hand down to the foot of the mountains where there was grass during the winter for cattle would pick up a living among the foothills and come out in good condition in the spring the distance was some twenty-five or thirty miles early one bright November morning I started down there on foot to make arrangements with the ranch men to look after them the air was so bracing and stimulating to the energies that I felt as if a fifty-mile walk would be mere recreation being mostly downhill I arrived at the ranch about noon did my business, got a dinner of beef, bread and coffee and felt so fine that soon after two o'clock I concluded to start for home thinking that in any event I would reach one of the two or three cabins that would be found on the latter part of the road walking up the mountains was slower business than going down and long before I reached the expected cabins it became dark and I was completely tired out I found a small pile of dried grass by the roadside which had been collected by some teamster for his horses I covered myself up with this as well as I could and being very tired was soon asleep without supper or blanket on awakening in the morning I found myself covered with several inches of snow and felt tired, hungry and depressed I plotted along toward home for a few hours and came to a cabin occupied by a lone prospector who got me up a meal of coffee, tough beef and wheat flour bread baked in a frying pan with a tin cover over it soon after finishing the meal I felt sick and very weak and was unable to proceed on my journey till late in the afternoon when I went ahead and reached home long after dark Leavenworth Gulch was crossed by dozens of loads of gold-bearing quartz generally running in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction in this district the discoverer of a load was entitled to claim and stake off 200 feet in length than others could in succession take 100 feet each in either direction from the discovery hole and these claims in order to be valid were all recorded in the record office of the district owners of these various claims to prospect and develop them had dug the side hills of the Gulch all over with hundreds of holes from 10 to 30 feet deep partly through top dirt and partly through rock a few would find ore rich enough to excite and encourage all the rest more would find rich indications that would stimulate them to work on as long as they had provisions or credit to enable them to go ahead hoping each day for the golden strike a large majority of these prospect holes came to nothing many of the miners had claims on several different loads and although they might have faith in their richness they wanted to sell part of them to get means to work the rest we had plenty of chances to buy for a few hundred dollars in money or trade mines partly open showing narrow streaks of good ore which according to the prevailing belief would widen out and pay richly as soon as they were down through the cap rock while work was progressing on the mill I spent considerable time in looking over these mines and I went down numerous shafts by means of a rope when less turned by a lone stranger who I sometimes feared might let me drop I listened to glowing descriptions by the owners examined the crevices and paste streaks and took specimens home to prospect this was done by pounding a piece of ore to powder in a little hand mortar then putting in a drop of quicksilver to pick up the gold and then evaporating that fluid holding it in an iron ladle over a fire the richness of the color left in the cup would indicate the amount of gold in the quartz footnote three in testing quartz by specimens greenhorns were sometimes deceived by loaded quicksilver that is by that which had some gold in it and would leave a color whenever evaporated I knew one miner who worked away in his mind taking out quartz all winter and was in good spirits as he tested a specimen of his ore every day or two and always found a rich color when crushing in the spring his quartz did not pay the bottle of quicksilver he had used all winter was found to be loaded end of footnote three I could soon talk ghibly of blossom rock pay streaks cap rock wall rock rich color and use the common terms of minors I bought two or three mines traded oxen and wagons for two or three more and furnished grub steaks to one or two minors that is gave them provisions to live on while they worked their claims on terms of sharing the results quartz mills were nearly all run by steam and the fuel was pine wood cut from the mountain sides everyone taking from these public domains whatever he wanted the principal features of our mill were twelve large pistols or stamps weighing five hundred pounds each which were raised up about eighteen inches by machinery and dropped into huge iron mortars onto the small pieces of rock constantly fed into them by a man with a shovel a small stream of water was let into the mortars and as the rock was crushed into fine sand and powder it went out with the water through fine screens in front and passed over long tables a little inclined and then over woollen blankets the tables were covered with large sheets of brightly polished copper on these polished plates quick silver was sprinkled and it was held to the copper by the affinity of the two metals for each other as the water and powdered rock passed over the tables the quick silver by reason of its chemical attraction for gold would gather up the fine particles of that metal and as the two combined would gradually harden and form an amalgam somewhat resembling lead coarser grains of gold would lodge in the blankets owing to their weight while the small particles of rock would pass over with the water the amalgam was put into a retort and heated over a fire when the quick silver would pass off in vapor through a tube into a vessel of water and then condensed to be again used while the gold would be left in the retort to be broken up into small pieces and used as current money in order to save as much of the gold as possible these copper plates required close watching constant care and much rubbing to remove the vertigree that would form about the first of November our mill was completed and we expected to operate it a good part of the winter with the courts of other miners together with that which we would take out ourselves from our own mines a large well or underground cistern was dug under the millhouse which was fed by copious springs and promised to furnish an abundant supply of water to furnish water for the numerous mills about Mountain City and in Nevada Gulch a large ditch had been dug which started up in the mountains near the snowy range and wound like a huge serpent around promontories and the sides and heads of numerous gulches with a slight incline for some fifteen miles it passed around the hills which bordered Leavenworth Gulch a few hundred yards above our mill site about the time the mill was completed the water was turned off from this ditch on account of freezing weather and the near approach of winter very soon after the beautiful springs which supplied our tank and the Gulch with water all dried up they had been fed by seepage from the big ditch with the disappearance of the water vanished all prospect of running the mill before spring when the melting snow would furnish a supply it seemed like a bad case of hope deferred but the bracing air and climate outdoor life constant exercise course food and pure water were too invigorating and stimulating to the feelings and hopes to allow one to feel much depressed or discouraged we look forward to the next summer for the golden harvest Stubbs built us a one and a half story cottage out of sawed lumber, boards and shingles with one room below for living, eating, cooking and storing provisions in and one above for dormitory a corner of the ladder was partitioned off into a small room for him and me with a bunk for each under which we stored our twelve kegs of powder as being the safest place we had for it we slept on beds of hay with our blankets over us and in very cold weather piled on our entire stock of coats and some empty provision sacks some below was a good cook stove and there was wood in abundance so we kept comfortable though the house was neither plastered nor sheeted and considerable daylight came in through cracks in the siding we had a table and benches made of boards and stubs made me an armchair and a desk for my account books, papers and stationery what a luxury after four months camping out to be able to sit down in a chair eat from a table sleep on a bed write at a desk read by a candle at night and have regular well cooked meals to a lover of the picturesque and scenery our location was ideal immediately around us was a semi-circle of high, steep, pine covered hills spotted with prospect holes slowly east through an opening in the intervening mountain ranges the plains were in full view over a hundred miles away sometimes for days they were covered with shifting clouds which seemed far below us then an east wind would drive the clouds and mist slowly up into the mountains swallowing up first one range and then another till only a few peaks would stand out above an ocean of fog and finally we would be enveloped ourselves ascending a hill a few hundred yards above our house and looking westward over a great depression on mountain valley one had in full view the snowy range over twenty miles away with its crests and peaks covered with perpetual snow and Mount Gray still further in the distance in the fall and winter almost every day local snowstorms and blizzards were seen playing over this great basin and on the sides of the distant range our location was some nine or ten thousand feet above the sea the lightness of the air gave some inconvenience and many surprises to newcomers they would get out of breath in a few minutes in walking up a hill I would wake up several times in a night with a feeling of suffocation draw deep breaths for a few minutes and thus get relief before going to sleep again it took ten minutes to boil eggs two to three hours for potatoes and beans for dinner were usually put on the fire at suppertime the day before coin and bank bills were seldom seen the universal currency was retorted gold broken up into small pieces which went at sixteen dollars an ounce every man had his buckskin purse tied with a string to carry his dust in and every store and house had its small scales with weights from a few grains to an ounce to weigh out the price when any article from a newspaper to a wagon was purchased no laws were enforced or observed except miners' laws made by the people of the different districts when a few dozen miners more or less settled or went to work in a new place they soon organized adopted a set of laws and elected officers usually a president, secretary, recorder of claims justice of the peace and a sheriff or constable appeals from the justice disputes of importance over mining claims and criminal cases were tried at a meeting of the miners of the district we were in the district of Russell's Gulch sometimes we had a meeting of the residents of our own Gulch one chap there stole a suit of clothes the residents were notified to meet at once and the same day the culprit was tried and found guilty and a committee of which I was one was appointed to notify him to leave our locality for two hours and not to return on penalty of death he went on time had he been stubborn and refused to go I don't know what course the committee would have taken this member of it would have been embarrassed an adjoining district was made up mostly of Georgians they had their own tastes and prejudices soon after we came to the mountains at their miners meeting there was convicted for some offense and sentenced to receive 30 lashes from a heavy horse whip the day for the execution of the sentence was regarded as a kind of holiday and the miners collected from all the country around all our men including solid went to the whipping Stubbs and I stayed at home we had no relish for that sort of amusement a thief was more sure of punishment than a murderer there was so much property lying around in cabins unguarded while the owners were off mining or prospecting that stealing could not be tolerated while the loss of a man now and then by killing or otherwise did not count for much End of Part 2