 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panimian Grammar. In this course, so far we have studied at Sandhi, Hal Sandhi, Visarga Sandhi and currently we are studying Swadi Sandhi. We have already studied most of the part of the Swadi Sandhi and today we shall continue studying the Swadi Sandhi and the remaining and final part of Swadi Sandhi. What is a Swadi Sandhi? Swadi Sandhi is a Sandhi which substitutes the Swadi suffixes and this substitution takes place in a specific environment of deriving a padha that is embedded in the derivation of a sentence or Vaakya. In accordance with the definition of a Vaakya, Ekating Vaakya, there has to be one thing which means that a padha which consists of Prakriti and Praktyaya, there should be at least one padha which should have thing Praktyaya, obviously with the Prakriti in the form of Dhatu. So the Vaakya should be at least of this kind where you have Pratipadika plus Swap as one padha, Pratipadika plus Swap as the other padha and Dhatu plus thing as the third padha. Now in this case, this is a Swap on the right hand side of the plus sign, this is followed by the second padha to be more specific followed by a Prakriti in the second padha. So in this case, this Swap gets substituted by some other verbal element over here and similarly in the second padha, the Swap in the padha, second padha, the final element of the Swap in the second padha comes into close proximity with the Prakriti element of the third padha and then there is some modification that happens in this Swap in this particular form and this is called Swadi Sandhi. This is the generic explanation of the Swadi Sandhi and then we also saw what is a Swadi. We said that Swadi refers to Vibhakti, 1, 4, 1, 0, 4 is the sutra which defines Vibhakti namely sup and thing. Sup is a set of 21 suffixes added after a nominal root or a Pratipadika by the sutra 4, 1, 2 and thing is a set of 18 suffixes added after a verbal root also known as Dhatu. This is stated by 3, 4, 7, 8 they are all referred to as Swadi even though Vibhakti also means some other suffixes in 5, 3, 1, 2, 27 why Swadi, sup and thing are meant and so the other example of Swadi is this. So this is the specific example of the Swadi Sandhi which explains the generic template that we saw earlier. So if you have Ramas plus Gramam plus Nayati where there are 3 padhas, Ramas the first padha, Gramam the second padha and Nayati the third padha. So sir comes at the end of the first padha which is followed by Go which is part of the prakriti in the second padha, sir is part of the sup and now this gets substituted by root first and then by u and then a and u they get substituted by o and then we get the finally derived sentence form in the form of Ramam, Gramam, Nayati. So this Ramam is a Swadi Sandhi example. Similarly if you have Ramayana, Gramas plus Gamayati where sir appears at the end of the second padha, sir is part of the sup that comes at the end of the second padha followed by Go and therefore this sir gets substituted by root first then by u and then a plus u becomes o and so we have Ramayana, Gramam and Gamayati as the finally derived sentence. These are the specific examples of Swadi Sandhi and then these are the sutras that state the Swadi Sandhi. So the ones that we have already studied are Sasajisho Ruhu, Athorora Pilata Dhaplute, Hashi Char, Bhobhagogo Apurvasya Yoshi and Hali Sarvesham. We have studied these sutras in a lot of detail. Now let us study in this particular lecture the remaining sutras namely Roshupi, Rori, Dhalope Purvasya Nirgonaha, Itatta Dosulopo Akauranai Samahse Hali, Sochi Lope Chet, Padapuranam, Prathamayo Purvasavarnaha and Nadiji. While we study Roshupi we shall also study another sutra Ahan but we shall do that in a while from now. First let us take up the sutra Roshupi for study. Roshupi has got two padas Raha and Asupi. Raha is one slash one of Ruh which refers to the sound Ruh. Asupi is seven slash one of Asup which means something that is not a sup or other than sup. And so Asupi means immediately before something that is not a sup. The words continued from the previous sutras are Ahan six slash one of Ahan meaning in place of and Prathasya six one of Prath. So the meaning of the sutra is the following the final element in the word Ahan which means a day sound Nuh which comes at the end of Ahan is substituted by sound Ruh when something other than a sup follows immediately after. I repeat final element in the word Ahan that is sound Nuh is substituted by sound Ruh when something other than the sup follows immediately after. So here we have an example where we have Ahan plus Gana Nuh comes at the end of Ahan and also Prath. So this is substituted by Ruh so we have Ahar Gana and finally Ahar Gana Roh Asupi. And then we have another sutra Ahan eight to sixty eight which says the following this sutra has got only one Prath Ahan that is six slash one of Ahan which means in place of the words continued are Ruh one slash one of Ruh sound Ruh and Prathasya. So the sutra means the final element in the word Ahan that is Nuh is substituted by sound Ruh at the end of a Prath. So I repeat final element in the word Ahan that is sound Nuh is substituted by sound Ruh and that is two at the end of a Prath. So here we have a case Ahan plus Biham where Biham is a consonant beginning suffix and so Ahan gets the term internal Prath. So this Nuh comes at the end of the Prath so this Nuh is substituted by Ruh and then this Ruh is further substituted by Ruh so we have Ahu Biham and then this Ruh and this Ruh there is Guna Sandhi that replaces both these vowels so we have Ahoh plus Biham and so we get Ahoh Biham. Now there is a Vartika which restricts the Ruh substitution of Ahan in a typical environment earlier we saw Ahar Guna where Ruh was not replaced by U. So Ruh is replaced by U when Ruh, Prathri and Rathantara they follow. So we have the Vartika saying Anho Ruh Vithau, Ruh, Prathri, Rathantaraeshu iti Vacham. The meaning is the Ruh substitution in place of Ahan takes place only when following words follow Ruh, Prathri and Rathantara in case of a compound. So we have Ahan plus Ruh, Nuh is substituted by Ruh so we have Aharuh plus Ruh then this gets substituted by U and then there is Guna Sandhi so we have Ahorup and then also we have Ahorathra and Ahorathantara and that is why in Ahar Guna Ruh does not get substituted by U it remains as Ruh. Now let us go to the next sutra Ruhri. There are two padas in this sutra. This is 8, 3, 14. There are two padas in the sutra Raha and Rih. Raha is 6 slash 1 of Ruh referring to the sound Ruh which means in place of sound Ruh and Rih is 7 slash 1 of Ruh that is sound Ruh once again which means immediately before sound Ruh. The word that continues is Lopah that is 1 slash 1 of Lopah meaning deletion as substitute. So the meaning of the sutra is this immediately before the sound Ruh in place of sound Ruh substitute 0 or deletion. I repeat immediately before the sound Ruh in place of sound Ruh substitute 0 or deletion. So we have Punar plus Ramathe as the example. Here we have Ruh at the end of the padha Punar followed by Ruh at the beginning of the second padha. In this case Ruh gets deleted and so we get Punar plus Ramathe as the next step of derivation and the derivation continues. The derivation does not end here. This is not the finally derived form. We need one more sutra to be studied in order to complete this derivation and that next sutra is this. Dhralope Purvasya Nirgonaha. This sutra consists of four padhas Dhralope Purvasya Nirgaha and Anaha. Dhralope is 7 slash 1 of Dhralope. This means environment of the deletion of Dhr as well as Ruh and 7th case means immediately before this environment Purvasya is 6 slash 1 of Purva which in this case means in place of an earlier element. Nirgaha refers to 1 slash 1 of Nirgaha which means long vowel as the substitute and Anaha is 6 slash 1 of An which means in place of. So the sutra means immediately before the environment of the deletion of Dhr and Ruh which eventually is Dhr and Ruh respectively only in place of the earlier An substitute the long vowel. I repeat immediately before the environment of the deletion of Dhr and Ruh in place of the earlier An substitute the long vowel. So here are the examples Punar plus Ramate we had seen this example Punar plus Ramate and because of Rory this Ruh gets deleted and so we have Punar and so we have Punar plus Ramate and now this Ruh is the environment because of which this Ruh got deleted. So when this environment follows the previous vowel this Ruh in Nuh this gets lengthened. So in this place comes a long vowel and so we get Punar and Ramate as the finally derived output. Similarly, we have Harihi plus Ramyaha as the basic input and the finally derived output is Hari Ramyaha remember this is not the nominative or accusative dual of the word Hari. This is the nominative or nominative singular of Hari, Harihi. But when it comes into contact with this Ramyaha this becomes Hari. The basic input is Shambhu and then comes Rajati and the Sandhi form is Shambhu, Rajati. Now also let us look at the example where Dhr is deleted by the environment of another Dhr coming right immediately after. Here is the example Leha plus T and this is the participle suffix we are deriving the past passive participle Leha plus T this herb gets substituted by Dhr by the sutra hodhaha then because of this Dhr this T gets substituted by Dhr. So we have this sutra namely Jashastha thodhaha which does this. So we have Leha plus Dhr then Shtonastu who applies and substitutes this Dhr by Dhr so we have Leha plus Dhr then Dhode Lopaha A313 applies and substitutes this Dhr by 0. So we have Leha plus Dhr and then the that is E that comes immediately before this Dhr is lengthened so we have Leha plus Dhr. So this Dhr is the environment in which this Dhr earlier Dhr got deleted or 0 substitution. So when this environment follows the previous vowel is lengthened so we have Leha plus Dhr that is Leha as the Pratipadika derived as finally derived output of this derivation process. This is how Dhrarape Purvasya Dirkona applies and the final output in case of Punaramate is Punaramate. There is one observation that needs to be made. So this particular derivation proposes an exception to the Asidda principle. Generally the output of the Sutra in the Asidda section does not become the input for any previous Sutra and within the Asidda section also the output of any latter Sutra does not become the input for any previous Sutra but here we see first the output of the latter Sutra in the Asidda section namely Stranashtu becoming the input for the earlier Sutra namely Dhode Lopah and Dhr gets deleted and then we see that the output of A313 namely the deletion of Dhr and R becoming the input for 6 3 1 1 11 and so there is this exceptional behaviour as far as these Sutras are concerned and the Asidda section is concerned. We also observed that there is one more example of this kind that we shall study in the Prakriti Bhava. Let us continue studying the Swadhisandhi Sutras. These Sutras are primarily discussed in the Vaya Karana Siddhanta Kavmudhi. The next Sutra is Etattadho Sulopu Ako Ranayasamase Hali. This Sutra has got 5 padhas. The first one is Etattadho which is 6 slash 2 of Etattadhu which consists of Etat and Tad the two pronouns Sulopah is 1 slash 1 of Sulopa deletion of Su nominative singular suffix. Akoho is 6 slash 2 of Ak meaning without sound k. Anayasamase is 7 slash 1 of Anayasamase meaning different compound than the negation compound or nayasamase and Hali is 7 slash 1 of Hal which means immediately before a consonant. Anayasamase means in the negation compound or in the nayasamase. So the meaning of this particular Sutra we see that Sul as per as Etattad is concerned is deleted in the right hand side environment of Hal and when Etattad is not part of nayasamase. So the meaning of the Sutra is this immediately before a consonant Hali in place of Sul which is part of Etattad which do not have sound k as their part Akoho and which are not a part of a negation compound nayasamase. So in place of Sul substitute 0 or deletion I repeat immediately before a consonant Hali in place of Sul substitute 0 or deletion Sulopaha and this Sul should be a part of Etattad. It should not have the sound k as their part Akoho and they should not be part of a negation compound Anayasamase. So here is the example Esha plus Sul this is the nominative singular suffix plus Ramaha Esha Ramaha and so now this Sul suffix gets deleted because this is Hal following this is Etattad and so we have Esha Ramaha as the finally derived output of this particular Sutra 61-132 similarly Sul plus Sul plus Shamhoho and this Sul comes immediately after Sul this is still a Pradha so this is part of Etattad this is not an aisamase there is no k anywhere here so this Sul gets deleted by this particular Sutra and so the finally derived output is Sashamhoho Esha Ramaha and Sashamhoho. In both these cases Etattad and Tat they do not have k as their part and they are not part of the negative compound and so Sul which is part of Etattad takes the form of zero or deletion similarly Sochilope Chet Pada Puranam. This Sutra is 61-134 and it is stating the deletion of Sul after Sir that is Tad once again in a further limited environment namely the metrical quarter completion the paddhas in this particular Sutra are 5 Sash which is 6 slash 1 of Sash that is part of Sir and Sul is continued 61 of Sul in place of Lopaha is 1 slash 1 of Lopah which is a substitute 0 substitution this is also continued Lopah is 7 slash 1 of Lopah that is in the deletion Chet means if and Paddha Puranam means metrical quarter is complete so the meaning of the Sutra is in place of Sul which is part of Sash that is nominative singular of the Pranam Tad substitute 0 or deletion if after the deletion the metrical quarter is complete I repeat in place of Sul substitute 0 or deletion if after the deletion the metrical quarter gets complete and this Sul should be a part of the form of Tad so Sash here is an example Sir plus Sul plus Asha so we have this Sul gets deleted getting deleted and so we have Sir plus 0 plus Asha and then there is Sandhi of these 2 vowels which is of Ruddhi Sandhi so we have Sai Asha as the resultant output now there is this metrical quarter that is fulfilled Sai Asha Dasara Thiramaha this is a quarter of Anushtubh which requires 8 letters and so we have Sai Asha comprising of 2 letters had there been no Sandhi then there would have been Sir Asha 3 vowels that would not complete the metrical quarter now it completes so we have Sai Asha Dasara Thiramaha so Chilope Chet Padapuranam now let us come back to another set of Sutras namely Prathamayoho Purvasavarnaha so Prathamayoho Purvasavarnaha is now referring to not Ruh but referring to the other vowels when the Prakriti is preceded by particular kinds of sup suffixes this is different than the previous ones and that is why stated at the end so Prathamayoho is 7 slash 2 of Prathamayoho meaning in the first 2 cases that is in the Prathamayoho and the Dvitiya cases Purvasavarnaha is 1 slash 1 which means homogeneous sound of the earlier sound words continued are Akaha 5 slash 1 of Akk, Achi 7 slash 1 of Achh, Dirgaha 1 slash 1 of Dirgha and of course Ek of Purva Parayoho which means 1 substitute in place of 2 substituents earlier and later so the meaning of the Sutra is this in the first 2 cases that is Prathamayoho and Dvitiya when immediately before Achh any vowel appears Akk then in place of both the earlier and later sounds substitute the long vowel of the homogeneous of the earlier vowel I repeat in the first 2 cases that is Prathamayoho and Dvitiya when immediately before Achh that means any vowel appears Akk then in place of both the earlier and later sounds namely Akk and Achh substitute the long vowel of the homogeneous earlier vowel namely Akk. So, here we have Akk plus Achh in 1, 2 and 2, 2 for example and so this Akk and Achh will be substituted by the Dirgha of Akk this will be the output generated. So, if you have Hari plus Au, Hari has got E which is part of Akk, Au is an Achh. So, now in place of both of them generally eco energy might apply but now this Sutra says that in place of both of them substitute the long of this previous vowel. So, we have Har plus E E substituting both these E and Au and so we get the finally derived form Hari. Similarly, Bhanu plus Au 1, 2 or 2, 2 generally this is the scope of application of eco energy but this is cancelled by Prathamayoho Purva Sabarana and we get in place of both Au and Au the long homogeneous vowel of the previous sound that is Au that is Bhanu as the output generated Prathamayoho Purva Sabarana. The negation of this is stated in this particular Sutra 6, 1, 1, 0, 4. There are 3 padas in the Sutra N, Aad and Ichi. That means not the negation Aad is 5 slash 1 of A which means immediately after A and Ichi is 7 slash 1 of H. H means all vowels minus A. So, Ichi means immediately before H. The words continued are Prathamayoho and Purva Sabarana and Dirgaha. The meaning of the Sutra is immediately before H when A comes in the first 2 cases then in place of both do not substitute the long vowel homogeneous of the earlier. So, if we have Rama plus Au where Au is followed by Ich generally this is the scope of application of Vrudhisandhi and we would have got Ramau but then Prathamayoho Purva Sabarana comes in and says that in place of both of them substitute the long homogeneous vowel of the previous sound. In this case it would be Au and we would get the form Rama. But this Sutra negates this and says that in place of both of them do not do the Purva Sabarana Dirgaha rather continue with the normal Sandhi and then we substitute Vrudhi in place of both and so we have the form Ramau as finally derived output. Similarly Dirgaha Jasicha this Sutra is 6105 and this is also a negation of Prathamayo Purva Sabarana. This Sutra has got 3 patterns Dirgaha which is 5 slash 1 of Dirgha which means immediately after a long vowel. Jasicha is 7 slash 1 of Jas. Jas is the nominative plural suffix. Chha means and Prathamayoho is 7 slash 2 Purva Sabarana Dirgaha and N. So, and also the word Ichi continues. So, the meaning of the Sutra is this and immediately before itch and just when a long vowel comes in the first two cases then in place of both do not substitute the long vowel that is homogeneous of the earlier. I repeat and immediately before itch and just when a long vowel comes in the first two cases then in place of both do not substitute the long vowel that is homogeneous of the earlier and here are the examples Nadi plus us this is the example of Jas. So, Nadi plus us and we do not apply the Purva Sabarana Dirgha we applied rather Yana Desha and so we get the form Nadiaha. Similarly, Nadi plus Au. So, this is the drivachana and this is the itch following and so Nadi plus Au once again Purva Sabarana Dirgha does not happen we apply the Yansandhi and so we get the form Nadiau. Similarly, Chamu plus Au and we get the form Chamu and we get the form Chamvau and not Chamu. Similarly, Chamu plus us and we get the form Chamvaha and not Chamu. In all these cases in the absence of this particular sutra we would have got the form Nadi over here Nadi again in this case also Chamu in this case and Chamu in this particular case. This would be undesirable. So, these undesirable forms are avoided are negated are explained by this particular negation Dirgha Jasicha. To summarize we studied more substitutes in place of ru which was stated as a substitute of sir at the end of a padha. They are primarily year and zero or deletion. Several occurrences like Dhartharashtra Rane can be explained using the sutras that we have studied in this particular lecture. Due to the principle of the asiddha using which the sutras are arranged in the grammar absence of Sandhi is explained. However, we studied a few exceptions to this asiddha as well. So, we close the explanation of the Swadhisandhi over here. Next we study the Prakriti Bhava in the next lecture. I thank you for your attention.