 Olen käyttänyt sekälaitolle ja liikkumisesta dataa, jossa olen tullut edelliseltä suunnitelmaa. Seuraavaa sekälaitolle on 282 ihmisiä. Noita yksi päivä on Isenmans dataa. Ja sitten minulla on seuraavaa 2,530 finhostaleja jossa on hieman data-base, kuten Sukuposti, että se ei ole niin paljon muodosti, jossa varit vähillä jätkä on ymmärtänyt tuettavaa taliaan. Sitten minulla on ikhän kokeillaan, Miksämät. Nykyä päivänä olevat vähillä 55mmin sijaan. These are mostly warm plaid riding horses. We must be familiar with riding horses. And some of those horses have provided both living dimensions of bodies, as well as body dimensions and body weights. Tällä hetkellä katsotaan, että kurssia, jotka ovat seurannut suurimmat sporttia ja seuraavat hyvin hienoja. Se on todella hyvä scale. Lauritamme esimerkiksi täällä, koska se on tosi hyvä scale. Se oli hyvä kurssia. Nyt usein tätä dataa, kuten 2 000 living horses and a few hundred skeletal horses, löysin, että horses scale with size isometrically, except some elementary in muscle-moment arm lengths. So it expected if we have a scaling isometrically, the scaling exponent would be 0.333, but you notice here it is 0.405. So this is called a nuclear length here. This is a canyon. And here is an animal, of course. And then in artificial areas, it expected as well as observed scaling is 0.667. That is simply because the muscle mass percentage does not change with size. We all basically have, not all us, but if the size increases, muscle percentage stays the same, therefore the scaling component or muscle projections stays essentially the same. Of course individual variations are not that big, but no size related. Load arm lengths scale as one would expect as linear dimensions change. Now this scaling exponents were used then to generate preference values for riding horses with a bitters height range between 140 and 180 centimeters. I selected these riding horses because most of those horses I had examined myself and also provided bones the riding horses. So saddle size was bigger, so I was just able to then use other data simply to generate those scaling exponents to generate those reference values. But I don't go into that now because it took a long time to control every detail. Okay, I'll go here first. Next, I made computations of muscle force needed to overcome body weight in the extension. You all know something about the lever systems and here it is quite clear that if a horse is jumping or that is doing a levante or something like that, we can apply a second class lever. That's how my esprina demonstrates here. And the computations are used are very simple. That is a muscle force to overcome resistance equals resistance times load arm length divided by the effort arm length. And this is here where the load arm and effort arm are located. Here is the muscle moment arm plus load arm and effort arm in this case. Now the end-haces. The ability of end-haces or surfaces to withstand muscle force should be proportional to the surface areas. During growth, whether we deal with animals, humans, end-haces or surfaces should expand with muscle size and strength because all dimensions of the body are increasing. Now in adults, many end-haces or surfaces have limited room to expand. And here for example, if you're looking at the Calcana and Dupert area of a horse and we have common Calcana and Dupert, that is a very important of Akele standard. And here's the Calcana and Dupert. I took a photograph of the same animal here. So you notice that this is basically a tent of breath here and the Calcana and Dupert breath here. So Calcana and Dupert breath equals the maximum possible tent of thickness. Because of course the things tent of breath cannot expand outside here. Now this means because now is muscle insertion areas general basically scale isometrically with body weight, strain caused by muscle pull per square centimeter should increase with size. And therefore that should result that we should see more enthousial changes in large forces than in small forces of the same type. I do have to emphasize the type a little bit here too because what we have is if we have a sample of small ponies, we have a big trapped horses, we have big riding horses and there has been some selection of causing different issues, different body proportions. Now, next I made computations of strain on the common Calcana and Dentum insertion area in the hot extension. And the Calcana and Dupert breath squared here is a proxy of the common Calcana and Dentum insertion area and the strain per square centimeter or enthousial surface area equals here muscle force used in kilograms just to move the body divided by the Calcana and Dupert breath squared in square centimeters. And the results indicate here that strain per square centimeter increases with size but extra loading that is loading extra to body weight also matters. And here in an over here, people here, strain on enthousial surface increases if size forces only need to move their own bodies, for example Dupert extension could take an over jump or something like that. So we have a reference by 350 here, you notice something like 27 kilograms per square centimeter. Here, at the other end of riding horse size category, 750 kilograms, you notice that it's already something like 33 kilograms, quite a lot difference here. But now if you are making horses to carry weight or pull weight, that can change the situation a little. And here I showed the example that these horses either have to carry 300 kilograms or they have to pull 300 kilograms. That doesn't really matter because the strain increases about the same. But you notice that here at the small end of the relation a small horse weighs something like 350 kilograms and it has to pull or carry 300 kilograms, it puts the most strain on its enthousial surface areas than a large horse carrying the same weight. Because here you have a horse working at its maximum horse output per se. But here a larger horse is absolutely stronger. It can cope with that easily. And you will have also see a less strain versus 4 centimeter of enthousial surface. So this has possible implications of size. So size has possible implications for reconstructing activity from enthousial changes. Now in case of free-ranging horses, for example wild horses of the vice cuisine house in whatever period, or just free-ranging horses between free non-human interaction, we should see large horses developing more enthousial chains than small horses. But in case of working horses we may have a different situation. Here enthousial changes are not necessarily related to size because small horses often have to deal with heavier weights relative to their body weight than large horses. So for example if you call trekking, and you have a bunch of Icelandic horses or something like that, it is not necessarily so that the heaviest rider will have the biggest horse. Not necessarily. That is basically, in any event, a small Icelandic horse will have to carry relatively heavier rider than the biggest Icelandic horse. And there are some studies that indeed show that smaller Icelandic horses have been made to work harder than larger ones. So it would be interesting to find out if enthousial chains is actually conformed to these predictions. I simply don't know, but maybe there are people here that know that. And important research collaborators outside the university all are the animal hospital of Savo, University of Finland, conveniently located about 14-minute drive from Agassamo Hall at Upper Savo College, equine studies also at the same location, conveniently 14-minute drive from Hall, Savo Hall, an equine information centre, Columbia, Finland, or one hour drive or something like that. So I have been getting lots and lots of help collecting data. All the staff and students have been very, very helpful. That is the students own, and some of the summer time study points assisting data collection. Thank you.