 Actually I'm going to present some information about how we're sutrains in France. So I will start first by saying what is sutrains, what do we mean by sutrains because it's quite a genetic word and it can be a bit strange. It's very specific. We will look at the extraction method, the lighting, the tools, different digging methods and next to see a little bit how we can solve the problem of underground orientation and some informational miners, the time to dig and maybe also the homogeneity in the shape of sutrains. I will try to be as short as possible because quite a big agenda. First what is sutrains? I mean sutrains in France are known as sutrains means a cave that has been made by men, but to be used by a member of community for temporary use. Temporary leave there, I mean can be very short, can be a bit longer and they are composed of several galleries that are leading to several rooms where we can live or we can store things. So we find some specific features like water wells or spring in some cases but also ventilation pipe, ventilation shaft or you can also have some niches to put the object of the daily life, stone bench, you can find all these things and some of them also find some different features. I will just some other information, so most of the time you just have one entrance sometimes two but most of the time just one which is very often closed with a door you still have the remaining part of the doors and the legs is quite small so we are not in big quarries or things like that, it's very small. On average when these are database on 200 sutrains we have around 40 meters of development but the standard deviation is rather big because it's going from 10 to 150 meters more or less. We have on average three rooms more or less but it can be one, can be ten also so the standard deviation is also very big here and most of these cavities are like in medieval period, it's quite big wide-ranged period here from 11 to 18th century but some of the more specific location are made from location to location. So here you have one example of one sutrine which has defensive purpose, it's very clear for this defensive purpose because you have blue boards here just in order to shoot the people who would like to get it with a closing system here, a ditch here in order to avoid people going this way and another door and next you have a bigger room where you have the leading space and this is under a moment. Another case here is where we have more storage function is this sutrine in the Tarnaria, so morning sauce part of France and all around that here are silos, granaries so you see here the storage function is much more clear in this case and we have also other type of sutraines and we have what we call the ring sutraines. We don't understand anything about these ring sutraines because we know these are caves and the map is just like that around making a ring and we don't know the use. We know it's linked to some habitats but we don't know what was the purpose of this. I will come back on these sutraines also later on. We have finally another type of sutrine which is much more located in the Tarnaria which is called the Cigaratae and this is built in the toll work in the valley and you have an entrance here leading to a small room here and here you have a second entrance which is most of the time closed out of it. I will come back also back on these sutraines. Oh yes, there was a small one here. You finally have what we call the mutual collective sutraines, sorry the picture should be here, and this sutraines is quite different from the other because all other one were small sutraines 200 meters maximum. Here we have sutraines with one entrance from the church and leading to a long street and along this street we see a lot of individualities and these values are shared during the war between the Spanish house and France on the northern part of France and we have texts very clearly that says okay this one seems as shelter during the war in order to avoid the the race from the warrior from the from the rose. So this is most of the sutraines we have seen on the western side of France. We have also some sutraines from the northern part that I just showed you which is called mush and this is mainly the part where we find these sutraines. Let's now look a bit more on how we make sutraines or we dig sutraines and so I guess there is one big difference between a sutraine and a quarry that three main things that we can differentiate is first of all the small galleries. We have very narrow galleries so you cannot dig a sutraine as a quarry because it's very narrow at least for the galleries. The second thing which is quite different is also the fact that you have specific feature you have bottleneck you have turning corridors you have benches you have loopholes and you need to take this into account when you dig this sutraine and finally the last thing which make a difference is that you have only one access and not several access from different part. So this means that we have different methods to dig the sutraines and also in the function of different part. We believe that the galleries were not made in the same way as the rooms. For the galleries it's so narrow you cannot detect blocks it's very difficult you just crushed the rocks in small pieces and small parts and you extract it. It's maybe it's possible to make very small blocks with very narrow it's maximum 60 centimeters wide so it's very difficult and all the fronts that we have seen the unachieved unfinished galleries were always you couldn't identify blocks that were extracted but for rooms we have a different system and here we have an example of a room which is not finished and here you see that first layer is not finished and next we have even here another layer and you see that there are extracting blocks here you see the small trenches there's more groove here that we're helping and so we have strong indication that for larger rooms they were extracting blocks and maybe selling it or building something else both sides. Another important thing is the tools and the lighting. So we know I mean we have some indication how they were using which type of light they were using from the Garryman in the 19th century and also from some trees you can find in the sutraines. So we believe that they were using lamps or oil grams of grease lamps. They were either fixed on the side of the sutraine either and we have some I mean it is a contemporary picture but it's a reproduction of how it could be at that time so it's just piece of wood fixed in the wall and you have a light above it. That's one solution. The other solution is to make some niches in the sutraines in the wall of the sutraines and here I will focus on these two galleries and you will see that here you have all these niches that are here on the side and that we have used to place the lights. You see here another examples here another one and here we have some lights that have been found in these sutraines. This is the first example here another here and here another one. So we have some indication how they were using lights in these sutraines. Another source of light finally is also the extraction shaft. When you are digging your sutraines the extraction shaft is open and providing light at least in the direct in the immediate environment of the room which is behind this extraction shaft. The tools we have I mean we believe that and we know that they may be using maybe big x and this picture is quite interesting because it shows that we have two kind tools. The first one is sharp fine points which is used to make the wall. And here on the roof on the double shaped roof we have a flat edge from three to six centimeters depends on the place and if you see rather clearly here all the marks on the roof. So we know that we have this type of tools. Is it one tool or two tools? We have I mean it's another example here of fine points sharp points. And here we have one tool that has been found in one sutraine in the Tarnaria. So it confirms that we have a two pick axe which has been found and we have three of them have been found in France in the total. This is for the to extract the stove. Now we have also some ventilation shafts to go up sides from which are made from the from the sutraine to the surface and we have found by chance two years ago a drill in an extraction shaft. So this is quite lucky. It was still there in the shaft. The shaft is something like that and the owner was trying to go back to the surface and he found this. So you see we have the two piece of it. It's sharp on one side on the external side and it was used like this. So you have here the shaft here and the prime is how to leverage this drill to the upper to the upper surface. In some area here in the Vienna area it's called Poitiers. You see all these small holes here made here. They were used as a leverage to push the drill up. That's one solution. Another solution which is proposed by Charneau in 3D is to have another kind of leverage like this one where two people one people using the drill here and the other one is making the pressure to go up on this side. This is another solution and finally where are the other tools? So we have found these two types of tools and we have some archaeological information about this but we believe that we wear all the tools or is to extract all the the stone from the sutraines, edge and mast to cut the stone but also maybe plumb lines, compass in order to get orientation. We don't have any information about this. We have never found anything but we can assume that they were using these kind of tools. The digging methods. So I will show two main types of digging methods first in a sloping ground and this is typically for the sigla type sutraines where you start from down side of the hill and up side of the hill and you start to dig in the direction of each other. You make a room here and finally when you have finished to dig you close the the below part. Here you leave it open most of the time we find some indication of the house ear up and next you can also make your closing system your niche other feature and you close this part. Here you have a drain in order to drain water outside of the of the of the of the key. The second case is a case in a flat area where you have an extraction shaft. Here you dig and finally go in direction of each other and next you close it in the same way. Extraction shaft are very important in a lot of parts of France. A lot of sutraines you find is extraction shaft. You see here the extraction shaft and you see here also a bottleneck. So this means that this part of the sutraines is very difficult to get access from the original entrance which is behind this bottleneck. So in order to circumvent the problem of getting inside the sutraines and to get all the the rocks outside via this way they were using this shaft here which is much easier. Another example is here from the bottom to the top where you see the closing system of the extraction shaft after the the strain was finished and you can also see that in some cases they were making some ventilation here ventilation pipe inside the extraction shaft. So originally this shaft was certainly closer to the bottom now it's close from the upside and they were keeping one small shaft even too clear to get to get air into the sutraines. We have also some kind of ventilation shaft in the sidewall so it's not in the roof but in the sidewall you see that two ventilation shaft here and this was closed and totally filled with rocks and mud or something like that. Finally what is also quite important is the orientation. How you need to have your sutraines in the right place compared to your building upside. In this case you have a mode amount in the surface and you need to have a sutraine which is in the right place and you have to avoid that your sutraines is not creating some collapsing in your surface building. So it's quite important to have a good collaboration between those who are making sutraines and those who are making the building and surface. I will show a further example which is this one which is very we show very clearly that the people doing sutraines and people building a capsule were collaborating except this small part here all the sutraines is not under the wall it's really inside the the map of the caster. So the miners and people building are collaborating are working together we have I mean this is to be the work of some specialists and we come back on who were the miners and who could be having the miners. So we don't have we haven't found any measurement tools but it was very likely that they used some of them with compass plan line but how do we organize things in order to make sure that we are connecting two caves that are two sutraines that I dig to want each other. So we know that they could have listened to the pigs act noise when they are digging we heard the digging the noise of the digging and so you can go in the right direction and we believe also that all the communication between the sutraines and the surface could be used in order to get the right orientation when you are digging so it can be an extraction shaft that helps you to get the right orientation you can have also the entrance the ventilation shaft all this connection between the cave or the sutraine and the surface help to make sure that you are not sapping mining your surface that building and also going the right direction. So we haven't found a lot of measurement error of measurement but we have some and I will give you two examples here we have a sutraine and they are to make a limit to two part of the sutraine via a bottleneck and the problem is that they start to build a bottleneck here but here it's leading nowhere yeah they have to do it here so they move they start here and they move here as a first example this is in Vendee sorry and the second example is here or are they they build the first part of the sutraine here we have extraction shaft here here and here and here you have a link between these two areas and here this is the cut and you see that they were not deep enough and finally they had to dig a bit more in order to reach the bottleneck here so they were not deep enough and so they had the right to correct by digging a little bit more here these are two examples of measurement error of measurement so who were the miners it's quite a difficult answer certainly for middle age we don't have any paper of any we have one quote from the 13th century or I mean a text saying that's two men were making a sutraine we have some other but we know also that in the medieval period when you had a war you have some miners used in order to sap so we know that there are some specialists some people who know how to dig how to to mine and this can be a source of information that's more than that we don't have we also know for the mission in order from this uh trained and our collective sutraines we have some text for this area and we know that it was a collective organization people from the village were organizing themselves in order to to make this shelter and to build them to dig them and so we know for for this area more than for the other area but this is a bit more reason than this area not for the rest of France uh the time to dig a sutraine I'm not going to the details of this course it's quite long but I try to get some information how much time do we need to make such a sutraine and so I took some external information from uh further from from previous time or from experience from other over and arrived some information that a man a query man could extract between one and three cubic meters of rocks per day but actually depends on the experience depends on the type of rocks it depends on the many things but what we can find as a conclusion of this is that if you are based on this issue you have to take two miners who is held by his family or some other people just to extract all the rocks it takes a couple of months or two three months to make a middle range sutraine of 150 cubic meters a bit more a bit less it depends but it remained feasible in a relative short term it can be longer we have also to to remember that we can stop to to make a sutraine for some few months and next start again you don't as many sutraines where it may be made in several states this is very likely um yeah I guess I will skip the the next part because I'm a bit too long I don't know and I will uh yes I will skip it I will I will go to the homogeneity of the map what is quite interesting to see is how do we have this homogeneity how do we uh you see these are different maps of sutraines in northern France they are all of them with this street these lateral cells and you have several streets but they have all the same type of map the same and we have hundreds of them that's a point I mean here these are all the dots where we have found this type of sutraines and we believe there were much more than that so the question is how is the knowledge spreading from one village to the other one do we have team going from one village to another one do we have uh is it just the sociality the fact that you have a family in the next village that will imitate you in doing such a sutraine this is a big question that we have and which is really an answer in the same way we have those ring sutraines and we have some we have found some similarities and I mean it's very clear we have a lot of them but we find them in a lot of part of France you have them here in the in the central massif here in central part of France but we have also some in Corlès some in Vendée how is these trends we don't understand these sutraines I mean how we find out there and you find them also in other countries if you go to Austria to check the public in Moravia you find these ring sutraines these are very small but why how how is the information spreading from one village to another place it's really unknown and that is something I still need a lot of inquiry we have the same thing here for this sutraines uh cigarette type sutraines uh here we have seven maps and here you find where we can find them in France it's very far from each other and we don't understand how um that the information was spread is it's one solution one idea which is behind that is that when a man is faced with the same problem in the same context they tend to reproduce the same solution but is it enough to explain the such a big similarity I don't know maybe there are some other explanations and so as a conclusion so we have for good knowledge on how we have the sutraines but uh I mean we know that further archeological exhibition could help to better understand how it was made and certainly uh all to our spread information who are the miners what is the time to dig a sutrine we have only professional also the man on the street can dig a sutrine these are still unanswered questions thank you very much