 abstract the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis are integrally connected to the concentration and function of lipoproteins in various classes. This review examines existing and emerging approaches to modify low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein A triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins emphasizing approaches that have progressed to clinical evaluation. Targeting of nuclear receptors and phospholipases is also discussed. This article was authored by Rose Kew-Dew, Steven J. Nichols and Gregory G. Shorts.