 Lactobacilli are commonly found in nature and have been used in food fermentation processes. Researchers have developed two new genetic modules that allow for increased levels of gene expression in these bacteria. The first module uses a promoter from a different species, Salmonellatifimerium, which allows for up to five times greater expression than previous methods. Additionally, the second module utilizes toxin-antitoxin systems to retain plasmids in the bacterial cells, allowing for the creation of genetically modified organisms that can be easily removed after use. This research has expanded the genetic programmability of lactobacilli, making it possible to create more effective probiotics and other healthcare products. This article was authored by Surik Day, Mark Blanchasencio, Sanjohnapology Kitte, and others.