 Well, good morning again. Well, in the introductory talk, the general situation of urban geoculture throughout Europe has been briefly sketched. And present contribution will basically focus on Belgium, which is a highly urbanized area with quite some famous medieval cities, such as Bruges, Ghent, Antwerp, Iper, Brussels, Tournay, and Amur. Now, despite the numerous big excavations that took place in the center of many towns, over the last century, urban geoculture for Belgium is quite a recent development. And one of the pioneering studies in Florence was a study of the urban dark earth in the center of Ghent in 1996, 1997, which was led by Georges Stubbs and Roger Lange of University of Ghent. In Brussels, we have also in the 90s a series of pedagogical studies that have been carried out in the center of town. Most of them related to problematic of construction of the first city wall. And in the same period, we also see that there were two investigations in Wallonia, one in the center of Yesh, and one in the center of Namib. Now, a major breakthrough came basically in 2001 in Brussels. When the Brussels capital region decided to engage a gearcheologist to perform systematic gearcheological follow-up on all the archaeological interventions. And at the same time, what happened is that a specific research protocol has been developed, first only focusing on the gearcheological aspects, later also on trying to integrate other environmental disciplines. Now, just to give you an idea, these are all the excavations that have been carried out in the center of Brussels over the last 20 years, where gearcheology has been applied. Now, if we look at plunders, the situation is a bit different. Despite the pioneering studies from 1996, 1997, in the center of Ghent, we basically need to wait until 2009 with excavations in the center of Alst and Antwerp. Before gearcheological research is again performed. Now, there is a growing number of studies within towns. You can see basically all the red dots are the towns in which gearcheological research has been performed. So there is a growing number of studies, mainly in towns like Brugge, Iberg, Ghent, Alst, Audenaer, Antwerp, Liege and Michelen, and also in Tongeren. But there is still today no systematic follow-up, although the guidelines that have been installed explicitly require pedagogical follow-up on these excavations. What happens basically in most cases is that a pedologist is just called in to look at the subsoil, but not at the anthropogenic deposits on top of it. So it's a bit pity that if you have these gearcheologists at your disposition, not to use it, also to look into the urban part of the excavation. So it's a bit strange. Also in Wallonia, the first studies from the 90s did not really lead to a systematic research. Well, it's still very occasional in Wallonia to have gearchology involved in the excavations. What we see basically, it's mostly limited to some field interventions, some field observations, which have been done in quite some times now. But it's only in one town, and that's in Mons, that the gearcheological study also included a micro-mophological study. So that's the only case of today. So let's brief overview of the situation that we are facing today. Now, what are the topics that have been studied? Well, the most hot topic, of course, is still the urban photography, which is quite basic, but a crucial question. And already said it in the introduction, this can be quite a challenge, because we are often facing so many different deposits. And also sometimes the profiles that we have to study can be very limited in an extent. Its profile, we measured about, I think, 30, 40 centimeters. So it's very deep, but it's very small. The only window we have to try to reconstruct what happened. So it's not always that easy. And basically, in those we have been focusing on two main questions. And one question is about these dark earths, the Tic homogenous deposits. And the other one is on a more micro-strategraphic level, where we have these tiny layers we need to take. As for what concerns the dark earth, you've already given the definition in the introduction. Some more examples of such dark earths that has been encarned in Brussels, as well as yet. So what you can see there are quite some differences in appearance, basically what they all share is that they are dark in color and very homogeneous. And, well, the systematic study of these dark earths in Brussels has also permitted us to get an idea about what happened, which are the processes that are involved. So we're thinking about accumulation, mixing, machination, erosion, decomposition, all the types of pathogens. There are different agents. There is the human factor, but there's also everything which has to do with more natural factors. And there can be quite some different activities that are involved in the formation of these dark earths. So it's not just a dump of waste. It can be dealing with gardening. It can be about agriculture. It can be about soil extraction. Sometimes there are also artisanal activities involved. So it can be quite different type of activities. Now, what we have been able to do in Brussels because we had so many different excavations going on, we could also draw a map of activities. And it's quite important because for the town of Brussels, for the initial formation of the town, we have basically no written sources. So the only thing we can rely on are these sediments. And we were able to make this kind of map showing the different activity areas within the early town. But what we see is that basically there is still a very strong rural component in the origin of Brussels in the 13th century AD. Now, the second thing that we have been studying a lot is these micro-stratified layers. And these are two examples from the same site in the center of Brussels. They look very similar. It's twice a very tiny succession of dark nephazes. But if we look at the micro morphology, we see that they tell us quite a different story. The first one shows us that we are dealing with these layers of phytoliths, a lot of experiments in it. And it's basically dealing with a kind of stable. Well, the second one is much more cleaner. It's also much more carious. And basically, here we are dealing with constructed floor. So two different stories which could not be observed on a field scale. Another quite impressive example is from the center of Antwerp, where we had this succession of very tiny layered deposits, showing us also different phases of occupation, where we have phases which are more related to stabling again. And we have the more nicely clean house floors. We have also some ash layers in it. So basically, we can try to reconstruct the history of one single space two times. That was quite interesting also. So that's one aspect that we have been dealing with, was basic sites of territory. But there's something else which is also quite interesting. We have been dealing with urban soils. And well, when we look at the soil map of Belgium, which is very detailed, we have about two observations for each hectare. We see there's something very strange when we are dealing with the urban area. This is, for example, the center of Lyre, which is one of the times in the Netherlands. What we see is big black. And the reason is quite simple, it's never been mapped. So basically, we have no idea about the urban soils. How do they look like? What are they? And all the observations that we were able to do over the last years permit us to get some ideas about these soils. And what we see is that there are quite some actual soils which are very nicely preserved below the urban site. There are some feed soils, we have some movial soils. We have also examples of very nice poll soils. This is an example from the center of Mechel, which you can see below the dark earth. We have this nicely preserved poll soil. And what we also have soils which are slightly affected by human activities. Mainly how you culture these are. That is an example from Aalst. That is another example from Antwerp. Sometimes we are really lucky, and then we even find the spade marks as an example from the center of Brussels. I think it's the 12th to 13th century, the spade marks. So quite impressive. And what we also see in context, especially if we move to the more recent piece, there's a massive, often quite massive, transportation of sediments, which also leads to the formation of new soils. But we hear this quite interesting sequence. Below we have an ancient soil, which is quite well preserved during the Thracian culture, so nice polarizing. On top of that, there's a huge deficit of sediments. On top of which we see new soil, definitely, this time related to gardening. So basically, we start to have different types of plant materials in these sequence. That's another thing that we are able to reconcile. And this sequence also shows us that we are able to reconstruct ancient topography on a site level. This, for example, the site in the center of Brussels, when we see that, between the surface of the 9th and 11th century, and today, there's about three meter difference. We also see huge differences on the second site, where we have the period of the 10th, 30th century. It's about two meters below the surface of the 15th, 16th century. And then, if we go further up, the actual surface is even higher. So if we have enough spaces or sites where we can observe these kinds of surfaces, we are able to make maps showing the evolution of the relief through time. But of course, then you need to systematically look at each excavation, try to identify all these ancient surfaces. Another problematic is ancient salt pollution. These example shows that basically that we are sometimes facing a trace of ancient salt pollution, dealing with metallurgical issues, like the one's renewable grid issues, with huge peaks in the lands, and copper, for instance, and also micromoflush, you can quite often find back traces of slag. This is an example from the center of marketplace, where we also have the nice traces of slag that have been observed. And these marketplaces are also quite interesting. I've been a point of interest over the last years, because it's rarely done. It's rarely, there's rarely any geocholurgical studies on markets, which is a bit sweeter, because they can offer so much detail about the activities going on in these areas. And well, just before finishing, because I've seen I'm running out of time, there's also quite some work on the interdisciplinary approach, because it's not just geochology. It's also geochology together with other disciplines. Also, we now show you an example of this integration of geochology, which I also try to do this with our cubotanical research, as an example of study in the Santa Vale. And there's another example where we try to integrate insect analysis to decipher what exactly happened in all these floors in the center of Antwerp. We're looking at. And of course, there's also a component of trying to synthesize all the information that we have and to develop a better theory about what we are dealing with. And now just to finish, really, what are the perspectives? Well, I think there's still a lot of work to do. We need to have more observations within each town, the more the better, which will definitely help us to develop a study of the urban landscape and the soilscape and also try to integrate, not just to stay into the centers of town, but also look at what's happening outside and try to integrate the whole. So yeah, that's it. Thank you.