 Hello, Devin community! My name is Nick Lidao. I'm based in Brazil. In fact, I'm wearing my t-shirt here from DebConf 2019. This event happened in Brazil two years ago and I'm really glad to come back to DebConf to talk about something really important. This year we're celebrating 30 years of Linux. This is a huge milestone for the whole Open Source community. I'm the founder of Open Anniversary. This is an Open Source project whose goal is to provide an innovative and inclusive platform for the community to remember, to celebrate and to reimagine the Open Source movement. I was also part of the OSI, the Open Source Initiative, and I helped the OSI to celebrate the 20 years of Open Source in 2018. We celebrated throughout the whole year. This around the world was 40 events and it was a great experience. Let's talk about the 30 years of Linux and let's start from the very very beginning. So, 1969. This was when UNIX was created by Cam Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at the AT&T's Dell Labs. This was the very beginning, you can see from the follow here, that the computer was huge at that time and the UNIX was one of the first operating systems to be developed. In 1983 AT&T started to commercialize UNIX and this has created some friction with the community because they were not allowed to share their codes anymore and it was becoming proprietary and in fact researchers from Berkeley University started developing VSD at that time. In the academic world, we had we had MINIX and this was created by Andrew Sannibal, he's the famous author of the operating systems design and implementation and this operating system was UNIX-like and it was very popular to teach concepts of operating systems and it was very much used at universities. However, it was not very well adapted for the Intel 3A6 which was the popular PCs that were emerging at that time and so it was very hard very challenging to use MINIX. That's how MINIX came to be. So, Linus Turbos, who was a student at that time, he was 20 years old, he actually announced Linux in August 25th 1991 and this is what he had to say at the user group. Hello everybody, using MINIX, I'm doing a free operating system, it's just a hobby, it won't be big or professional like the GNU and this is for the 3A6 486 AT codes. This has been brewing since April and it's starting to get ready. I like any feedback on things people like or dislike in MINIX as my operating system resembles it somewhat, the same physical layouts of the file system due to practical reasons among other things. So, as you can see, Linus started developing this because he wanted to have something similar to MINIX but which was usable for the PCs that were emerging at that time on the 3A6 architecture. These were relatively cheap PCs and he wanted to have a system for that computer. What's interesting is that he started developing Linux in April and he announced it in August and in September it was the first initial release of Linux. This was version 0.0.1 in September 17 and on October 5th he did the first official public release of Linux, that was version 0.0.2. So, we can actually think that Linux has 3 or even 4 birthdays. So, he started in April, it was first announced in August, the first release was in September and the first official release was in October and perhaps a fifth birthday when Linux became open source, truly open source, was in 1992, January 1992 when it adopted GPL. So, this was when it became true free software and open source. Also in 1992 the first Linux news group was created and it had support for GIT, Graphical User Interface and also in 1992, so commercial companies were starting to emerge around Linux. So, the first one was Suzy, which is a very popular company in Germany, it was actually the first provider of enterprise Linux distribution. Red Hat also came, this was in 1993, so Bob Young founded the ACC Corporation in 1993 and later it was renamed to Red Hat when Bob Young's company merged with Mark Edwin's company and Mark, he used Red's hats, so that's how the name came to be, they adopted this as the name of the company. Other very famous distributions also started emerging during this period, so one of them was Slackware and here comes Debian, so Debian was actually created in August 1993 by Ian Murdoch and he was very much aligned with the free software foundation principles and free software movements and this has always been the case. Ian created Debian Package in 1994 and this made it really easy to install and update software. Also in 1994 Linux Journal came to be and it still exists today to cover Linux. The first, the old release of Linux was in 1994 as well, this was an important milestone and it supported the i386 architecture and in 1994 we also, the new products Linux International was also funded, this was funded by John Maddock Hall, he is one of the key people promoting Linux and open source and at the time he helped Linux to trademark the Linux name, which is now owned by the Linux Foundation. One other important person besides Maddock is Bruce Peres, who was one of the leaders of the Debian projects, so in 1995 he created Debian Box and this has become a very important distribution because it was a very small footprint and it's now used on embedded Linux devices and also as an installer for Linux distributions. In 1995 we had the first Linux Exfol, this was a trade show that happened in North Carolina and again Linux was becoming more and more popular both in terms of users using and also in the enterprise and one huge milestone that happened in 1995 was the emergence of the the lab stack, so Linux already existed and the other components of the lab stack were the patching server, MySQL and PHP, all these components of the lab stack they emerged in 1995, they were very early on and they had been fundamental to grow the open web and the open source movements and of course Linux was very much used on the server sites especially. In 1996 Linux decided to create a mascot for Linux and that was a penguin, the name was Tux and he he shows the penguin because when visiting the National Zoo and Aquarium in Australia he was bitten by a penguin so he shows that as a penguin and so here is the mascot of Linux and the desktop environments of Linux were starting to emerge and to be better and better one of them was KDE and the cool desktop environments and it was this one was built on top of the QT at the time was not fully open source and you can later we can see how Gimbal emerged because of that. So in 1997 Red Hat created the package manager again just like Debian this is to facilitate installing and updating Linux applications in 1997 the software in public interest was founded by Bruce parents who was the leader of the Debian project at the time and later on as I mentioned before KDE came to be but it was built on top of QT which was not fully open source and the community was worried what was going to happen to the desktop if it was not fully open source so they created Gino which was based on the GIMP 2 kits and this was in fact very much free software a very open source this was created by Miguel de Casa and Federico Mena and both KDE and Gino are very popular desktop environments till today in 1998 the OSI was founded the open source initiative and in 1999 we had the first Linux world conference in Expo and this was a huge success it brought in 12,000 participants in 1999 we had an evolution of package managers we had the advanced package tool and this again to facilitate installing and updating packages applications and also upgrading the operating system the Linux operating system in 1995 1999 we had the foundation of the Linux professional institute and this the director of the LPI is John Madaghal again and this was very important to promote Linux to make it more professionalized and their focus was on certificates certifications and so creating a community of developers of professionals who could promote Linux and open source at the time in 1999 we had source forge which was the key hub at that time it was very popular with developers several open source projects were hosted as source forge and this was very important for the open source community in 2000 we had the free desktop.org movements and this in a way brought together KDE and Gino projects to work on common standards and common practice around the desktop environments on Linux what interesting thing that happened also in 2000 was the open office was released as open source and this was done by some micro systems as a way to compete with the Microsoft's office suites also in 2000 we had the release of the Gendo Linux distribution and later on I'll tell you why this distribution was so important and also in August 2000 we had the foundation of the open source development labs and this promoted and sponsored key projects and key people so you promote in helps and also Andrew Martin and finally September 2000 QTE was released under the GPL so TOTAC finally decided to release this as free software and it will in a ways it helped around the controversy if KDE would be built on top of a free software of a free foundation and in fact that's the case and that's what happened. One other very interesting milestone was the release of Kinopterx this was by Klaus Kinopter and this was a way for people to install or even to try to demo Linux just using a live CD or a live USB they could just plug this USB or just run the CD and this would bring the Linux environments and people were learning about Linux and testing it and they didn't actually have to install anything before trying and later if they wanted if they liked this they could install this directly from the CD or directly from the USB this was really important to popularize Linux but finally in the end of 2000s the open source development labs merged together with the free standards group and they created the Linux foundation and this has been a key foundation to promote Linux and also to expand the open source model to other industries and the Linux foundation plays a key role still today around open source and promoting Linux of course In 2003 we had a very upsetting situation which was SEO they filed a lawsuit a $1 billion lawsuit against IPM saved that IPM was infreaging upon their copyrights around their patents around just about everything and this was so when the entrepreneurs were thinking about using Linux they were scared should we use Linux is Linux conversionally viable and this lawsuit really made things difficult to evaluate right so it was really important to solve this In 2003 we had the release of Fedora and this was really important because Fedora was the community run distribution of REL, Red Hat Enterprise Linux so in one side we had Fedora which was community run and on the other side Amor Enterprise distribution run by Red Hat was run in 2004 we had the x.org foundation immersion and this was really important for the free desktop environments in Linux and promoting the standards and this was another huge milestone for the Linux community when Ubuntu came to be this project this distribution was developed by Canonical and the founder of Canonical is Mark Shadowworth and he wanted to create something very user friendly a very user friendly Linux distribution and also that was very predictable every six months there was a release and of course Ubuntu was based on on that year on the Red Hat side we had another project another distribution emerging and that was 10 of us this was a merge between two very popular REL distributions so REL clones so the Chaos Linux and the Power Linux another important milestone for open source was the release of Firefox while on the server side open source was dominating with the lab stack on the client side we needed a very strong movement to keep this the open source movement alive out there and Firefox was key to that and it became very popular people were installing Firefox for their friends in other companies and this was to really keep a healthy open web alive this was really key designs Linux one other key projects developed by Venus was Git so nowadays everybody knows about key hub and key lab and they used as a basis Git so Git is a distributed version control system and this allows several developers to work together in a common project and to merge those changes and to have releases so Git was really important for open source software development and still is a key to this in 2005 Google acquired Android and this was key to have open source to have an open source footprint in the mobile world and Android of course it has a proprietary layer on top of it but the project itself it's open source giving that very difficult situation when SEO filed a lawsuit against IPM there was a need for an organization to really help Linux to protect itself from patent aggression so this is how IPM came together with Novell, Philips, Radhead and Sony and later Network Joint as well as a member to fund open invention network and since then since 2005 they have created the largest patent and aggression community to really help protect Linux and protect open source from patent aggression in 2006 we had we had the the release of Hadoop and this is this was fundamental a fundamental project to big data and how open source plays a really important role around big data and this project was released by Yahoo at the time it was a really a huge step forward in terms of big data in 2006 again we had another distribution that came which was Linux means which was also based on Ubuntu which was based on Debian and this was a very user friendly it helps popularized much more Linux and people will be able to easily understand and just install the system without any difficulties it was very popular and still very popular again on the desktop environments fields in 2008 we have Wayland and this project also helped to make the desktop environments more modern and better another huge milestone that happened was in 2009 with the versions of Node.js so we could see that JavaScript was dominating on the client side on the browsers on the server side we had the lab stack we had PHP and other languages as well but JavaScript was used more on the client side and with Node.js things changed dramatically JavaScript become more and more popular on the server side as well with Node.js and one already important milestone was Docker in 2010 and this is how the container revolution was born the cloud computing revolution and Docker was key to that this was a key project that made it happen again on the office suites fields that we have the release of lib office so when Oracle decided to buy some which was the the owner of open office there was some friction with the open source community and with this friction the community decided to fork open office and to create lib office so that they could create a more welcoming community that could hear the feedback from users and so this is what happened in 2010 as well Rex faced in partnership with NASA released OpenStack this was another important milestone for the open source cloud movements and OpenStack was like an open source of alternatives to AWS and this was also really key for for the clouds one one other important milestone was the release of Chrome OS by Google this was based on the Ganto the distribution and this has made Linux really popular especially on the educational sector right now a lot of universities a lot of schools use Chromebooks and so and Chrome OS is part of that and users, students and teachers can really run Linux application on top of Chromebook so this was really important this was key to popularizing Linux and finally in 2014 Google released Kubernetes and this was really important to promote the cloud cloud native cloud native and Kubernetes was an important project because it allows to run containers and to orchestrate containers and so this made it really popular to run open source and run Linux in the clouds and that's it those are the main milestones they are part of the Linux history and part of the open source history if you'd like to learn more about these projects you can access the open anniversary websites which is available here it's a and i v dot co and there you can see 12 miles 12 timelines closely so you have the free culture timeline open source open business open governments open knowledge open hardware open education open web Linux which is the one we review today the free software timeline open access and open data these are all all timelines are based on creative columns from the Wikipedia they are based on the Wikipedia articles and if you'd like to contribute with any milestone if you'd like to suggest please do so and i'll be happy to to create any other timelines the community is interested in so thank you so much and Linux happy 30 years thank you folks bye