 Now today's operating segments, let's see the objective and before objective we learn outcomes. Students will be able to understand what is meant by the term operating segment. How to determine operating segment and learn how to prepare condensed segment financial statement. The objective of reporting segment did financial data is to provide information about the different types of business activities. Here you need an explanation as I said earlier also that if you have a composite unit of text type, so starting from yarn manufacturing, then cloth manufacturing, then uniform expect manufacturing. There are three different segments, so if you want to see for each segment how much profit and loss they are making, because in each segment there is investments involved, assets involved, liabilities involved, so we need to see. Another example is the university, in the university there are so many departments, so each department can be a segment, so if you want to see which department is making how much profit they are making, how many assets they are involved, so we can have it. Similarly, this segment can be you have a business, let's say in Lahore, you have a business in Sialkot also, you have a business in Kujaramala also, so that can also be again a segment geographically. So these segments mean, so information about the different types of business activities in which entity engage and the different economic environments in which it operates. This means geographically, segment reporting allows to users to make better informed assessment of the risk profile of a business, if you want to see which particular business is making profit or loss, so accordingly we can adjust, sometimes it happens a segment is not making any profit, so we want to get rid of it, we just sell it off, so that's why we need a segment reporting. Even in one building, you know, like so you can have a different floor and each floor done by one company, but on each floor they have a different businesses, so what we do we work it out, each business segment reporting, segment reporting does not require the allocation of interest expense between the segment, because a loan is taken for the business itself, not by segment, so we do not segregate how much interest to be charged to the segment a segment b or segment c, no. They may require general difficulties and ambiguities in allocation, elements such as assets to different segment, another important thing, the allocation of assets to each segment, you know we want to see for each segment how much profit we are making and how much we have invested, but that for that matter you need a profitability and you need assets involved in those segment, so it's a whole, itself it's a business itself, but again it's on the top, there is one company having different businesses. Most groups of entities, now group of entities means simply there is a parent company who owns other companies, so each company is become a segment basically in that case, so they want to see that if a b c company a hold b or c, so let's see how b and c is performing. In defining segments and allocating assets and liabilities, it is common to find that segment information includes amount for unallocated expenses assets and liabilities, then when we prepare this segment reports, so we have to show if there is any unallocated liabilities or asset, because at the end of the day we need to reconcile the whole business total assets and total liabilities, then the question arise how much to segment a, how much to segment b and how much to segment c, so we need to reconcile towards the end of it, then IFRS 8 does not prescribe how the centrally incurred expenses and assets should be allocated to segments, this is very important here, you know there are centrally, for example chairman office expense, there are three segment a b c, how those expense of the chairman office will be allocated to a b c, that's the question mark, it's not that easy, it's a difficult thing, however allocation of cost to expenses in an area where the basis chosen by an entity can be significant effect on the segment results, for example there is a fixed cost, you pay fixed cost for the entire building and there are three segments in that building, question arise how to allocate, better it is the area occupied, you can allocate it, that can be possible, but there are certain other cases where you cannot, IFRS however does require that amount to be allocated on the reasonable base, if at all you need to allocate you must find out the reasonable basis, not straight away, 10% no, make sure that for example you want to allocate it, take the sales of it, take the sales ratio and then total per ratio, divide the appeals in different segments, it is not necessary that you must be clear that reasonable base and allocate on its base, if you want to, if you don't need to allocate, you can allocate it, thank you very much.