 This study developed a novel 3D gingival tissue model which closely resembles the structure and function of human gingival tissues. This model was used to investigate the effects of oral bacteria on inflammatory responses in the gingival tissue. The results showed that the model could accurately reproduce the inflammatory response seen in humans, suggesting that it may be useful for studying the pathophysiology of gingivitis and periodontal diseases. This article was authored by Mary Amadelfio, Zyra Martin-Moltz, Joshua Ertmarino, and others.