 This study compares the influence of human and macro-environmental factors on fire activity inside and outside protected areas, PAH, in Canada and the United States between 1984 and 2014 using Maxent software and a set of key variables. The full model, including anthropogenic variables, performed better than the model without these variables and both models generally performed better inside PAH than outside. Climatic variables were the most important predictors, but anthropogenic variables were also significant, particularly in densely developed eco-regions. The results show the pervasive impact of humans on fire regimes inside and outside PAH and suggest that adaptive fire management beyond the concept of naturalness is needed to understand specific interactions among fire, human pressures, and environmental conditions at the scale of PAH. This article was authored by Nicholas Mansouy, Carol Miller, Marc-André Parisien, and others.