 Hi, welcome back to the course on Integrated Pest Management. In this lecture, let us look at the IPM practices followed for managing some of the important pests of mango. So, mango you know it is normally referred as the king of fruits is attacked by so many pests at various stages of its development. So, broadly these pests can be categorized based on their importance either at the national level or at the regional level. So, at the national level, so if you look at it mango hoppers takes the first stage where they cause mainly serious damage on the inflorescence, then the mango mealy bug, fruit fly, stem borer, stone weevil and to certain extent the leaf wevers and the inflorescence midges and also the red ants. But the regional importance or at the certain areas in the mango growing states of the country we do get occasionally the scales, the shoot wevers, termites and thrips. Now, coming to the leaf hoppers, the mango leaf hoppers which are mainly three species, so they all occur together sometimes and in some cases some species are dominant among which the ambritodus atkinsoni is a bigger among the three species whereas, ideoscopus cliplalis is the smallest one and usually they are quite specific to mango and mainly attacks at the flowering stage. During the off season you normally see these species which are resting at the bark or on the branches or on the leaves and once the plants or the trees starts flowering especially during November to February, then the population will shift to the inflorescence and then start causing damage. Both the nymphs and the adults are the damaging stage and where they congregate along this inflorescence and then start sucking the sap from the inflorescence. As a result of which, so there will be a very poor fruit setting is noticed and if the infestation is continued, then even the developing fruits are also attacked and which results in the dropping of the fruits. Basically they actually cause two types of damage, one is a direct damage, so where they suck the sap directly from the inflorescence and the fruits and another indirect damage is either through ovipositional punctures and also by producing the honeydews. So by producing the honeydews, what happens a particular species of fungi will develop and which develops into a sooty mold on the leaves and which leads to the reduction in the photosynthetic activity. So in overall, so if you do not control this pest, so there will be a severe loss in the feed. Then mango mealy bug, the mango mealy bug is another important the pest, Trostica mangiferae and both the nymphs and the adults are the damaging stage and it is found throughout the cropping period or throughout the year and it is quite persistent and the females usually they lay the eggs in the soil around the tree trunk and after hatching the first instar nymphs which are normally referred as crawlers. So they actually start climbing the trees and then they will distribute among to the various parts of the plants such as leaves, inflorescence, fruits etcetera and then they start sucking the sap from there. On the leaves if they cause the damage leading to the yellowing of the leaves but most important is mainly on the fruits. So you can see the stalks which have been infested by the mango mealy bug and which leads to the drying up of the fruit and as well as the dropping of fruits. This also causes the sooty mold development and which affects the photosynthetic activity. The mango fruit fly, so there are few 2 to 3 species of mango fruit fly among which the bactericera dorsalis is quite prominent and it is polyfagus and attacks all types of the fruit crops but on mango this pest is mainly considered as the pest of quarantine importance as the many of the consignments export consignments of the mango will get rejected due to the infestation by this pest. In fact the adult fly will insert the egg into the mango fruits at the developing stage and the mangoes which are white in color they enter and then feed on the mango pulp. So as a result for the internal marketing and the consumption so it will not be a problem but once these such fruits go for the export purpose then when these mangoes are detected then the whole consignment is going to be so rejected. So once they complete the mangoes period then they come out of the fruit by making a small exit holes and they will drop to the ground and then they prepare it in the soil. So this exit hole will actually leads to a secondary infection with some fungal development and the rotting will takes place and the fruits will also drop down. Then another important pest of the quarantine is the mango stone we will that is the sternokitas manjiferae. So this is quite specific to the mango so it does not attack any other fruits and it is quite common in the southern India. So during off season so the adults of these so they are normally found on the bark and the branches of the tree and once the fruiting will start developing then they will shift to the fruits and they lay the eggs or in fact insert the eggs into the fruit so at the marble stage or the anger stage and the grubs will enter through the pulp and enter into the stone and then they will start feeding on the cortillidens. So but externally again you do not see any kind of a symptom and for internal consumption or marketing will not be a problem but once it completes its grub stage and the adults comes out of the fruit then so the whole fruit will get affected and it will rot and the dropping of the fruit will takes place. So this also is a pest of quarantine as I told you like many a times the majority of the consignment if it is infested by the stone we will be rejected and certain varieties are there which are quite susceptible to this pest which are something late bearing varieties like neelum. The mango stem borer which is an occasional pest or mainly a pest which is seen in the old orchards or the neglected orchards and this is a polyfagus apart from mango it also attacks the other fruit trees. The adults which are quite big in size so they lay the eggs on the tree trunk and the grubs soon after hatching so they enter into the stem or the branches and then start feeding on the internal content and externally you see the cracking of the bark and also the oozing or the gammos is what we call and the accumulation of the pulp or the frost at the base of the plant which indicates the presence of the grub in the trunk or in the branch and initially the anger plants which are less than 3 years old will normally is severely affected sometimes the whole plant will die or even the affected branch is going to be damaged or dried. Some species of thrips are also there so which are quite serious especially citrothrips, dorsalis and others so both nymphs and adults are the damaging stage and they attack all parts of the plant. In fact the leaves when it attacks on the leaves you get a white silvery appearances and for anger leaves you get the bronzing of leaves and the dropping of leaves. The inflorescence it attacks which leads to the poor fruit set and most important is on the fruits because the scrape the skin of this fruit then such affected part will develop the corky appearance and which reduces the market value. The red ant echophilus maragdina is a pest not because it causes any kind of a direct damage but by the presence of this pest in the orchard will cause a nuisance because this has a habit of constructing the nest by webbing the leaves and huge nest it constructs and it is quite ferocious and it usually comes in the way of harvesting process. As a result this is also considered as the pest. Then there is inflorescence midge the two species eryosomia indica and dacinora amaranjire so these two normally attacks the inflorescence this is a mosquito like adult which insert the egg into the developing embryo of the flower and as a result of which so the entire inflorescence will be affected leading to the no fruit set. Scale is another pest which usually attacks the leaves and as well as the fruits but the severity is normally seen more on the fruits where you can see these scales attached to the surface of the fruits and they suck the juice from the fruit as a result you get the withering of the fruit and also the fruit drop. So how do you manage these pest through an integrated approach the most important thing that we should look is that the sanitation. So the orchard should be kept as clean as possible by removing lot of debris which are present because which attracts lot of pest to it and also to mechanical way by collecting some of the larvae like leaf webber larvae or so and then so the eliminating those pest. In early stage of the during the vegetative stage mostly it involves the mechanical and the cultural methods but whereas at the after three years of planting which actually gets into the fruit bearing stage then you need to look at a combination of all the types of mechanism. Most important one is the banding of trees which are the alkathene sheets is quite essential in order to control the mango mealy bug as I was telling you that these pest actually the crawlers which actually climb the tree trunk and then cause the damage in order to prevent them to climbing the trees so these sheets are usually provided. And further the collection and destruction of the infested and the fallen fruit at the weekly interval is quite effective against the fruit flies. For the physical operations during the fruit formation stage installation of the methariginal trap at the rate of 10 to 12 per acre will help in the mass trapping of the fruit flies and reducing the population. Some biological methods are also there such as for mango leaf hopper we can go for the application of the verticillium lacani a fungal pathogen and for the mango mealy bug the minocular sex maculata the ladybird beetle is quite effective so and also the fungal pathogen bevaria bassina is found to be quite effective. In all these cases the conservation of the natural enemies is quite important through the judicious use of the pesticides there are several chemicals have been indicated here which can be used against this particular pest depending upon the nature of feeding whether they are like the defoliators or they are the sucking pest so we can choose between the contact and the systemic insecticide and then control the thing. I am going to highlight on two important pest which I mentioned earlier one is a stone we will because of it is the quarantine importance one has to take care in the regions where this pest is found to be a regular one and in a severe form most important is a cultural and to certain extent biological by conserving the natural enemies is important but the important one is the chemical so especially you have to go for spraying an insecticide when the fruits are at the marble size because this is a stage where the adults will start laying the eggs and twice the application of such chemicals at 15 days interval will effectively prevent the entry of or egg laying of these pest. Then during the off season so because these adults are mainly concentrated on the branches and the main trunk so spraying on these areas is going to eliminate the initial population and there is also a heat treatment for the fruits or the vapour heat treatment for the fruits so which kill the insects in the internally which is normally done at the quarantine places and also the irradiation of the fruits will actually eliminate the stone we will especially when the fruits are in the exporting stage. Then for fruit fly so a series of the management practices you need to look both cultural mechanical as well as chemical so most important thing here is that so you have to go for the methyl eugenol trap so which should be regularly put and then collect the adults and then destroy them and another important thing here is that raking up of the soil the under surface of the trees so in order to expose the pupae in the soil and then spraying some chemicals like chlorpyrifaz on the soil is going to destroy these people stage and reduce the population and the hot water treatment is recommended in order to kill the maggots which are present inside the fruit and you can also go for the spraying up with the chemical along with the jaggery solution so which will attract the adults and then kill them then irradiation of the fruit is another important the management tactics employed at the quarantine station. So looking at the importance of these pest and their regional occurrence so one has to go for all the methods and then manage these pest effectively thank you.