 You can see that the facial aspect of the mandible, you might see this kind of an elevation of the projection that is seen directed that is almost directed towards the midline on the either side. So this is the elevation of the projection that you see is your mental ridge and then above this mental ridge, the superior to that of your mental ridge, you might see this kind of a depression that is your mental foresaw. When taking the lingon view, you might notice that in the midline of your mandible, you will see the projection that is located just slightly above the lower border of the mandible. You will see that there is a projection that is your genial tubercles. Here you have just within that or tried superior to that of the genia tubercle, there is a foramen that is located in the midline itself, it is your lingon foramen. Genial tubercles it is called so because you have your attachment of your muscles, both the muscles that is the genioclosis and the genio hyoid muscle. So they say that the tubercles are found to be right and left and there is also a superior and there is an inferior tubercle wherein the superior part of it is where your attachment of your genioclosis is and the inferior part is where your muscle attachment to your genio hyoid is. When taken in the radiograph, you might notice that there is a radiopic mass that is located just almost 2 centimeters below the periapax or the pentagonism or the apical portion of your mandibular incisors, you will see a radiopic mass that is seen in this black path. You can see here this red arrow is nothing other than bifurcation of a canine which is one another developmental anomaly that you see in the canine because you know that the canine is found to be a single rooted. Here you can see that there is bifurcation root canine, that is why it is not written. Then you have the lingual foramen, when seen in the radiograph, it is seen as a hollow or a round, radio-lucent outline wherein you see it has been surrounded by a radiopic outline over here. Also in the lingual foramen, you have your lingual vessels and the surgeon, sublingual and submental arteries are all in a pasta process, lingual foramen. Then you have the mental ridge that has been seen in the labelled aspect, as I mentioned when taken in this color view, when taken in your radiograph, you might see this as a v-shaped radiopic line which is found to be moving forwards, it is moving forward and upwards. You can see this as a v-shaped radiopic outline which is found to be meeting that is in the pointed part of the v is being located towards the red line. So you can see this passing across the periapyces of your mandibular incisors. Then you have your mental force which is located near the pica portion of your mandibular incisors wherein there is a radiolucent structure and sometimes you can see a fine trabeculaceous that has seen here. You can see this sparsely placed trabeculaceous which is located within the radiolucent muscle here. Then next you have the nutrient canals which are found to be located as a radiolucent structures which are found to be vertically placed from the peyocent apical portion or from the apex of your incisors. You can see here that the radiolucent vertically extending downwards is your taken nutrient canals. Nutrient canals is nothing other than the red helps to supply that is your blood supply and the navinavations are all passed through these nutrient canals. To summarize now in diagrammatic representation the mandibular incisors structures that you see here, this is your mental force that is served to be a radiolucent area that is seen within the middle third and the apical third of your roots in the mandibular incisor. Below to the peri apex below to the apical part of your mandibular incisors you have a radiolucent structure where in a radiolucent structure which is surrounded by a radiopic outline is your lingual foramen. Then within that you have your radiopic mass that is seen here is your genial tubercles. Then a V shaped radiopic outline which is found by the mental ridge. Moving on to the mandibular premolar region, premolar region especially a radiolucent structure is seen in the apex of your premolar, second premolar. Sometimes it is located between the first and second premolars or sometimes it is located below the second premolar root apex, it is a radiolucent hollow structure. This is nothing other than a mental foramen. This is the termination of your inferior vile nerve which extends from the mandibular canal it terminates to this mental foramen. This is the scull view that has been seen, the debil aspect you see this kind of a structure one foramen that is your mental foramen. When taking this scull view itself you can see that how it has been demarcating the termination of your mandibular canal towards the mental foramen. So you can see here an outline that is a radiolucent structure with a radiopic lines that is seen here the superior border and the inferior border of your mandibular canal has been terminated towards the mental foramen. It is a blue material. So the mandibular premolars you see the mental foramen which is located between the roots of your, the pices of the roots of your two premolars. Moving on to the mandibular molar region. The mandibular molar region when you take this scull view you see that the debil aspect already you mentioned here you have the mental foramen which is the termination of your mandibular canal. The B structure, the B that has been marked over here, demarcated here is your mandibular canal. In the single view you might see a projection but in elevation that is seen right below the albular ridge is your mylohyde ridge that are the internal oblique ridge, mylohyde ridge the name as it says is called also because of the mylohyde muscle attachment towards this ridge. Then inferior to this mylohyde ridge is your, there is a depression which where in your submandibular gland is being located. So the submandibular gland location for this area this is called as a submandibular gland fossa. When taken in a facial view you will see that there is this kind of extension from your anterior border of the remus where in extents to form a projection this is a ridge called as an external oblique ridge. Then inferior to this external oblique ridge is your mandibular canal. The previous mentioned in the previous slide here in the lingual view you see this kind of elevation or a projection that you see slightly below the albib ridge is your mylohyde ridge. Then below this below or you could say inferior to this mylohyde ridge you have this depression which is called as a submandibular gland fossa. Moving on to the radiogram that you see the mandibular canal you can see it as a radiolucent structure where in which is surrounded by a radiopic lines this is the black arrow marks is the superior border of the mandibular canal this is the inferior border of the mandibular canal which is a radiopic outline that you see that is why we are calling it as a border. Whereas the mandibular canal is going to be a radiolucent structure itself where in your inferior albibular nerve canals sorry inferior albibular nerve as well as your inferior albibular vessels have been innovated over here in this canal. This mandibular canal the radiolucent structure passes across your biker portion of the roads of your mandibular molas as well as the pre molas. What is the clinical significance is that we can different demarcate or locate the mandibular canal with respect to that of your mandibular third molas. Sometimes you might see that these roots or the root apices might be superimposed superimposed meaning it might be there is an overlapping that of your mandibular canal. So you want to demarcate this mandibular canal with that of your root apex of the mandibular third molas. Next is your myelohydrage and this is bound to be a radiopic line that is seen across the peri apex of your mandibular molas and the roots mandibular molas. So you can see that it is bound to be extending towards the there lies an radiopic line is bound to be extending towards the crisis sometimes it might be it is bound to be located just above also period to that of your mandibular canal. This is seen because of an increased vertical angulation that has been given for this case as a more negative angulation has been given. So that is why you can clearly see a radiation more radiopacity or more radiopic line that has been served. This is the internal oblique ridge of the myelohydrage. Below to this myelohydrage you have a this homogenous stereolocent area that is seen here. Sometimes you can see a sparse kind of repapulations also seen within it. So this is called as the submandibular gland fossa. This is where the submandibular gland has been located. So that is why this is called as submandibular gland fossa. You can see the white arrows that are pointing out. This is your submandibular gland fossa. Next is the external oblique ridge. The external oblique ridge you can see here. It is found to be an extension of your anterior border of the rims of the mandible wherein it extends towards the alveolar ridge of the alveolar crust. So this part is found to be terminating towards the alveolar ridge. This terminating still ends up until your mandibular molar region of the alveolar ridge of your mandibular molars. So you can see that the black arrows that are marked here is your external oblique ridge. And the red arrows that are marked here, the radiopic line that is seen here, is your myelohydrage or the internal oblique ridge. So you can see here how well this has been demarcated. The radiopic line that is seen here, almost at the level of the alveolar ridge, is your external oblique ridge. And then just below that or the inferior to that is your myelohydrage. And it runs parallel to that of your external oblique ridge. And this myelohydrage is found to be located near the peri-epex, for the peri-epex of your mandibular molars. Now to summarize the mandibular posterior region, the structures that you see here, there's a radiopic line that is seen here. This is the external oblique ridge. You feed it to that. You see the myelohydrage. It's again a radiopic line that is seen near the passing across the pices of the roots of your mandibular molars. Then below to that or inferior to that, you see this kind of a homogeneous adiolucent mass with some sparse with tribculations that are seen. This is your submandibular landfossa. And then below to that you can see this kind of a canal like the structure that is seen here. This is a radiolucent structure. This is your mandibular canal. So again in that method of representation, you can demarcate here the a that has been potted out. This is your external oblique ridge. Below that is your internal oblique ridge or your myelohydrage. Followed to that is your mandibular canal. And then a radiolucent mass like structure that you see is your submandibular landfossa. To summarize, we had spoken about the radiographic and adiolucent mass seen in the mandibular. It's spoken in respect to each region. The mandibular incisors will be your mental ridge, your mental fossa, then the genealogy buckles, and then your lingual funnel. And followed by we went to the mandibular primolar region wherein you see your mandibular canal and then followed by the mandibular posterior region, the molar region wherein you see your mandibular canal, then your submandibular landfossa, then the two ridges that is the external oblique ridge and the internal oblique ridge or the myelohydrage. Sometimes there is a destination that are placed in the tooth. You might see it as a radiopic structure. So, you can see here it's a well-defined radioplasticity that is seen on the coronal aspect. You can see this and you can detect the ridge restoration. This is almost, this is a silver malcombe restoration that you see here. How the radiodensity is moved or radioplasticity is moved when compared to that of your enamel because of the silver content or the metal content that is seen. So, here again there is a metal fusca, there is a crown as seen here. You can see that it's found to be more radiopic. Once you see, if it is a porcelain crown, it's found to be lesser density, that is lesser radioplasticity is seen. It might be more radiolucent. So, this is the metal crown and then you can see that within the canal space you can see that it's been filled with a radioplasticity, a well-defined radioplasticity that is seen within the pulcanal space. This is nothing other than your gutter aperture point. And then here, you can see that how the density is comparatively less when compared to this. This is nothing other than your, you can see certain serrations also in between this. This is nothing other than an endotonic file that is already being perforated through here. So, you can see how the difference in the density of here. You can see here, the radioplasticity here is comparatively more than that here. So, I hope if I'm just taking the note, the radiograph again at the middle landmarks is all apart and definitely you should know how to locate each of these landmarks. And then based on these landmarks, if you find any differences in that, then you can consider about the pathological condition that might be affecting across this landmarks. So, I hope you enjoyed this session. Thank you. See you next time.