 Morning, okay for some time we have been talking about word formation processes and we have seen that in all languages of the world no matter how developed or how backward it is called. It may be a language without a script and it may be a language with lots of written literature. All languages have some word formation processes which include basically two elements. They use existing words to make new words or they use particles, parts of the word, put them together and get the new word. It can be word plus word, it can be word plus affix a part put together. In the language of morphology we call them independent morpheme that can occur by itself that is a word or an affix, a dependent morpheme which must be tagged to something else. In the language of morphology we have basically two kinds of morphemes. One is free or independent and the other is bound or attached, affixed, call it what you like. I gave you the example yesterday. You can have a word like person and you add all to it in English and you get personal, a new word. If you analyze the structure of this word here is a free morpheme or an independent morpheme and it carries a bound morpheme and gives a new word. It can also be word plus word. It can be person and it can be a word anything else, any other word, person undesired or person or some other noun or some other adjective. This affix can also occur at the beginning of the word. So, yesterday I gave you something like this. You have connect but this bound morpheme does not occur at the end of the word. It occurs here and you have disconnect. Basically, in all languages of the world we have morphemes, some of which are free, others are bound, bound morphemes are limited in number, free morphemes are at least theoretically unlimited in number. They are an open class. You can have as many of them. No one knows how many any language has. There is no finite cap, final cap. We generally guess that English has about 550,000 words. We generally guess that Maitre on the other hand has only 75,000 words but we cannot be too sure because this is an open class. Words keep dying, words keep getting born but this is countable, definitely decisively countable. Today we will talk about this process, the process of affixation, how many kinds of affixes are there, how they behave. We will take examples from English but it will be wonderful if you simultaneously found worked out examples from the languages, other languages that you know preferably your mother tongue. Please pull out your notebook, your pencil. Actually I have so far spoken only about two kinds of affixes. I have said bound morphemes or affixes can either come at the end of the word or either can come at the beginning of the word. In other words I have said they are either suffix, they come at the end of word. Those of you who know Sanskrit would recognize it. Do you know what the Sanskrit word for this? Please write upasarga, upa. I will use phonetic transcription upasarga suffix and those that come at the head of the word in English they are known as prefix. In Sanskrit we call them, what is this? Come on make a mistake. It comes in the beginning of the word but this is only one kind of language, Indo-Aryan languages. There are languages in Africa, there are languages in South Asia, there are languages in North America. What the languages that people whom we call red Indians spoke, they also have things like infix where they insert something, infix is something that can be inserted in the middle of the word, not at the end of the word, not at the beginning of the word but it can be inserted. Look at the example of infix. This is from a language spoken in South Asia in one of the islands of Philippines. They are not very common but they are there as far as linguistic theory is concerned. It does not matter how many languages have them but what is important is that natural languages make new words out of existing words or affix plus affix. This affix can be, can you close your eyes and tell me how many kinds of affixes can there be? BTX particularly please tell me, how many kinds of affixes? There can be prefix, there can be infix and there can be suffix. Once again, how many kinds can there be please? Three kinds, what are they? Prefix, infix and suffix. Don't look at the screen, give me examples of prefix and suffix. Please write it on your notebook and then share with me, please. Everybody please do that. In this case you see this language FICAS. You can continue to listen to me but also find examples if you like. In this language you see the words on the left hand column. They are either noun or adjective but once you insert the infix they become verb. Can you tell me, can you look at the screen for a moment and tell me what is the infix here? Um, correct. Um is the infix here. Different languages have, you know, there are languages in Africa, there are languages in North America and others which use infix. Okay, please. Can you give me some, at least one example of a prefix and a suffix? I am going to mail these slides to you. Ashwin, I am also going to mail these slides to you so you really don't have to copy it but think of similar things from, say let's say Malayalam. Malayalam has lots of them like Sanskrit. Many other languages, Hindi, Urdu, you know Indian languages have lots of them, no less than English. Okay, think of some of them. So these are prefixes. You know, you have Ur. Can you give me a word with Ur? A particular word then prefix Ur is added there and it becomes another word. Sorry? Atheist. Yes, somebody from this side please. Come on. Make a mistake. Impossible is in. Give me some thing with Ur. A prefix across and a prefix across and across right something else around around and around yes. So, that is a can you give me something with B, B, E come and become yes, beloved. One more, be wildered that is really a bewildering word come difficult can you give me something that somebody else already took it away you are right below below low and below you have lots of words with B actually very productive can you give me something with D, D, E can you give me something with D can you please capture my friend talk to camera please or ignore the camera talk to me sorry devoid okay something else come on please you are denote another say do you give me something what you know come in better shirt in this to you please okay great D grade yeah denote can you loud can you speak louder denote denote yeah denote somebody said that give me another word read somebody said that also denomination yeah denomination yes nomination and D you know it is again a very productive word formation divides device can you give me something with M Mahesh E M M power another word please come on M that emphasis emphasis but what is the word without M there if you take away M E M then would the word stand so that is what you asked about N not M I said N circle or N circle yes M N yes circle and N circle that is a good that is a very good example we have lots with L M N pre-re and you know they are highly productive word formation devices tool look at some suffixes can you give me an can you give me a word with which takes A R for suffix in a spelling it is A R circle and circular good another single and singular yes lovely yet another muscular okay can you give me some example of prefix from your mother tongue earlier you know like I said B yes another Anju can you give me something from Malayalam an example of a prefix Sambal Assambal Assambal Om okay so Gima Assam Gima okay can you give me something or of suffix from okay yes please I think I am I think sir or I think sir can you give me something from Bengali Esmita I change something from Malayalam other okay as we that can you give me something from Bengali non-sanskrit word from Bengali don't give me Bhadra or Bhadra okay we have them you know it is only that readily because you have not been thinking about these things they would not come to your mind maybe you know we Rajesh and I have been struggling with this so we can give you some examples but the point is it is there and you know it that is how you are able to speak your mother tongue you know it can be a wonderful I think for you to sit down take it as an assignment and make a list of these prefixes these suffixes and find words with them and see do they behave alike do they impact the words to which they are attached in the same way you know these are the questions you can ask actually no change no natural process leaves the particles untouched and you know you changed there is some change you might call this change significant you might call this change insignificant but there is definitely some effect of some of these things affixes for the way they work you know can be basically defined classified you know so far I have told you how they are attached so I said there is free morpheme and there is bound morpheme what is a free morpheme a free morpheme is one which occurs by itself it does not require another thing so person is a free morpheme connect is a free morpheme but all is not this is not in the Filipino language we saw just now um is not okay they are they are bound they must be attached to some other word so that is one way of looking at it how do they behave there may be another way of looking at it what function they perform and from that point of view we classify them into these two categories we say in some books you may also find this inflection and in some other and the other kind is derivation basically what they do is these affixes inflectional affixes give you information concerning please write number gender person case tense degree of adjective you know you know you know say for example when you say John paints when you say John paints then this is an inflectional affix okay are you with me I am talking about something totally totally abstract now please okay kindly give me all your attention for the next five minutes when you have a sentence like John paints then paint has two morphemes this is the free morpheme and this is bound morpheme sir okay this gives you the meaning what John does what does this do this bound morpheme is inflectional morpheme it tells you that the person who is doing it is a third person a singular number okay if this sentence were to be written in Hindi you could have said John I will use phonetic transcription please copy and check with me John paint karta hai okay we know John we know the meaning of the word paint we know the meaning of the word paint we know what is this doing karta hai it tells us that the painter is a man not a woman is masculine gender it tells you about the gender of the subject it tells you about the tense when is this happening in the past or in the present those who know Hindi please present it is happening in the present so inflectional morphemes tell you please write tell you about number gender person case tense degree of adjective you know you can say Mary is pretty you can say Mary is prettiest you are still describing Mary but you are describing her in superlative degree so inflectional morpheme gives you the following things it gives you number number in the sense of singular plural okay it gives you person first person second person third person professor Rajesh will be talking about beginning next week he will be talking about sentence grammar and he will tell you about more about inflectional morpheme how sentences need to be sensitive to these aspects of the noun and the verb agreement between noun and verb you cannot have a singular noun and a plural verb you cannot have a plural noun and a singular verb so these indications these constraints these relationships are shown by inflectional morpheme you know they can be many but some of them are number then please write person first person second person third person okay gender masculine feminine in some languages you also have neuter gender okay in some languages you have more than two numbers in many languages you have only singular and plural in some languages you have no singular no plural okay in God's world as Shakespeare said there is lot of variety much more than perhaps we understand if not this point but there can be singular plural or there can be dual there can be first person second person third person or it can be masculine feminine and neuter gender okay or case are you the speaker or are you being spoken to okay are you the painter or are you being painted we can we have said John paints but if John is the object how shall we write it come on serenity or anybody from you know the class please tell me if John is the object how shall we write in this case John is subject John paints something but if John were the object then we will say John is being painted then you know this s changes to ed so that is a change in case what was subject becomes now object all of these relationships what we call in other words syntactic relationships their relationship with other words and changes because of these relationships so number person gender case in the case of verb you can have tense past or present or whatever or you can have voice active passive you can have aspect simple perfect okay Dr. Rajesh will tell you about some of these boring things I please pardon me I won't go into those areas okay so you know similarly for gender sorry for adjective you have degrees of adjective IIT students are not just bright we like to think they are the brightest I wish that were true okay we will delete them these things right okay so you know you are still describing the student you are still using an adjective but you are using the adjective in the highest degree or you are using the adjective in the lowest degree when you are very angry with the institute particularly after quiz okay you say IIT is the worst institute but when you walked and you said IIT is the best institute you are still describing a particular object a particular person but the degrees have changed so all of these things are inflectional morphemes am I am I clear to you yes or no please sure Saithya okay right there may be derivational word there may be derivational morphemes that extend the meaning of the word Saithya for example you have connect and you use disconnect now you have extended the meaning of the word it is the opposite of connect you can have do and what is the opposite of do undo okay or you have do and you are looking for you want to make a subject out of it so you say do plus or what do you get now do or you have drive and you want to make a new word for someone who lets you sit at the back seat and listen to music but does the boring work for you then you know you add ER and you say driver these are derivational affixes basically I cannot give you very you know highly objective logically testable unfalc sorry falsifiable definition but by a large inflectional morphemes give you information about syntactic function of the words derivational affixes extend the meaning of the word they give you in that sense new words okay let us move on am I clear so far am I clear so far Anju do you understand me no okay I think in that case we perhaps we will have another conversation right so let us move on let us look at you know I am not going to talk about inflectional affixes at any length I hope professor Rajesh will tell you more about them when he talks our sentence grammar let us look at derivational affixes okay derivational affixes can have two kinds of effects can I take it off derivational affix can change the category of the word a verb can become noun you know category changing what will be the opposite of category changing the opposite of category changing will be category unchanging category retaining okay so for example when you say when you have a word like connect is it noun or verb what is it is it noun or verb or adjective what is it is a verb but when you add this to it what is it now is it still a verb or something else it is still a verb it is still a verb so you know it is not category changing it is category retaining it does not change the category okay but now look at another this is connect and you add ION to it what is it now it was verb now it is a noun okay connect was verb connection verb connect is noun so from that point of view from the effect point of view okay I told you I will be talking about something abstract please give me your attention from the effect point of view you can have two kinds of derivation I am not talking any longer about inflectional morpheme I am talking now only about derivational morphemes there can be two kinds of derivational morphemes some who change the category of the word to which they are attached like connect and connection connect is verb when you add ION it becomes noun so connection is a category ION is a category changing affix but in a word like connect and disconnect connect is verb in a word like connect and disconnect connect is verb you add this okay and it still remains verb this is category retaining look at some examples I have given you on the screen okay danger it is a noun but when you add EN to it what does it become now it becomes a verb now it is endanger but when you add and when you add OUS to it what does it become now it becomes an adjective now dangerous okay further category change add LY to it what is it now dangerously okay can you think of some similar word from your mother tongue can you think of similar words from your mother tongue please okay anything no okay think of it I am coming to it I am giving you warning after 5 minutes you know we will do that exercise but look at other words okay right look at a word like profit verb but when you add E sorry when you add EER profit here it is still a verb profit can also be a noun but you know when you add ABLE to it this is now an adjective what is it now profitable it is a profitable business okay how do you know it is an adjective you can say you can attach degree you can say more profitable you can say most profitable okay what is do noun or adjective of verb verb what is the adjective out of it out of do do not look at the screen and give me the adjective of do make an adjective out of do please do not look at the screen and make one doable okay or in some cases you can have one or two others the point is all of these affixes limited affixes give you unlimited output okay I will I will now ask you not to look at the screen or if you tell me I can switch it off I will give you full 2 minutes please note these prefixes on your notebook D dish L M N or miss or pre or re take any 2 or 3 of these and make words with them and see if they change category if they keep category do you understand me please okay can I repeat myself take any of these prefixes take any of these prefixes D remiss pre ill in one or two others you know as I have given on this screen can you make words using these prefixes plus some other word and then ask yourself if these prefixes change the category of that word does verb become noun noun become adjective adjective become verb okay do that please in English first then we will do it for our mother tongue everybody please do it individually first and then you know you can consult your friend sitting next to you you can take you know 2 to 3 minutes please if you are getting the same category then think of words with M N E M E N make new words with E M E N and see if they keep the category or change the category think up please you know these are these these are exercises in thinking you know everything you know entire grammar of the languages of the world is inside your head all you have to do is to take it out of the freezer and make use of it okay please give me some examples with E M E N so Nidhi can I see your notebook okay so they are all category retaining the meaning opposite but syntactic function is the same the verb they remain a verb so we call them category changing give me sorry category retaining I am sorry give me category changing the word with many make any other use E M E N yes with prefixes also you can get category changing like you know make a verb make a word with E M E N power and power no they are not is power a verb look up your dictionary power can be a word okay can be a word that is an but it can also be a noun can power not be noun okay look up your dictionary you have the dictionary on the mobile phone okay okay so power is noun and M power now is a verb okay give me something like that okay what did you get for category changing retaining yeah I speak to the camera please give the verb and then give the new word give the old word and then give the new word yeah talk to the camera please they are both verbs can you give me some example noun inside preposition category yeah side and inside yes they are still their side is noun and inside is what preposition yes okay what are they both verbs is courage verb noun now courage now so discourages now verb does it retain the category does it change the category it changes the category please base is a noun and base is a verb so it is category changing camera okay they are both verbs so what will you call them category changing or category retaining lovely okay that is a very good idea do they come from the same do you think liberate and deliberate have anything common in meaning but it is a very good example okay so what is crossed noun can you talk louder I want to hear your voice to be captured okay so what is crossed noun can you talk louder I want to hear your voice to be captured and encrusted verb okay they are both verbs so they are category retaining Mahesh okay yeah cycle can also be a verb but anyway you have a good example okay Hema do they have anything common in meaning so we generally these are the problem areas you know you can do a term paper in this you can take a research project how you know we can we call them the same word or different word yes both are verbs what are your examples yeah what are they both place is now place can also be a verb yeah I would much rather have it as verb so place and misplace but if it is a noun then it is category changing yes yeah right what are they both both are adjective they do not change category okay yeah right what are they both adjectives yeah the test is can you get much more most can you say most boy can you say much boy can you say more boy you can say boyish okay so you know so if it is an adjective it will take more most okay and you did you get something come yeah nothing like mark but you can make one okay build and rebuild okay right you know we can go on maybe you know after professor Rajesh finishes and if we have time I will come and talk further about some constraints in this area how we can but there are there are derivation suffixes there are derivation prefixes which keep category of the word which change the category of the word okay let us talk about some of the suffixes aeon noun becomes some you know there are some aeons which can still keep okay the category say for example Canada it is a noun and canadian is still a noun he is a canadian you can also make it an adjective you can say this is a canadian product okay or it is more canadian or most you know it is okay let us look at okay before we go to him the can you complete this table please everybody please do it on your notebook complete this table you see I will first show you the earlier table noun verb is account adjective accountable and adverb accountably similarly we have noun reality what is its verb realize what is its adjective real and what is the adverb really okay doubt what is the adjective of doubt okay what is the adverb of doubt friend Hema what is the adverb of friend friendly okay what is the adjective of nation national okay please complete this table exactly 60 seconds your time begins now I want to see who does it first and maybe I will have a book as a gift for you the one who does all the entire table correctly in 60 seconds okay you can take another 30 seconds raise your hand when you finish it when you complete it okay please what is the noun of personal person okay let us do it together now please stop individual work please join me what is the noun of personal person what is the verb of personal personify or personalize personify will be better what is adverb personally okay what is the noun of argue argument what is the adjective of argue argument yeah or you can say arguable arguable sorry you can say that is better perhaps closer home will be arguable okay what is the adverb of argue arguably okay what is the adjective of courage courageous what is the verb of courage encourage what is the adverb of courage courageously what is the noun of large what is the noun of large enlarge what is the adverb of large largely what is the adjective of beauty beautiful verb adverb adverb beautifully okay noun is error what is the verb of error what is that that is the adjective God your school teacher will commit suicide okay I will mail her today what is the adverb of error what is the adverb of error erroneously and what is the verb of error to err okay to err is human to forgive divine do you remember that phrase okay and we have these things in all languages in the I have taken some examples from Hindi see prefix chhut achhut tithi attithi these are category retaining but look at category changing okay bara and barai those who know Hindi can you give me something similar in Malayalam please can you work out these examples from your mother tongue and check with the ones I am giving you maybe we will have another class on this when we meet next thank you have a good day.