 Mary Rhyw Blychryd, ddod am ymwneud. Ac rwy'n gweithio i'r ddweud yma, ddod yn ddod i'n ddweud yma? Rwy'n ddweud? Rwy'n ddweud? Rwy'n ddweud? Rwy'n ddweud yma, ddod i'n ddweud eich cyflwyno? Rwy'n ddweud eich cyflwyno. Rwy'n ddweud eich cyflwyno? Rwy'n ddweud eich cyflwyno. Yn ddweud i'n ddweud eich cilydd hyd yn siarad rwy SOLU mynd? Rwy'n ddweud eich cilydd yma? Ok, batt. Rwy'n ddweud eich cyflwyno fel y hamentreadoreth ddir leisio eich cyflwyno? Felly mae'n cyflwyno i'r unrhyw i rhyw anghyb利ll. Saib dyma, oherwydd arall felly rom解'ch'. anggwyd eich syniad a fan gameswch. Y ddweud yma eich ddymau o'r wnghreifftol dw i chi, y pethau fan hyn hyn yn dweud o'r awr. Fydd sy'n cynnwys yw'r fath ar gyfer y peth. Ond teimlo, mae angin hynny y byddwch ar gyfer y llydd, yn ddifteig o'r nu'r wneud. Fy samu rhoi'ch defnyddio'r awr, I Prague is PCN OG. I want to share with you the exercise that I learned from my Uncle Bernard Mueller, who is a trainer at University of Oxford Told in Germany. This is a group mirroring exercise. Let me dedicate this exercise to the person I learned from, who's name is Bernard Mueller. I hope you can see me wherever you are. effaill y small mae yn f�ad mae eitwch oiable mae eitwch o buds mae eitwch oibolaeth mae ynghyd am yr i, mae eitwch allan mae eitwch o unint ul injnod tyn na Rwy'n credu o'i cyngorl sydd yn chael gwybodol yn ffeydd i'r bobl sydd yn ddweud fel yng ngyfaint. Fy enwedd ymddiannod. Mae'r olyg i'r gweld. Rydyn ni'n ddweud â'r thymau, a'r ddweud â'r ddweud â'r ddweud. Rydyn ni'n ddweud â'r ddweud. Ben Mawr yn ffantastig. Mae'r bwysig yn bwysig i'r rhywbeth, ac oedd Oksfyddiad ynglynig yn 1994 ac yma'r mynd i ddim yn ymddangos. Mae'n gwneud yn y ddarparu i un o ddweud. Mae'r ardal yn bwysig yn y bwysig yn gweithio'r llyfr oedd, ac mae'r bwysig yn y bwysig. Mae'r cyfrifol ddim yn gweithio'r llyfr. Mae'r llyfr yn y bwysig yn gwneud yn y bwysig o'r llyfr. Mae'n gwneud o'r ffordd o'r pwysig o'r pwysig yn gweithio'r llyfr. Rwy'n gweithio cael y sph�u'r cyffordd ystod yn rhywbeth ar gweithio iawn, a'r cyffordd o'r lle ac hi'n gweld y cyffordd o'r lle a rhai dim yn mynd yn ymgyrch. Rydyn ni'n debyg, os ydych chi'n gwybod, mor cyffordd mwy oedd oedd yng nghylch yn ddechrau sydd yn rhan o'r cwmwy, i'n byw oedd yn ei gwyedd, i'n feddygu'r cyllydd, i'n gweithio eich cyffordd o'r lle, a wedi'u gofyn i'n gwybod ar gyfer dechrau, Mae gennym o unrhyw ffaith. Mae gennym o unrhyw ffaith, mae gennym o unrhyw ffaith. One of the first things we do is to delete. We rubster out. If I was to talk to you for a moment about my journey from Cambridge to this building, there would be a lot of detail about how I got lost between, maybe you won't believe me, between Kings Cross and here. Mae'r number of people whom I asked, and the number of people didn't want to tell me, and the number of people didn't know. In all that plethora of detail you would have got the general message that Mario's pretty unhappy and pretty bad at job with it. You would certainly almost certainly delete many of the little bits of what I've told you. You'd just get the overall picture of this poor guy getting lost. You also have the phenomenon of distortion. When we listen, we distort. Or we pull around and change. Our own schemata changed what's coming in. Let me give you an example. I just wanted to go back for a moment in my own life to when I was 11, 12, 13. My father, who was Italian, was beginning to be preoccupied by the fact that his son Mario, his Italian, wasn't developing very well. And that I was still talking fairly rudimentary Italian. So he decided to send me on holiday to Italy, to a family which he was friendly with. And for two or three summers, I think three summers, I went off for a month or two months to stay on the Lago Maggioli, on Lake Maggioli, in North Italy. And now the Lago Maggioli for those of you who don't know, it is a kind of long thin slither of water. Its circumference is about a hundred and seven kilometres. And I know because I cycle around it in a day once. All of those kilometres were very long. You can always see the other side because it's a long thin lake. And you can see right across. It's only maybe three or four kilometres across. Now, how many people, as you listened to me, rabbiting on about Lago Maggioli, wrote to mind a lake of their own? Yes, tell me about your lake, look at that. Ah, wow, much better than mine. So at which point in my story did your volcano lake appear? Lake? Lake, you went to the volcano lake. What colours were there? Blue. Blue. Okay, anybody else get a lake of their own? Yes. I do, when I was a child, my father used to take us to a lake where he used to do fishing. So I remember that very well. He was trying to get us some fish. Was it a kind of a lake with a flat side, with flat sides or steep? No, no, no. With flat sides. Where was this? In Algeria. In Algeria. So Lago Maggioli evokes the volcano lake as she evokes the lake in Algeria, and that's perfectly normal in terms of everyday listening. When you listen to me talking about my lake, my Lago Maggioli, you will go, some of you, to your own lake. Now that means that the resultant stuff that you put into mid-term memory is going to be a mixture of what you added and what I gave. For me, the act of listening, a metaphor for it, would be that the Mississippi flow of internal stuff in the listener comes down to meet the ocean coming in. So the other person talking to me is the ocean coming in, and I, with my own schemata, am the river coming down. The act of listening is actually a mixing of those two waters. A mixing of the river water and the ocean water. And what we store in mid-term memory is the mixture. Certainly not only ocean water. Very unusual. So we delete, we get rid of things that don't strike us as important, but why do we do that? We do it because we can't hold all the details too much in the conscious mind. We distort, we modify, we change. So Lagermajorie becomes the Algerian lake or whichever. We generalize. If I give you a whole load of detail about something, you will almost certainly to retain it. You will take it up a level, you will chunk up. So if I was to tell you that one of the results of the Pinochet revolution in agriculture in Chile after the coup d'état allowed Chile to export onions, shallots, lettuces, apples, pears, and a huge amount of other vegetable produce to Japan, you will generalize the details up into fruit and veg in order to remember. Because you don't need to remember every example I gave you. There is the mission, which is knocking out. It's bringing the details up to a higher level so you can remember them as one chunk. Okay? And then finally you do elaboration. People are always elaborated. People will create pictures in their minds. People will take something small and make it bigger. And most of this talk this afternoon is going to be about that area of elaboration. The other thing that you do if it's conversational listening is that you begin to prepare for taking the conversation over for your own term. You begin to make it prepare for what you're going to say. Okay? So that's the fifth thing that we often do in conversational listening. Now of course there are many different types of listening apart from normal general listening that I've described. So for example the schizophrenic listening. The schizophrenic people who often not listen to or the syntactic pattern. They will listen to certain vital keywords from their point of view. So the keyword might be food. And they will start going off and creating thoughts around the word food. Whatever the keyword in the sentence that strikes them. So this is a particular form of listening which is not very productive. But it's certainly something that people in that condition will often do. So they'll pick out from the flow of language words and then construct meanings around that which may be quite different from the meanings intended by the speaker. There's language test listening. In a language test, a listening comprehension test typically with multiple choice questions you will listen to try to retain all the information equally because you may get general questions and the multiple choices or you may get detailed questions. So you have to become a really skillful tape recorder. And you have to be a tape recorder with an excellent search function so that you can quickly pull out the bits you need. Now that's completely different from other less specialised ones of listening. They aren't for the listening but it's one that has evolved because of what language teachers demand. And then of course there's in-depth listening when you listen very, very intently to your person and you try to not only get the meaning you try to block your own wish to delete your own wish to distort your own wish to generalise and to elaborate and try to stay exactly with that text in its full emotion and musicality. And therapists spend a lot of time learning that kind of listening learning that kind of listening that denies self denies the Mississippi going down to the sea and tries to focus only on the ocean coming in. That's very, very hard and very few people manage to do it fully successfully but it can be very, very powerful if you do manage to do it because it makes the other person feel really attended to. I want to bring you back now to normal listening to the kind of listening that happens in a normal way most of what happens is at an unconscious or semi-conscious level I mean, when you're listening to something you don't say ha that's unimportant, delete but unconscious mind deletes it doesn't ask the conscious mind it does it automatically What I'm going to do now is to show you how elaboration works by bringing what is normally an unconscious process into consciousness So what I'm going to do is to start a word level and I want it to give you some words I'm going to launch the word to you and I'm going to then ask you to wait for about six or seven seconds until I say please report and then you turn it to a part in some distance near you and you report what happens in this surely brilliant box for your head Don't do anything special with the word let your reaction come and then you turn to a partner and tell them what happened in those five or six seconds Normally this happens at lightning speed and unconsciously Are you ready for the first one? So, when you hear the word just make it similar for a moment and then I'll ask you to report and then you report to a partner First word, policeman and please report to a partner by using this gesture and when you see me do this then you do the same It's a quick way of bringing people back and allowing you to go on talking if you're saying something important Okay, the next word is are you ready? Engineer Next one, nurse nurse and report That's elaboration at word level You can't help it No dictator has ever found a way of stopping people doing that I would suggest that this is what Ron Carter has called everyday creativity that every single human being has I mean, there may be some people with certain medical conditions where they don't feel this but most recently normally do this automatically this elaboration, this filling out things from inside which are evoked by the word coming in and I think this is a marvellous aspect of human beings that we naturally are so incredibly creative and now I'm going to go up a linguistic level from the word to some phrases and we're going to have phrases to do with time, temporal phrases same process allow moments of quiet and then report Are you ready? The first one late at night late at night and report Afternoon The last phrase a bit too early and report I will go up to sentence level and the guy I should to write this sentence down can I do your tiny interpretation Ready? He hesitated at second thoughts he hesitated at second thoughts and decided to put it down the sentence that follows that one whatever sentence comes to your mind No, not as a group, as an individual now for about 20 minutes which is a long time even for adults but definitely a very long time for teenagers so can I ask you to stand up and talk to the partner in the row behind you and read my sentence and your own At the end of the long conference towards the end of the long conference even a little bit of movement is a relief hence asking you to stand and I'm going to give you a second Notice that what happened there was as you wrote the sentence there will have been an unconscious process going on in your head and then when the instruction from me came please write the next sentence you will have begun that writing process consciously but from whatever you did below the level of consciousness as you were taking the dictation that's why with many cases people started writing quite slowly and it wasn't a great long pause because the speed of unconscious thought is unbelievable so the mainframe of computing came to speed while the speed of the conscious mind is pretty slow the second sentence there came out of what you did with the first sentence let me give you a second sentence and in this sentence reading a space between what you've just got on the page and the sentence I'm going to give you so there's a couple of lines between the sentence I dictated and the sentence writing above it so a little gap ready? she was overcome by the beauty of what she saw she was overcome by the beauty of what she saw can you write the sentence before that one and the sentence after write the sentence before and the sentence that follows this is quite simple from the earlier sentence a new exercise you have finished writing and when the person sitting next to you has finished writing can you read the whole little paragraph to them sentence before my sentence and sentence after at word level at phrase level and sentence level that happens very very naturally interesting thing is that this reality clashes with the way some language teachers teach because very very often the questions that they ask the students are based on the original text and not on the elaborated text not on what the student is with the text and that's quite an interesting and serious problem but before I move into that and I'm then going to tell you a story so that we move into pooled text level a little bit of housekeeping the institute that I work for Pilgrims in Canterbury has a magazine on the internet called humanising language teaching we wanted to call it at the beginning humanising language teachers Simon and I might be a bit cheeky so we call it humanising language teaching it started in 1999 it was quite early in the web development and it's now it's now visited by something like 5000 people per day it's not like a British Council and BBC site which has many many more people coming to visit but it's not too bad for a small issue this is an appeal for writers for the magazine especially from an audience like this where you teach many many different languages really very very interesting for you if you wrote something that motivates you about your thoughts on language teaching magazine has I remember one marvelous article it was a lady from Ekaterinburg in Europe East of the Euros who wrote an article to her three most pig-like students and she described what a little bastard saying it because that's the way she put it she wrote in a fantastic Russian baroque way though in English and then she said thank you to the three pigs she said you have taught me infinity more than the hundreds and hundreds of really decent friendly nice students have had so bastards though you were thank you very much and then that's an example of a practicing teacher really really saying something that she felt and I think that the president then editor Hamil Kulcheski is looking for as many articles where she can find of that sort where there is a real powerful personal contact as well as an intellectual one we sent out an email to remind people what's in the magazine does anybody get that email does anybody you do how often does it come usually what was that you should have had another one it's every two months if the initiative goes up okay fine and what did you give somebody your address oh it might have been one of the brass hats oh that's amazing because that was two years ago you've done that yeah anyway if things work out work out right put your name and address on this bit of paper name and email address is really enough and we will then try to send you an email in return and you wish it goes up can I ask you to pass this back down your row easy pass it back I'm going to tell you a story which was a marvelous event in my childhood in a way the reading of this book it was one of the first books that came I was born in 1940 and then we think all the second world in the class of five years and in about 1946 books began to flow into the country from other places and this book came from Canada and I still remember the illustrations in the book it was absolutely amazing amazingly different from the books we had around in UK during the second world war and the story is about the bear that wasn't so the bear was walking in the forest he looked up and he saw the wild geese flying to the south and the bear thought to himself oh when the wild geese fly to the south it's time to hibernate and then he walked on through the forest and he noticed the yellowy brown leaves falling down from the trees and the bear thought to himself when the birds are flying to the south and the yellowy brown leaves are falling from the trees it's time to go to sleep for the winter and slowly he shuffled towards the mouth of the cave where he would normally hibernate he went into the cave and found some nice dry leaves practically once from the year before and he piled them up and he lay down and very very soon went into a deep winter sleep now this was in October beginning of the memories of men in the forest they came with little instruments to look through and they had little black and white sticks and they used the instruments to look at the sticks and they made measurements and they drew primes and then these men were not very strong they were kind of very flaccid and non-athletic men disappeared and three days later big tough guys appeared with massive machines and with mechanical diggers and bulldozers and very very soon they knocked all the trees down carted the wood away and began building and digging and by January they had finished building this huge great ginormous factory right over where the bear was sleeping now bear sleeps very deeply in the winter so he wasn't disturbed and in the beginning at the beginning of Frederick the other men came from the city workers and they began working in the factory and the great chimneys of the factory began belching black smoke beginning of March and the bear began to stir he was somehow beginning to be time to wake up and maybe eat something and he opened one eye and he opened the other eye and he rubbed both eyes and he saw the light coming from the mouth of the cave and he lumberingly got up and he went to the mouth of the cave and he looked around where are the trees where's the grass and all he saw were the great chimneys belching black smoke and he thought, I'm dreaming, I'm still asleep so he rubbed his eyes very hard and he pinched himself three or four times and no, it was still the same and at that moment a man with a big cap came over the factory yard and he said who are you? and the bear said, I'm a bear sir and the foreman he said you're not a bear you're a stupid man who wears a fur coat and leaves the shape and the bear said, but sir, I'm a bear and the foreman said listen, I'm going to be patient with you I'm going to take you to the third vice-president and I'm going to ask him to try to persuade you of who you are you are not a bear you're a stupid man who wears a fur coat and leaves the shape and so they went into the third vice-president's office and there were two waste paper baskets and two typists and there was a big desk and a British man rather bald sitting behind the desk that was the third vice-president and the foreman said he says he's a bear sir and the third vice-president said you're not a bear and I need to tell you quite seriously and definitely you are no bear you are a stupid man who needs a shave and wears a fur coat and the bear began to he said, I am a bear but there was a beginning to be movement of whether he was a bear or not he'd just woken up and said he was asleep you could imagine his confusion and the third vice-president very kindly said to the bear I don't want to be too harsh on you I'm going to take you to the second vice-president and so they went and done one corridor and came to another and here there were three typists and three waste paper baskets and a bigger desk in a smaller man sitting behind with less hair and the third vice-president said excuse me sir to the second vice-president this strange man says he's a bear as you can see of course he is nothing but a man a stupid man who wears a fur coat and needs a shave and the second vice-president nodded and said yes of course and he said to the bear you are not a bear you are a foolish man and he said if you need more persuasion I will take you right up to the president's office they went there but the president was absent and so there was nothing left to be done for the foreman to take the bear and put him to do what a man should be doing because he would be working on a machine and so all through the month of March April, May and on the bear had to pull levers and look at dials and turn wheels on this huge machine and he worked and he worked all the way through the summer, the spring and the summer and then in September there was an oil crisis and the factory had to close down the men of course went back to the town where they'd come from but the bear the bear walked out into the forest then he looked up it was late September and he saw the wild birds flying into the south and he thought it's time to and he said I can't I can't hide away because I'm a man I'm a stupid man who wears a fur coat and needs a shed and then he walked on further through the forest and he saw the leaves fluttering down from the trees and he thought it's time to and then he stopped himself he said I can't hide away because because I'm a man and so he wanted to constantly through the forest and it got colder and colder and white stuff began to fall he'd never seen the snow before because he thought a proper bear is hibernating of that time and a long icicle began to form and hung down from his nose and he felt utterly miserable and then he walked back into the factory grounds he walked back into the cave and and he found some leaves and piled them up and he laid down and as he drifted off towards sleep he thought to himself I'm not a man I'm a bear I think I like telling this story because I was sent to a boarding school at the age of 13 and I was deeply confused about who or what I was at that time and I think that this story now has an explanatory effect for me in terms of not being sure of who you are and what you're going to be doing which I spoke about a year ago now I wonder what you were doing as I told that story were there some people who went meta and began to have thoughts about the business of storytelling you did so what were you doing in your head I was doing both I was enjoying the pleasure of listening and at the same time thinking parallel structures that's why we really enjoy this because it's a smaller man at a bigger office and the parallel structure has come back in front of us so you were thinking about the kind of symbolic structure of the story in a way I was thinking about capitalism actually that wasn't a factory and his comment was about very strongly people losing their identities so when did that train of thought come into your mind when the foreman met him I worked at a cheese factory for six months as far as the intellectual thoughts of our capitalism was also your own experience as a factory worker coming in did you hear that from strongly in parallel to the latter I was picking up the razor on the floor also I noticed there was an eraser here that must have looked really not a number level I was in many places at the same time yes exactly anybody else find that they went meta yes listening to the work how you were using your voice and the way you were changing it okay so you were listening to voice control okay did some people drift off and go somewhere else or think about what you're going to cook for someone yes when the bear started interacting with a person I went off on a bit of a tangent and I started thinking that's an interesting twist in the story and then I started thinking about are there any other stories that I know where that happened and you found one and there are people who will have found but thank you for that one there are people who will have found that other stories came in yes what happened to you well I'm sorry I'm you said the first she's sorry because she said the third president the third vice president then you said the second vice president and when the bear was going to see the first president you can guess who I thought of Berluscon okay why? terrible I think it's terrible that this that image should have come to you you hear him or see him no luckily you just in time said he wasn't there and then I said oh great so no he's not there thank God this is a very clear example of elaboration from my own experience well I must admit that at a stage my mind wanted to wonder a ways to what I'm going to cook tonight but at the same time I was trying to also concentrate and not miss the story line so you were double tasking yes you were cooking and you were also yes I was trying to think where this was leading to whether you were trying to talk about the environment and whether that was going to take okay then I could only stop myself and just focus on the story did you notice what the colleague before that said or one, two, three back was that she said sorry she started off my apologising for being a normal listener that's an extraordinary thing to do yes I was going to be something amazing at the end and then it was this kind of bad end happy ending it's not so bad end normally it kind of builds up the pressure and I was thinking there must be something amazing as a type of civilisation waiting for me next time did anybody find that other stories came yes when you said that I was taking another beer I remembered a play that I did with my students that was about America and I started thinking a little while that my students and I came back so so did you randomly drink the stories in Paraguay for a moment actually I got a little distracted for a moment think about the play of course you left me and then went off and you came back there are some people who managed to have two stories running in Paraguay they run parallel films, parallel stories ok now let me now go and hope that we can do much more work on this if we have time, if we don't I want you to think now about the sensory elaboration I guess some of you had pictures did somebody get pictures you got pictures this morning you showed us a picture about the Canadian sign in the forest and bears because he gave us a wonderful picture this morning about a sign in the woods in Canada saying make sure you have your make sure you have clean underwear on or something like that it was a public sign so immediately made a fool of us bears, smell and immediately so you've got somebody coming in on this morning you realise this is totally normal you realise this is actually you're just being ordinary human beings hyper creative ordinary human beings now I want to ask to explore briefly what you're doing sensory people who got a number of pictures as I told the story who did ok can I work with you can you, everybody else right now the questions I asked just the questions not the answers what's your name Rosie, were your pictures black and white or colour from the beginning and were they still or moving they were moving when did they start moving what point when the when the snakes started belching ah that point once the spider had been built ok up till then they were still ok were they still so yeah they were still up till then were they big or small for pictures large, I don't know large, I don't know my brain ok when you say large are you thinking sort of like that picture of that screen or were they far or near she was there they were inside my head there wasn't really a it wasn't really a sight to them but it was almost as if inside my head I was looking through a thin film ok they were flicking they were flicking right in the cinema like in an old cinema because you were talking about different scenes ok yeah so they flicking when there was a change of scene yeah were your pictures with a frame or till they go off into space no weren't you actually at any point in the picture I mean in the space rather than the picture you know in a dream sometimes you can be in the space of the dream rather than looking into them outside it was more than it kind of zoomed in enough as if it were like a camera I mean when you were talking about the chimney it was zoomed in and we were actually in the space you were actually in the space you were actually in the space or part of it in the second part which is a bit bizarre because it was in the office bit different it was a bit different it was a bit different because it was in the office but that's what you did don't deny what you did you were in parallel space parallel space sometimes people don't have external pictures sometimes they find themselves in the space where the action is taking place Rosie the first time I met someone who was in the parallel space the lecture of this work is exploratory so I'm delighted to be in the parallel space can you now turn to a partner and very quickly try to find out the nature of their pictures if they got pictures if they didn't get pictures ask them about sound that's what I mean about elaboration there's very much more extraordinary detail and life in there than I put in there you've got the equivalent of 30 pages of a novel in terms of verbal description and you did that in 5-10 minutes now let me just change role what colour were the leaves as they cut it down from the trees they were green and they made it green it was smart when I did that I talked very clearly about the colour it was really brown please pay more attention what do we know about the management structure of the company it's missing a first page there were three vice presidents and there's actually two vice presidents no they left one out it was really two and who else the mention of the leaves in the cave when the bear first went in to hibernate a probable shear do you see how stupid this question is do you see how actually asinine they are what does it matter whether the fluttering leaves are really brown or yellow as you said it's absurd and what I'm doing is I'm asking linguistic questions about the dead text of Mary and I'm ignoring what you've done isn't that a perverse idiocy and isn't this normal across all languages don't you accept didn't you have a moment of guilt that you couldn't give me a proper good student answer to me I'm remembering it forever as a student at night I mean I know how you understand how stupid it is to go back to the dead text and not to pay attention to the text that you were created is an absurd behaviour on my part so big question mark about the role of so-called comprehension questions in language teaching if you go to the BBC Herplus British Council website I run a blog for them this time last year and there's an article there about the whole problem of the comprehension question if you want to follow up that might be a nice place to go I think I need to stop there because there are other people who are going to work I have these books on display and if you want to buy in either or each trial quick there's a decent discount from what you pay in the shops thank you very much thank you very much mario