 Ac oeddwn i'n ni'n gwybodaeth o'r hefyd. A oeddwn i'n gwybodaeth o'r myfyrdd o'r pethau o'r myfyrdd o'r pethau. Mae'r perthynau microproces iawn o'r pethau o'r pethau hollwch, o'r perthynau o'r cyfnod o'r transborth, o'r cyfnodau llwydd, o'r olygu o'r symud. Mae'r hefyd o'r perthynau o'r prhyf. Rwy'n gweithio allwch yn unig. Mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n hefyd, nad oedd yn ysgrifennu yn gweithio yma. I'm going to be for us. This year, 7 billion of us will use 25 trillion kilowatt hours of electricity. And if a lot of that will end up as waste heat. So we treat waste heat as a problem. We see it as a challenge to design how we can manage it. We don't think of it as a resource. If we thought of it as a resource, that would be a resource we are just throwing away. And it's worse than that. We're not just wasting heat. We're using even extra energy trying to manage that heat. So extra systems on aircraft, for example, to keep the system cool. At the other end of our thermal spectrum, refrigeration and air conditioning is now using something like 15% of our global electricity production. So here we are in the 21st century. Wouldn't it be great if we could do something better? If we could use that heat to extract electricity. Or if we could use electricity to more efficiently cool systems. Systems we could just embed into everyday objects that would allow us to have electricity back to power systems. So why aren't we doing that? Well, there are a few problems, but really they're both the same two sides of the same coin. How can we use heat to extract electricity? How can we use electricity to extract cooling? There are about material systems that have transitions in them. And we could start to address some of those problems. We think a bit more cleverly about how we do materials engineering. So one of the key challenges is one of chemistry. How do we get the atomic structure of the materials we're using right so that they do effectively and efficiently couple between thermal and electrical energy? The second problem is one of structure. How do we get materials that can pump effectively electricity or heat in and out of those systems? We're going to need new materials combined at the nano scale to be able to do this. So when we talk about chemistry and nanostructuring, we only have to look around us to see lots of examples. Nature does this naturally. Beautiful interconnected systems. And we can start to look to biology to think about ways to both design and to start to grow new nanoscale and nanocomposite systems. So you might have multiple layers of materials, just atomic layers thick that behave differently to their component structures. Or you might directly mimic something biological like a leaf or a bone. Or in my lab we work on opals to have interconnected active systems. And once you've got that coupling of nanostructure and chemistry into a new material, you can start to think about different applications. At a simple level you can think about low power devices. So having self-powered health monitoring just from the ambient temperature of your body. Monitoring in remote hazardous environments where you don't want to send people in. New systems that will allow us better connectivity and better information gathering. Our transport systems will use less fuel and that means less emissions. And we can start to think about connecting our systems so that the heat from the engine is then recaptured and used to power, say the air conditioning units in urban transport networks. In refrigeration, this is a huge topic, you could just swap out conventional devices that have not really changed about 100 years with magnetically powered technology. There will be 50% more efficient, straight away 50% efficiency improvement. That on a grid scale electricity demand is 3% supply just from your domestic housing. 12 megatons of carbon dioxide will be saved with that technology. But just because we're thinking about nanoscale materials doesn't mean we shouldn't think even bigger. Why don't we join up all these systems? Have thermal recapture with local renewables, local energy storage to have a completely off-grid factory or data centre. We would reduce resource consumption, reduce production costs, reduce environmental impact. So we are already 7 billion and growing, the demographic is shifting, more and more of us are moving to cities. And those urban environments are literally hotspots. What if we could think a little bit more cleverly about heat capture? What if we could start to harness some of this energy that's just been wasted? So we're facing a triple challenge in energy, security, sustainability and equity. Heat is a huge part of our energy ecosystem. If we even start to make small changes we will have massive impacts on our energy economy. In the future these smart nanocomposites will be embedded into everyday devices. They will change the way we think about industrial and urban design. But right now it's still a waste of resource. The tin can you just saw, none of you will be throwing that away. You see that as a resource. What can we do to make people see heat and heat capture as a resource and make heat capture the new recycling?