 So, we will continue looking at sounds which we have seen last time little bit. We started with the idea that sounds are basic blocks of language. Remember, there are there are different infinite sounds in any language. A set of sounds in any language is limited in number. Also, all the languages share sounds. Some would share more, some would share less. Nonetheless, there are distinct patterns, distinct sounds in every language. There may be distinct sounds in every language, okay. And then we will begin looking at places of articulations and manners of articulations today again. And more mostly we will be talking about places of articulations of consonants today and we have looked at the distinction between consonants and vowels, right. Very very quickly what would be the most significant distinction between a consonant sound and a vowel sound? Anybody? Abstraction of air flow, obstruction of exhaling flow of air in the oral cavity, okay. If it is obstructed at different point in different ways that is at different places of articulations and with different manners of articulations then they become consonant sounds. However, if there are there is very little obstruction and the flow is not totally obstructed then there are vowel sounds. Vowel sounds are fundamental to words, to the to the process of word formation because we see empirical evidence across languages that there is no word possible without a vowel sound, okay. Which tells us vowels are, vowel sounds are fundamental to language, okay. So let us look at some of more places of articulations. We will keep coming back to this picture several times. I do suggest you to take a look at this picture very carefully when you are looking at it at home in your on your machines as well, okay. In this picture we have seen that there are two important places to begin with. One is nasal cavity, the other is oral cavity and this this place uvula is one very crucial organ which is responsible for nasal quality of sounds in the sense that if the air if the flow is allowed to move through this cavity then we get nasal quality in sounds if it is if uvula is raised and this nasal passage is closed then we get only oral sounds, okay. And then we come to other places of articulation where the important ones are going to be look at this. You see this place this place which is called a vealum. You see this place this is called palate. Then things like these which are teeth and then lips, okay. And then right close next teeth you see what we know as alveolar ridge. Do you see this alveolar ridge here and then this is in the oral cavity we have this line as we say tongue. This is the back of tongue this will be the tip of the tongue, alright. So I am only drawing your attention to some of these places which are going to be responsible for large number of sounds again. One more thing which you should look at is this. You see this thing this is called glottis and vocal chords are located here, right. Anybody plays any musical instrument? No? Yes? So how do you get sound out of musical instruments? Vibrations of what? So there are strings in the in some of the or many of them and then when you try to vibrate them in variety of ways then you get different combination of sounds. That is all I can say about them and that is visible. You can see people doing that and then there is underlying system behind that those who know how to do it well they can come up with more combination of sounds. So look at this there are vocal chords located here in the glottis. So these are going to be important places for us to look at. Did we see vocal sounds last time? What is very crucial to refresh is there are only three places of articulations that is we have divided the entire oral cavity into three parts one is back, mid and front. The reason why it has been divided only in three parts is because the obstruction of sound is very minimal. So for the back vowel whatever little obstruction that you see is in the back of the oral cavity. For mid vowels the little bit of obstruction that you will see is in the in that part and then for front vowels like u and u you see it being some sort of obstructions in the front. And then we have seen according to manners of articulations there are two of them one is a short vowel the other is long. We started talking about vowels when I had asked you questions about how many vowels are there in English and remember we had seen there are five vowels and then we talked about them a lot and we also talked that there is nothing called a for apple remember those things. Now besides that now is the time to look at it more carefully where the distinction between a vowel sound a and a is only in terms of the duration of duration of these sounds and that duration is also relative duration which is if if a is longer then a has to be shorter than that. E if it is longer then the short one has to be shorter than that. So there is no no time defined for these short and long vowels this duration is relative all right and they have been very carefully classified in the classified in the studies of these sounds. Short long short long and short long all three back vowel mid vowel and front vowels have their three longer counterparts and then there are there are more vowels I told you last time that this classification was done long long time ago that was around 2500 BC by a grammar and Panini who studied these things. Does anyone know where he lived where he studied these things last time I remember somebody was telling me about Panini somebody you okay so do you know where I mean this is not just for him anybody can answer this question do you know where he lived where he did these things no that is not very crucial for what we are discussing but it is important to locate it in time and history time and place particularly he studied it in the range of Hindu Kush mountains which are now parts of a north western Pakistan or Afghanistan the idea is probably he studied these things at Takshashila okay or around that area another important part is in these many years 2500 years studies after studies of sound system and anything that we know today in modern science about sounds such studies have not contradicted anything that he was talking about and I think I remember now when last time we before we stopped last time I told you that these sounds are unique sounds in the sense that they are part of all the languages all the languages the languages that were there during time during Panini's time or may not be now or the languages that we have today or may not have been around during time of Panini to crucial examples I to crucial examples are Hindi and English and many other languages that we speak get this thing all right moving ahead now we want to look at consonant sounds in the in the set of sounds that we are going to look at and that are very common in most of the languages that we speak almost all the languages that we speak these are five different places of articulation so in the in the oral cavity you will see the location of these five places which which we have looked looked at and we are going to see that again the sounds that come from vealum remember that place vealum in that cavity vealum in that cavity no we are going to look at that in a moment such sounds are called wheeler sounds palette gives us palatal sound teeth dental sounds lips labial sounds and there is something called retroflex which I will show you in a in a moment. So let us let us let us look at some more on manners of articulations let me first show you actual some of some of these sounds and then this manner of articulation or places of articulation will make more sense okay do these sounds sound familiar when we say car okay let us let us talk about couple of generic things first to establish certain fundamentals and then we look at their classifications according to places of articulations and minors of articulations when we say car is this which which language does this sound belong to is this sound in Telugu Tamil Malayalam Hindi Sanskrit English in a way all the languages that you may be speaking okay and bear with me I am not just counting these languages for the sake of their names or the languages that you may be speaking I am trying to draw your attention to the fact that these sounds are not a specific to a language okay and similarly they are the manners of articulations that you see on the vertical axis. So if car is a wheeler sound it is not going to change depending upon different languages this point making sense the place of articulation the place of articulation is not going to change depending upon different languages therefore we are talking about the process of sound production which are not specific to a language at this point also if I can remind you about the things that we established way early in the beginning that these these are the ways to look at fundamentals of language remember the distinction that we established between language and languages right. So when we look at these things or in in a particular in in these manners then we are talking about language we are not looking at languages all right okay so it will be helpful if you can if you can say some of these sounds and really see whether these we we do not have to locate volume but we can see those areas in your oral cavity whether they are really true or not right you do not have to say it too loudly but you can say it you may you have you have said this sound million times by now by million I simply mean uncountable numbers probably we do not even remember how many times a day we say these sounds right but one more time does not make much of a difference and that time is going to be the time when you are really going to see that these are wheeler sounds that is coming from wheeler. So can somebody say this sound loudly can you say this sound loudly ka ka ka do we see that this is located in this area not not exactly at this point in this area do you see that when we say ka ka do you see any any involvement of lips in that teeth tongue do you see that what is the involvement of tongue in production of ka so this is the place right and this is the tongue back that is back of the tongue right tongue is a is is is long long muscular thing in the oral cavity right it is not very good looking organ in in any sense but we know how it looks right we see that almost every day so and if you if we divide that also into several parts that is tip of the tongue and then you see the sides of the tongue they are called blades of the tongue and then we have back of the tongue I promise you we will not talk about these things any further okay it has all all such parts have huge role to play in production of a particular sound so when we say ka what happens to the tongue back it raises little bit right and then probably it is going to be touching that vealum part in that process it blocks the flow of the air completely alright and then when the release takes place the blocking is not responsible for the sound the raising of back of the tongue upward towards vealum blocks the flow of the air when it is released the sound that we get from that part is called ka and we give them a name it is called vealer sound once again what is important for us again to keep in mind is this is we are not aware of all these things happening we are not doing anything on purpose remember just a moment ago I told you we do not even know how many times we say this sound we have we do not pay attention to this process that we are talking about therefore we do not know therefore we we take a moment to think what what is going on with the back of the tongue and vealum and all that I I do not know so in order for us to be saying this sound ka 100 times a day 1000 times a day we really do not have to pay attention to its mechanism the the motor movement available for this sound however when we look at it in terms of what is happening then this is this is where we get it clear palatal sounds so what was the next one palatal sounds cha once again for a for a for a generic confirmation is this sound available in all the languages that you speak cha now do you when you say this sound cha do you see the difference in place of articulations between ka and cha yes and it as you can see in the picture it is moving forward right vealum is toward the back of the mouth and pallet is almost in the middle so much so that we can we can realize we can we can feel that right there are two parts of pallet one part is called hard pallet the other part is called soft pallet that distinction is not made in this picture but there are two parts of this that distinction is also important for several sounds may not be important for the sounds that we are talking about right now but there may be some sounds in some language which may have palatal sounds which are coming from soft pallet and or palatal sounds coming from hard pallet if if there are sounds which are coming from both of them some sounds from hard pallet and some sounds from soft pallet then they are they are given different names for the sound cha we call it palatal because that distinction is not important here okay and I am talking about only I will I will repeat this thing again I am talking about only five places of articulations because I am I am trying to restrict with this description only to some sounds this is not to say that there are only five places of articulations in the oral cavity for consensual sounds understand there could be more and not could be there are more for other languages okay it just that we are not talking about lot of them here I will at the end of it I will give you some of them some such sounds which will have different places of articulations which we are also familiar with okay just just to see alright so in the production of palatal sounds we have moved forward and now Veelam is not responsible what is responsible is pallet when we say cha right I am sorry for this arrangement now the next we we we leave the next one for a moment okay we go to the dental ones that dental sound is called ta ta do you hear this sound clearly ta can you say that ta right can you give me a word where you see this dental sounds a word with ta tabula very nice thinking is different we say thinking is different let us let us leave this for a moment ta somebody from there tabula is one no I am coming to tennis in a moment remember this these words thinking and tennis both the live okay tail what is the word for tail in Telugu or for that matter Telugu ta right but nobody told me what the word for tail in Telugu you understand tail oil okay do you see the do you hear the sound ta in Telugu that is the sound we are talking about okay now what is the place of articulation for this what is going on with this sound upper teeth right say it again ta say it again pay more attention to this and then tell me what you have said so far is right ta that is fine tip of the tongue which part of the tongue tip of the tongue right has something to do with teeth what does it actually do touching that upper part is also kind of true kind of fine when it does more than that that that is given for all the sounds see this is why we have already talked about obstruction of air in the beginning and now we are talking about a specific mechanism it is just that you need to focus little bit more when you are saying ta that is also true it is true just like it is true for ka just like it is true for cha the difference is because vealum is too far back or pallet is centrally located so when the air flow is completely obstructed we do not feel what you say pressure okay and you and because we are allowing the flow of the air to come all the way toward the front of the mouth therefore you feel the pressure that is given but my nice observation there is something else that is happening which is very very clear nobody wants to say that okay let me say this to you and then see then tell me whether it is true or not the tip of the tongue goes in the middle of both upper teeth and lower teeth when you say taegu tael and tabula does it or does it not you can only feel this when you say this does it or does it not see it is too obvious also in the sense that it is too much in the front right and why you may be thinking that it does not go in the middle of the teeth is also something that I am going to show you or I am going to tell you but first say the word taegu the way we say or tabula or tael or many other words with ta we are not talking about ta like table what can you give me couple of more words with ta T table top we are not saying these sounds we are talking about dental sounds like tabula taegu tael and more do you agree with this thing or you are you are in agreement with this because I am saying so do you see do you feel the tip of the tongue going in the middle of the upper teeth and lower teeth now it is too fast you cannot hold it for long time if it does not stay there for you to feel it see teeth is a very sharp object right at the same time tip of the tongue is the softest thing if it stays there any longer you can understand the violence that can happen you see this thing therefore however that happens every time we say that alright and it is it is observable when you say it say these sounds in isolation you simply say ta ta only then you see it happening when you say words fast because it when you say words fast you do not see that happening obviously because there may be more than one sound ta in a word when we say what say word which may have four or five sounds in it we do not pay attention to the places of articulation of each sounds and a word may have a sound palatal may have a dental may have a wheeler all kinds of sounds are possible in a word remember these things that we have been discussing so far when you put all these discussions in perspective then you see more clearly the generic or fundamental aspects of language that we have discussed so far alright now the ta is a dental sound for that purpose that we are going to see the tip of the tongue in the middle of two teeth therefore it is called dental one more point at this stage we have talked about three wheeler sounds from vealum palatal sounds from palette and dental sounds from teeth in all three of them we see the role of tongue this do we see that the back of the tongue is raised up to touch vealum tip of the tongue goes in the middle of the teeth for dental sounds but these sounds are not named after tongue that has a role tongue has a role to play in most of them but they are named after different places of articulation in the oral cavity alright okay now the last one is labial and the pressure that you mentioned you are going to see that in these sounds more when you say pa when we are we are exaggerating some of the things little bit because we do not say the way I am saying it right now when we say the same sound in a word right how do we say say pa pa what is going on here it is labial sound what is going on here lips what is happening to lips so the so the flow of the air is stopped and released at lips right it is very clear to be little bit more precise in the okay let me say that in the following sense I have to look at couple of other things for you in the more precise way do you see the role of both the lips or just one lip that is upper lip and lower lip both are involved in that right pa can we say this sound pa just with one lip it is just not possible okay therefore more precisely these sounds are called bilabial sounds I have just put labial here for a particular reason but these sounds are called bilabial sounds just to be really precise does this at least make you help the genius of a person who may have done this thing long time ago right it it even now it gives us a sense that we we know these things so well we know all these sounds so well we don't even need to pay attention to these things how many times do we say these things in a day right but when these things are brought to our attention particularly with the idea that somebody paid attention to these things not when French revolution was going on or Indian freedom revolution was going on long long time ago right that that is something something really very striking at least right so the and and one more thing which we should which we should keep in mind and this genius of Panini helps us know at least is human effort to pay attention to intricacies of language even at the level of sounds words sentences or mechanism involved in production of sounds is not new it's not done only for computers it's not done for helping other things it was done simply as an intellectual pursuit for someone's curiosity to understand what's involved in when we speak what happens when we speak this is one question which doesn't strike us even now too commonly I am not saying that people don't pay attention to these things too commonly right there are there are lot of other things that are happening to us and we don't pay attention to them too commonly so I am not saying that sounds are or language is the only thing which everybody should be paying attention to right there are many other things that are happening to us or we keep doing which to which we don't pay much attention but language happens to be one of them I have taken you to through various other discussions about various other aspects and this is again one more talking about Panini is not just to talk about a great Sanskrit grammarian who did it long time ago important thing is so long time ago to such such minute details that it's not just labial it's bilabial and they have given the terms for these these sounds which help us see the precision to which they have worked on without any instrument without any laboratory or I I mean it's easy for us to say from now that probably they didn't even know the concept of laboratory at that time but a lot of times it feels like that will be too much of a claim maybe they did maybe they were talking about other things that we do in laboratory we just don't have evidence of such things anymore right so that that's that is what these precise description tells us about that time now coming back to see more of what this system has done and why this system is called generative system and then what it how it is applicable how such things are applicable to production of others other kinds of sounds but before we go there let's now look at what we know as manners of articulation please look at this chart carefully I don't have grids here the sounds that you see this far these are called oral sounds these sounds are nasal sounds I'll draw your attention to that also in a couple of minutes okay and on the vertical axis we have different places of articulations all right and here you see do you see some something plus minus things these are called manners of articulations they're they're simple things I'm going to just tell you in a moment all right so first all these sounds here that you see on this horizontal axis they're all vealum all of them are coming from vealum they are all wheeler sounds all right and what are they when we say what's the next one when after kha kha and after that and after that all right let's stop there even this much was great right we just saw that this this this gives us a good feeling to understand oh this sound kha has a place of articulation which is called vealum right even this much is great looks looks fine but look at the further details of this what's the difference between kha and kha this is a very simple question that any man can ask you right more air see this thing more air you may have seen this chart many times has people here studied devanagari chart chart you may have seen this chart what I am trying to show you is what you have not seen so far what is what is shown to us what is done to us in schools what is done to us in schools with English alphabet I have already told you right what is done to us with this kind of chart is we are given this thing and we are not given these things that's okay I mean we don't we don't have to blame people right now what I am doing is we are telling you what we are not told ever we are looking at something that is not visible that is not clearly told to us so what's the difference between kha and kha again more air can we say it little bit more precisely when you say more air please pay attention to this we are not denying that there is no air flow in kha it's only more air and that more is kind of visible right and it it's very very simple if you put your hand close to this close to your mouth and say the two sounds you will you will feel more flow of air in the second one kha you see that can you can you do this that please the more is depends on how much more you release but there is more between the two okay this is why and and this is referred in modern terms the terminology that I have used is aspiration okay aspiration so kha is indicated as minus aspiration and kha is indicated as plus aspiration all right so that at least gives us one way of distinction between these two if we are looking at only flow of air right now look at kha so when we say kha and kha there is no flow both of them have similar flow of air but still there is a difference between the two when we say kha and kha there is a difference between the two is there a difference or not kha and kha now if we only put aspiration in picture then it fails to account for the distinction between kha and kha flow of air more flow of air which we know as aspiration accounts for the difference between kha and kha very nicely but again when we want to look at the difference between kha and kha we see no difference in terms of flow of air therefore that parameter fails okay however what we observe empirically is there is a difference between the two so we need to account for whatever is responsible for that difference we need to articulate that right again when we say kha then we see the difference right but what we see is the difference between kha and kha and kha and kha again we do not see the difference between kha and kha in terms of flow of air and we have similar kind of flow of air for kha and kha but still there is a difference between the two am I making sense to everybody so just flow of air that is aspiration is not telling us much so there has to be something more which is which should be responsible for the difference in these two sounds now let us go back to vocal chord what we what we saw in the picture and remember where it is located it is located in glottis right so what's after a after aspiration that you see in this chart it's called voice right voice is the term for vibration in the vocal chord okay if there is no vibration then that is minus voice and if there is vibration then that's called plus voice now this vibration is is very minimal it's hard to distinguish but that is the voicing with that is the that is the vibration which is responsible for the distinction between kha and and kha however hard that may be it's possible where where where do you think will be glottis locate glottis located somewhere here so if you put your this thing here and say the two sounds kha and gha kha and gha kha gha the it's not as nice as it comes out of musical instruments but you do see more vibration when you say gha okay and that's the voicing which makes the difference between kha and gha and also between kha and gha so kha becomes a sound which has no vibration no air kha is a sound which has only more air but no vibration gha is a sound which has no air but vibration and gha is a sound which has both more air and vibration get this thing now if we put this binary distinction of more air and voicing in picture then we can assign distinctive features to each one of these sounds even though the place of articulation is same for all of them so in that case we can say wheeler plus voice plus aspiration and then we know which sound we are talking about we have to say nothing of what we have discussed so far or to put it differently we only need to say that much and that accounts for everything that we have done so far okay so so this whole thing the distinction binary distinctions which we call manners of articulations because it's about more air less air more vibration less vibration these are termed as manners of articulations and different locations in the oral cavity are called places of articulations this may not have been told to us for a reason but when you look at these sounds then you see why are they arranged the way they are arranged okay now since we are looking at this chart I should also draw your attention to one more thing which one of this these five places of articulations that you have seen so far is more audible which sounds that we discussed few a few days ago that children can see more visibly which of these places of articulations is easy to see lips right they are quite in the front it's observable right still when we see the chart and this classification what we see is they are starting at the place which is not visible right what would be wrong if they started this whole chart with labial sounds first in other words my question is can you see the underlying precision unstated fact that this wants this chart wants to tell you without writing or without saying that that's fine that's absolutely true so in labial the that place is lips and in velum that vela that place is velum but why that that is fine true what I am asking is and please look at this question carefully what I am asking is why this arrangement does not start with labial because labial sounds is very easy to see remember even kids start watching movements of lips therefore they end up saying words like papa mama baba right they see the movement of lips they are not really imitating they are only trying to move their own lips as well and they they end up saying these things which we think they are saying papa the child may not know anything about papa what it means or what the word actually means now you see why that might be happening but my question is more fundamental before we stop why not starting with labials first and then velum because labials are more visible and if at anything that is true about velas velum velum is not visible at all so what the person who did this arrangement what is the rational behind that is there no rational or is there is some rational which is not stated but it's for us to see they started the backup very true absolutely true because it has an answer in what you said not not true but not the answer that's also true but not the answer to this question the simple answer is it's not mentioned categorically here but remember what is responsible for production of sounds which air inhaling air or exhaling air exhaling air starts modification where glottis and upward without writing this arrangement tells you that please know that while arranging this this thing in this particular way I know that inhaling air is not responsible for this thing so I am giving you the direction in which the flow of air is responsible for production of sounds you see this thing if we did if someone did this today there is there is no novel prize for linguistics okay if someone did this thing today and talked about all these things I am not sure about novel prize but this must have got them something but this person did not even write the things they knew about trust me this arrangement could not have been possible without the person knowing about these things see see the point that I am trying to make so it's not a coincidence that he starts with vealum and goes to labial is moving gradually from vealum to palette to dental another to lips so he could have gone all all the way backward but not going backward simply tells you that I am talking about the directionality of sounds directionality of flow of air which is responsible for production of sound get this thing there are there are few more things salient features of these sounds and little bit more about manners of articulation that we need to discuss which we discuss tomorrow when we meet at one thank you