 Okay, ladies and gentlemen, we are ready to proceed with our next speaker, and it gives me great pleasure to introduce Martin Hayden to you. Martin will be talking to us about the power of the X chromosome, and he is from County Gildare, he's from the border of Gildare, Disha and Carlo, in a place called Castle Dermot, and 14 of his 16 great-great-grandparents are from Castle Dermot. So, if you put Martin into a juicer, you'd get the purest form of Castle Dermot DNA known to map, not recommended just an observation. So, Martin is a member of ISOG, the Irish Genealogical Research Society, and the Irish Gilding Records Society, but he works, by day, as a principal analyst and modeler for Transport for London. But his night job is sitting in front of his computer and dabbling with genetic genealogy, and there's no better person to talk to us about the power of the X chromosome. Please give him a warm welcome. Well, firstly, I'd just like to say thank you very much to Morrison for inviting me to come and speak today, and I have to say this is the first time I've spoken at a genealogy conference, so hopefully it all goes well. But I just thought I'd give a little bit of an overview of what we're going to look at, and then a little bit just about me is my first time out. So, I'm going to do a little bit of an overview on the DNA. So, before I get into the X chromosome, I know it's been touched in other lectures, but I will touch a little bit on autosomal, on Y, and on mitochondrial. And I'll talk about the importance of DNA testing and traditional genealogy, because they don't exist in isolation. We need both the paper records and the other type of records to work alongside the DNA, and Martin's previous talk is evidence of how that can come together. I'll introduce the X chromosome. I will give a talk a little bit about the inheritance patterns of X, which are quite different, and X has been neglected quite a lot, so I think it's quite nice to focus a little bit on X. And then DNA tests that facilitate X chromosome analysis, and I worked example of discovery. So, I do have a tree in here. The names have all been changed to make it anonymous, but it is a real situation, but I have to protect identities and that because it's an adoption and that involvement. So, it's only fair to change it. And a little bit about making DNA work for you, and a conclusion. So, me, I'm from the parish of Castle Dermot. I come from three miles outside the village. My parents are farmers, currently living and working in England. And I was interested in genealogy from a teenager. I was lucky enough to remember my grandparents who passed away mostly in the 80s and the 90s. So, when I was a child, they were able to tell me about the First World War and when they were children, along the Second World War. So, I had firsthand experience of what life was like in 1910, 1912. My grandfather even told me that one of his earliest memories was the sinking of the Lusitania. That was in 1915, and when it was on the papers and stuff like that. So, it got me interested in history. And in school, I did both Irish leaving cert history and I did biology as well. So, the history and the biology coming together was a good way of doing genetic genealogy. And I did my first DNA test in January 2017. And now I've tested with everything and transferring it to my heritage. And tested over 20 members. And I've done quite a few big Y tests and mitochondrial tests as well. And I like to advocate for genealogy. And for those that might be seeing this on the web, that's why I don't take. So, let's carry on. I run a project, a small project called Castle Bermont DNA Connections. It's got 68 members now since that was put up. And about 20% of them are my family essentially. And then the rest are our other people that I've got through writing certain people's trees. And if I find people on family tree DNA that have got an ancestor in Castle Bermont or whatever, I'll write them and ask them if they're interested in joining the project. And I always try to give them something back. So, I'll always try and research some ancestor for them in the records or go out and look at a grave or do something like that or get my mum to do it because I live in England so my mum just gets jobs. But I always feel that if they're given me the access to the DNA, it's nice to give something back in return. And then it's a kind of a two-way process and it encourages other people to get involved. The project is combined. It covers also an XY and mitochondrial. And it's very useful because having grown up there, I've got a familiarity with the townslands. And the townslands are very useful for finding families, especially if you've got many families with the same surname. You can say, oh, you're that branch of that family or you're that branch of that family. And as one way I contributed to the genealogy community outside my own personal family research. And I also run another little private project that I run with these people on a genealogy basis. And that's across both England and Ireland. So, a little tiny bit then on just what are our aims and objectives in genealogy. To make new family discoveries, find new cousins. I found loads all across America, so I could have a holiday in every state now. From Alaska to Florida to California to Utah to everywhere. Construct an accurate genealogy for future generations. I think we're a generation of people who have got a lot of older people and everything that's told us stories that can start to get lost as people start to move around. And I think it's getting that genealogy together while we still have got the information and trying to build it back and preserving it for future generations. Finding new cousins and developing a pedigree over managed generations. And I'm back on the most part to my own personal family. And I'm back on the most part to my own personal family. I'm back on the most part to my own personal family. And I'm back on the most part to my third-grade grandparents. And a couple I've got, I think, eighth-fourth-grade grandparents. They're going into the late 1700s. Answers the question, look, who am I and where do I come from? And help on their genealogical info. And I think one of the biggest things for me is I like preservation and it's preserving our genealogical history. So for me, a lot of it is kind of preserving and trying to make things that future generations would be able to get. So genetic genealogy, the use of DNA to match close and distant cousins we can get. And then it gives us information about our admixture. Now, for me, it's quite boring because it's British and Irish all the way through nearly. I don't have anything exciting. But it is good in terms of ethnicity to give us an idea of what our ethnicity is. But as I say, a lot of the work I do is looking at the cousin matching and looking how we match. But it does give us an idea of if you have something that's different in there, it's another branch to follow and it opens up a new area of excitement of a different genealogy than you might otherwise thought. So in terms of ethnicity, I don't focus too much on the accuracy. If you've got something that's a high proportion of Asian or African or something else, Native American, it gives you something else to look at. And it also gives us more about our deep ancestry on YDNA and mitochondrial DNA. So before I get into the X chromosome, I just thought I'd recap on a little bit about the autosomal YDNA and mitochondrial DNA. As was mentioned on some other talks, the first 22 pairs of chromosomes are our autosomal DNA. So we've got, I know like 23 in me talks about our 23, but we're really 46 because it's one from each parent. We include the X chromosome on the 23rd pair. It's male and female and it's inherited from both parents. YDNA is one of the sex determining chromosomes on the 23rd pair. So for females it's XX and for males it's XY. And the Y chromosome has the SRY gene and that's what turns on the male development and produces males from the XY. And it's the smallest chromosome. It's about 59,000 or million base pairs. So it's one of the smallest chromosomes. I think 21 is the smallest autosomal and then the Y is even smaller than that. And finally, the mitochondrial DNA, it's the power, as I call it, the power station of the cell if you like and it's got this special type of inheritance patterns. While the YDNA is on the male line only, the mitochondrial DNA follows the female line all of the way back and YDNA can only be taken by male testers but mitochondrial can be passed down by male and female but it only then goes to the next generation through daughters, through women because it stays in the egg so it's only passed through the egg you see. So it doesn't go from sons to the next generation. It only goes from daughters to the next generation. So autosomal DNA inheritance patterns is inherited the same way across all of the 22 autosomes. So every one of us get 22 pairs from our father and our mother. We've got 24 chromosomes in our standard autosomal DNA and we're exactly half our parents. So when we talk about differences with siblings, it's because our siblings got different bit of both our parents than we did because unless we were exactly identical or as I got the twins, every one of us are a bit different whereas in that case you're identical because you're coming from the same single fertilised egg. And we therefore inherited a different proportion of our grandparents and I think I've tested all of my siblings by one and it gives me a really good example of how I can say right I'm slightly more my maternal grandfather whereas one of my brothers is definitely slightly more my paternal grandmother and I can start from looking at cousins in the autosomal how that's broken down. So just before we move on to the X part, here we are giving an example of the autosomal recombination. So up at the top here we've got all of the great-great-grandparents you can see that how it's passed on to the great-grandparents the grandparents, the parents and then the rainbow stripes down at the bottom. The reason why autosomal though becomes less useful after six, seven generations is because the stripes become narrower and narrower and narrower and it's hard to determine and hard to break them out because and then all of a sudden you can start to have the missing parts from up here because maybe one of the great-great-grandmother's DNA got left behind somewhere here and it doesn't pass down. So that's one of the limitations of the autosomal and the other graph is just showing the 22 autosomes and here we have the male with the XY and the female with the XX. So what is the X chromosome? So now we're on to the main part of this topic after doing a little bit of background. So there's the X chromosome up in the corner an X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes 155 million base pairs. So we have 3 billion base pairs and the X chromosome is about 5.2% of our makeup and it's similar in size to chromosome 7 so you can see the image from 23andMe shows the X chromosome here is quite long and if you go to number 7 it's nearly the same size so it's nearly the same size as chromosome number 7 and it was discovered in 1890 by a scientist in Germany and it was called X because it was unusual and actually the Y chromosome was discovered a little bit later and it was called Y because Y follows X. And it was considered unusual because meiosis in certain circumstances wasn't taking place so it was proven that it hadn't got the crossover and that was in the males there was no crossover with the Y and that's why they discovered that it actually was slightly different in performance and why it was something different about it than the other chromosomes that were identified at that time and females will have more X chromosome matches than males by virtue of having two X chromosomes so we'll be able to look at that in a minute and how it'll come out but one of the things that I find the way nature works and the way mathematics works is kind of amazing really so like what does the X chromosome have in common with a sunflower, an octopus shell and a galaxy andromeda that's our nearest galaxy well it's because they follow they follow the Fibronacci sequence of numbers and so does the X chromosome and the Fibronacci sequence is an Italian mathematician and it works on that you're adding the number that you previously had before so 1 and 1 is 2 and 3 is 5 and 5 and 3 is 8 and 5 is 13 and so forth when I was looking at this about 6 months or a year ago I was saying now I've got to work out how many X inherited numbers I'd have in different generations because you've got 2 parents and 4 grandparents and 8 great grandparents and so forth well I don't really have to think about it anymore because it works on the Fibronacci sequence so it's very easy and quick to work out the inheritance pattern of the X chromosome so male inheritance chrome pattern here and this has come from Blaine Dettinger I've taken the images and he's got a very good book and good website and loads of information and that's where I do a lot of my background reading and male inheritance you can see you're starting at 1 and 1 so you're female and then it's 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 so you're exactly going up on that through the Fibronacci sequence and every one of those colours are where you can look to get your X chromosome so like for example at your great-grandparent level you can see it would come through my paternal through my mum, through my grandfather and then through my grandfather's mother and then through my mother and grandmother and then you would see I'm coming through both my grandmother's father and grandmother's mother so you can see that with the X chromosome you're narrowing down the possibilities to search so rather than having the broad 16 great-great-grandparents 32 great-great-grays you're actually narrowing down the field and then I'll talk a little bit more in a couple of minutes about how segments are passed on and how it can be quite long and then the female gets the X chromosome from her dad as well so again you have this sequence now the Fibronacci sequence works on both sides of the three so it's half and half and when you're counting 1 on the male inheritance you usually can count the 1 if you like from the mother because there's only 1 and 1 whereas on a female you can count from herself because you've got 1, 2 and then you're going up and you can count on each side but you can see there for that with the inheritance patterns we have a much reduced field to work with than a full autosomal and it gives us a more concentrated and targeted way to solve problems and that's one of the things that this will demonstrate is how I managed to do that I think one thing that's important to mention there's a lot and sometimes it can be a mix-up with mitochondrial DNA and X-DNA X-DNA has numerous different inheritance patterns from whereas the mitochondrial is only on the line of the female coming right back so it's only the very pink line on the very edge of the male inheritance of female inheritance that you're only like now X chromosome has fewer inheritance possibilities than the full autosomal as you want to inherit the X chromosome from female ancestors and in my case I inherit the X chromosome from my mum and she inherits it from her parents and I don't get anything in terms of X from my dad so from my dad's side I need to go to my sister and I then inherit some X chromosome from both my maternal grandmother's parents but only from my maternal grandfather's mother and so on and the unique pattern allows us to identify unique ancestral paths in our genealogical research so my mum and dad are made infamous you can see here this is from family tree DNA and my mum and dad I've got an X match with my mum as you can see but I've got nothing from my father so this is showing that the X match comes down and here I've shown just chromosome 22 and this is with my mum on the top and my dad on the bottom and as you can see I've got a full X chromosome from my mum and nothing from my father and on the 23 and me the same 21, 22 with X from my mum from my dad X is blank that's showing basically the inheritance coming down and one thing I'm going to touch on in a minute is you see there's a male here and a female there that's because I've linked my family tree to me and to my mum and dad which means my DNA is phased and that becomes relevant in a few minutes so everywhere I look on the family tree DNA wherever I've got a female it means that they are related to me through my mother and everywhere I've got a male line they're related to me through my father and this is the importance of why we need to try and encourage people to put in a family tree into family tree DNA and link any cousins that we know to be related so anybody in our lists that we've identified if we can link them in to our tree and of course they will remain private if they're living naturally only we will see them but then you can connect to the DNA and it will phase it and that becomes relevant to certain family mystery in a couple of minutes how having your data phased halves the work and halves the job because you know which side of the family you're dealing with so 23 and me then I was just going to mention a couple of little things about the chromosomes and 23 and me gives you a breakdown in ethnicity on the chromosomes and you can see here on the X that it's saying that I'm largely northwestern European we're a little bit broadly European now that's because I've used a tighter confidence level on this you can set different confidence levels if I went to a 90% confidence level this is what I get if I went back to a 50% confidence level it's going to change the colour of this to be British and Irish because if you're less confident you can give more accuracy if you're more confident the accuracy goes out a little bit but this again when people are looking at the X chromosome if they have tested with 23 and me they can actually determine especially if you've got any ancestry or ethnicity that's of a broader spectrum maybe from some Native American African Asian you can see if that's coming through on the X chromosome where as you can see on my family coming from Ireland it stays blue but I thought it's just worth pointing that out and one of the other things I wanted to just point out was DNA Painter this is a tool by Johnny Palin he's given him a talk at 3 Turkey today and it's an excellent tool and it's invaluable in how to try and match these segments and from Martin's talk earlier about going back and trying to match these segments from 18, 30 and 18, 20 I have on my one there's a little yellow one here that's a known for cousin so that part is from my great-great-great-grandparents that little bit there I put that in because you can see on the X chromosome where different segments are coming from and I can tell you that that segment is coming from my maternal great-grandfather and that's coming from my mother's grandmother so that's on my mom's grandmother and that's my mom's grandfather so you can actually from the segments here start to determine where you're matching with the X chromosome and then if you paint in known matching cousins you can try to see exactly where they're going to fit so I would definitely recommend if you haven't already looking at DNA Painter and on that the closest relative I have in is my aunt and uncle and I'm going to create another one take my aunt and uncle out so I can get more information on more distant segments so X chromosome is used to narrow down complex cousin matching and identify particular lines of relationships it's different from females and males which we've seen a couple of minutes ago no recombination with X chromosome in males now that's very important because a female's paternal X chromosome is identical to that of our paternal grandmother because if it's coming through her father and he can't recombine with the Y chromosome the father is passing on his mother's X chromosome intact so a female's X chromosome is that from her paternal grandmother identically so there will be a crossover and recombination from her great grandparents but it's very useful because if you go back further generations and start to look at X you can get very very long segments and that's what's vital where you might get shorter segments in the general autosomal if you've got something that's coming down from a male-female-male-female pattern you can get very very long segments and that's something you should look out for with the X chromosome with your DNA matches you should go back through and see have I got any really long X chromosome segments because that's very very interesting and it's not advisable to use X matches where a segment is less than 7 centimorgans even I would say 10 centimorgans if it's very short it probably is accidental and because there can be a certain amount of endogamy especially in Irish rural communities where back to your 4th or 5th cousins you have people marrying that's actually your descending from two different lines now I haven't actually found that yet but I'm sure that in my generation before the one I've got it exists because I've got some matches with people that are married into the family rather than being my family so I said something went on back about maybe between 17, 25 and 1800 in that area in that time to give pedigree collapse but that's why it's not really worth looking at anything that's very short you're looking with X chromosome to look for long segments now so usage and sources Family3DNA offers a chromosome browser and an X chromosome 23andMe offers a chromosome browser and the X chromosome as well Ancestry doesn't provide any chromosome browser it provides the X chromosome in raw data so you need to transfer that and you can transfer that into Family3DNA in order to transfer you need to pay the $19 which unlocks the DNA and you can use then the chromosome browser and I will say down on the stand today there is a code that's unlock fee for $9 so if anybody has gone to transfer into Family3DNA now is the time to do it and get the $9 transfer fee which is very very cheap and my heritage has a chromosome browser but it doesn't actually do the X chromosome it only does the autosomes 1 to 22 so again you need to transfer and you can transfer into Family3DNA living DNA it has the setup for it but it's not quite there yet so living DNA is one of the newer testing companies it's currently under development and I should imagine it will eventually get there but at the moment you again have to download the raw data and the last thing I wanted to mention was as well as Family3DNA you can always transfer into GEDMATCH now I'm a little bit cautious with GEDMATCH at the moment because of the fact it's been taken over by this new very gen company and I'm very very in for protecting people's DNA and all of these issues with law enforcement and stuff so I'm beginning to open up to the fact that GEDMATCH is probably going to be okay and that this company will take seriously those people whose choices are opted out but again like was mentioned in an earlier presentation we need to understand what we're doing with our data the terms and conditions make sure that the testers especially if you're managing manning testers like I do that no one are happy with what you're doing so I would say GEDMATCH yes but with caution make sure you've looked at it and make sure you're comfortable before you do it and with Family3DNA you can opt out of the law enforcement it's in the matches as well and I just think it's fair that we always mention that when you're transferring DNA from other companies that people are aware you know what you're doing getting into so now this is the part where I'm going to explain how I use the X chromosome to sort out a little problem a match appeared in a FamilyDNA kit that was a match a high match with the kit owner and here we are we've got a cousin a second cousin to third cousin 218 centimorgans and 42 was the longest segment and an X match I said earlier that if you have parents and the great thing with Family3DNA is you can phase against cousins you don't have to have your parents in if you've got a first and second cousins you can actually phase and look you see I've got against this cousin it's a man with a symbol but it's got the female symbol so I knew that this was on the female side so that meant on the male side I could discard all of that side of the tree so from that little bit of phasing you can scrap half of it already so half the job is already there and that's from putting in the tree and phasing the matches so the importance of this match is high as it's just above 218 centimorgans as the kit owner had an extensive tree with other testers it phased his cousins in with the red female symbol and I think that's extremely important to get that knowledge out makes it very useful for working with trees so the next step I looked at the chromosome browser and it showed a very high X match look 218 centimorgans and now we've got 120 years on the X chromosome alone now this definitely is something to start getting interested in because the others I couldn't show all the chromosomes on the screen but going through there's little bits of segments going all the way back up to one but on the X I just said wow look at that, that's absolutely massive so this is the part where I kind of worked through the example of how it worked it out as I say the names are all changed but the outcome is the same so we've got a family tree and down at the bottom we've got a load of people with DNA symbols beside them so we've got this Smith family and we've got this Baker family and as you can see the Smith family have done DNA testing and the Baker family have done DNA testing and they all are descendants from Georgina Clark and John Baker up here so then what happens we get our new cousin appears with the 218 centimorgans the 218 centimorgans is matching with Alice Smith that's where the match is with this person here so we're saying right this new cousin how do they relate because they haven't got any information and they don't know how they relate to this person because they contacted and it's in one of my research projects and they were adopted so they don't know how they managed to fit in so right the first thing I needed to look at was what are the lines of that the new cousin could match on so firstly from Ann Smith I went up and I said right Joseph Smith I've ignored why have I ignored him I've ignored him because there was a female symbol from the phasing of the data so I said right I can discard that side of the tree it's definitely on this side and because the segments were long enough I was quite confident that this was definitely on this side so I looked at the possible family tree coming down from Michael Clark and Ann Miller and James Baker and Anastasia Cartwright so I said they're all of the descendants coming down right so if I then went along and had a look and said right well we've got these cousins these first cousins of Ann Smith over here these are the first cousins right so they're also descendant of these up at the very top of the tree so that was starting to make me think right this new cousin has got to be a descendant of either Michael Clark or Ann Miller or James Baker and Anastasia Cartwright and I can make that assumption at that level because of the level of DNA being a second cousin at 218 centimorgans so it's not really going to go much further back so the next thing ah the new cousin got some information and found the mother's name was Clark so haha we then start to look here and we say right so we've got Michael Clark and Ann and Miller so down we come so I put in a few more siblings for Georgina Clark in here Michael Clark and Ann and Bell Clark and then we've got some unknown Clark here the two represents two generations there's two generations needs to fit in here to put them in the right place and then we say alright so we can place the cousin in here because we can see the Clark coming down but life is never that simple the problem solved the new cousin is descended from my Clark and Ann and Miller well maybe not the problem was the X DNA only matched with those Smith cousins so look we have the bakers DNA match nothing Smith X match nothing nothing and here is the one we've seen earlier that 218 with the 42 so I said there's something wrong there so if we go back a couple of slides that means that all of these guys are not passing the X down so if I go back up here and have a look right that means then that the DNA from here from Georgina Clark would come down to these so it can't really be the X DNA from John from Georgina it must be from John because here we've got Ann Baker receiving our X DNA from her father but we have James Baker over here receiving the X DNA from the father because he's got the Y from so then it made me go back and think right we've got a new little problem here to solve so let's see where we do I went and looked at the X inheritance from Georgina Clark so from Georgina coming down we've got all of these here and so they would match with the X you notice that over at the edge he's not got it because he's not got the X chromosome from the father from James Baker so it gives you a little bit of a limit but you can see that's a problem if it was from the Clarks they would have the X match so let's go on another little bit right the X chromosome from John Baker from the X DNA to his daughters from his first and second marriage so here we've got the focus of the X now has got to be through John Baker and from his mother Anastasia Cartwright so down to Ann Baker and look the Smith's families again they have got the X DNA in here but if it's coming from here John Baker is over here that we saw in the last life with the three of them having those three not having any X is exactly as we would expect but John Baker had two wives because his first wife died after about 20 years of marriage and then he married Georgina Clark so from his first wife Elizabeth Chandler well they had some children and of course Isabel Baker and Elizabeth Baker so they would therefore be carrying the X chromosome down of John Baker Isabel and Elizabeth Baker now Elizabeth Baker we know went to the United States and her husband died tragically young so they did not have any children and there is no record of any of the children and she lived to be 91 years of age so we knew that there was no children there so look at here Clark Isabel Baker married a Clark just like Georgina's name up here and that was what drew the research out for a month or two until I really started one Sunday morning starting to re-examine the whole DNA because we were assuming because the Clark was here that it was going back through Georgina Clark and you see this is where you might think oh the surname is going to actually give me the answer this is where I want to look and it isn't at all there's a lot of names in Ireland where basically you have loads of people marrying like on my great great great grandparents level I've got an all in marrying an all in neither of them are related but there's an all in marrying an all in so you can see where you end up with this kind of thing that can throw you out and distract you a bit so we're nearly getting to the end of how this little mystery was solved so the new cousin descends from James Clark and Isabel Baker and further matching with descendants from James Baker and Anastasia Cartwright confirms this hypothesis because I couldn't have a tree to go all the way across the whole room bringing in American cousins numerous American cousins and everything but I was able to do a little bit further more research on this to confirm so you can see then that the match with Anne Smith and Neve Smith which is on this line which were shown as the two Smiths they're actually matching with Isabel Baker and then coming down from the Clark line here so from here I do know which one of these is but I'm not going to go into that because as I say it's better to leave it because at this line here then when we get into the one that person is still living so that person is the mother of the new cousin but we now know who the new cousins grandparents are, great grandparents great great great great great back up and we know exactly how that cousin relates to Anne Smith so that's just a kind of a little simple exercise on how the X chromosome has got a different inheritance pattern how the how it's got a different inheritance pattern and also how you can be misled by surnames like because James Clark had the same name as Georgina Clark and how you can end up going down a blind alley but one of the big things to remember is the amount of DNA that Anne Smith has because she got her DNA from her mother but then she got her mother got it from her father John and she got a whole X chromosome coming down unrecombined so she got Anastasia Cartwright's DNA straight down unchanged and then there would have been some recombination here but that's still allowed for a minute. Anastasia Cartwright piece of DNA all the way down because it didn't get recombined here it was just passed on directly down through John Baker right down to Anne Baker so Anne Baker ends up with more or less the same X chromosome as Anastasia Cartwright because there's no recombination in the mail and that is why there's such a long segment and the same thing happening coming down here Anne Cartwright's essentially got the same DNA segment as Isabel Baker of course and both of those should have a very similar if not the same because as I say there's no recombination that's what's being passed over and that's why coming down here even though you're going back up quite a few generations you've got such a long segment and I think that's one take away from the presentation is to remember about how it goes through the mail line on change so you can very quickly end up with large segments that are like a hundred years or more apart and it really brings it together so I hope that part of the presentation has kind of given you an idea but I have two more slides that I just want to finish with and that's about just DNA kits and profiles and good practice because I could not have solved any of this information if there wasn't trees there if there wasn't some information in terms of phasing on the kits because if it was wasn't phased I could have worked it out in the end but I would have been working on the parental line of Anne Smith as well so it would have doubled the work twice the length of time and it really narrows it down so what I recommend to everyone is create a pedigree tree back as far as possible but I've invented if someone else hasn't before me so hopefully I'm not plagiarising the great grandparents rule and I think if people were to look at their trees and get to the great grandparents and put in as much information as you can on that level births, marriages, deaths, any information, newspaper articles attached them all to the tree and having eight great grandparents it gives a lot of names and most of them will be back for the 1911 census for example my great grandparents were born between 1858 and 1875 so quite a long time ago sorry 1880 1858 to 1888 and that means that all of the information is searchable so if you are looking for somebody and you can at least have a tree with your great grandparents going back as much information it gives people being able to look at that and look at public records as well and then they can say oh one of their great grandparents or one of their siblings is related to me and it can give people an opening into how you might be related and it covers for privacy for people who maybe their grandparents if you like are still alive and their parents for people that are younger if they don't want to put that information in for privacy of living relatives or maybe some relatives are not too happy if you go back to the great grandparents and do it and of course doing it at the great grandparents level it gives you a wider number of names to work with as well which always makes it better and develop a tree further back if possible from your great grandparents and if for privacy reason you cannot do the above please put a note on your profile inviting contacts to contact you and I think probably everybody in this room does this but it's other people it's about us as genealogists helping other people that just do DNA tests maybe people just do DNA tests for ethnicity purposes or for interest sake it's trying to get them to put some of the basic stuff in there and I've with Ancestry tried to explain to people how to link their basic tree and I've created little GEDCOMs and sent them to people to put on their site so they don't have to do anything just upload the GEDCOM and it's there and for people that I know and I just think doing that as genealogists we're going to help really make huge breakthroughs with DNA if we can get people to put in information so great grandparents rule and the last one is use the great grandparents alternatively use the grandparents and it protects connect your profile true lines function then works correctly in Ancestry if you get that in you can get your true lines functions starting to work in Ancestry the smart matches in my heritage will work the phasing especially in family tree DNA and the great thing about family tree DNA is the fact that you can phase without your parents you can use cousins you can't use siblings but an aunt or an uncle first cousin second cousins first cousins once removed are excellent for phasing and the more you can put in the more segments will be there so the more phasing matches you will get and enter the ancestry info and that's the other thing I just wanted to mention there's a beta function in family search in family in 23 and me that connects to family search and I spent all my Christmas holidays updating all my family tree on family search and linking it into 23 and me so it's now a lot of people might not know what's there but if you've got 23 and me account if you go in and find the link you can turn on the beta and then if you go into family search and put yourself into family search in an account and try and link it back to maybe if there's some tree there or put a bit of a tree and link it into family into 23 and me you can actually click and go directly into that tree for other people can click and I think I've only got six matches that I've connected with a beta family beta for family search but because family search of course is run by the church of Jesus Christ in Natter-day Saints and the Mormons in Utah it's free there's no charge for having a family search account and it's one single global tree so I've definitely for people that are not aware and have 23 tested with 23 and me have a look at that feature in the beta it's really really good and that is just a diagram to show where if you put in as much information on your great grandparents how it's going to help you then follow solve many mysteries and work it through and I just put up a couple of references because the family tree guide to DNA testing and genetic genealogy by Blaine Bettinger a great book I've used it and a lot chapters on X DNA, Y DNA really good source to do and then for people that have tested with family tree DNA if you're not aware there is a document you can download I think it's about 42 pages long about genetic genealogy tests and family tree DNA so there's another book and then there's an advanced genetic genealogy techniques and case studies that's a very big book a little bit more advanced but Debbie Kenner in the audience down here has written one of the chapters and it's really good for getting into more information and again here we have some of the some of the references and then Johnny is speaking later on DNA painter as well so I think that is nearly it, thank you DNA extremely valuable toolbox X chromosome is often neglected careful research and application of the X chromosome can break down wards and solve many family mysteries and to use DNA effectively accounts must be set up correctly so I hope you like my little first time doing a presentation that was a great overview of the power of X somebody came up to me the other day and said I have a 90 centimorgan segment on the X chromosome and no autosomal DNA shared at all is that quite common that can happen yes because what's happening is that it's coming down from even further back but if that happens it's normally a male female male female because there's only then recombination happening in every other generation so if you get that you probably want to say right the person's great grandfather is probably coming on that line and then it'll go back to their great great grandmother and then it'll be their great great great grandfather because for that to happen it's thinking about it on the if it was female female female it would recombine on every generation and then it wouldn't be so that's kind of giving you a few tips of if that happens it's skipping the generations indeed indeed yeah well you're going to be around for the rest of the conference you'll be down at the family tree so if anybody has any questions for Martin about their X chromosome please don't hesitate to contact them we're running a little bit short of time so we'll have to cut it there and we'll give a warm thank you to Martin thank you