 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss the biological theories of crime and deviance. Biological theories suggest that criminal behavior is rooted in the person's physical or genetic makeup, so you would be surprised to know that there are certain theories which exist and which claim that it is not perhaps the process of socialization that makes a person deviant. Rather, the factors may involve your genetic or biological factors. So these theories propose that some individuals are predisposed to criminal behavior due to their biological traits. In other words, this person has some ingrained in nature due to which he is deviant or commits crime. This is not the result of his socialization. There are no factors that we can externally control. Rather, any person who is born potentially is deviant or potentially criminal. For example, Cesar Lombroso's theory of activism argued that criminals are throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution. So in Lombroso's opinion, a person who has reached here as a result of an evolutionary process, in the earlier stages of the evolutionary process, a person was potentially deviant. He had a free will and as a result of that free will, he would do whatever he wanted to do. So these things are very much controlled by him as a result of this evolutionary process. But these are still a part of the genetic combination or the genetic material. And that is why a person practices this deviancy in today's society where he practices a lot of normal behaviors. So Pakistan, for example, has the high rate of violent crime and some research has linked this to certain genetic factors as well. So it doesn't mean that this theory is absolutely considered redundant. Some of the proponents you will even find today who are claiming that genetic factors or inheritance can have an effect on your criminal behavior.