 The history of biological nitrogen fixation, BNF, in Brazil has been studied for over 40 years under the leadership of Johanna Dobariner. Notable achievements include the discovery of various nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as rhizospheric, bigerinchea flaminensis and azotobacter pastali, associative, azospiral and lipophram, A. brasilans, A. amazonense, and endophytic, herbospirum seropeticae, H. rubricibalbicans, gluconacetobacter diasotrophicus, berkoldiria brasilensis, and B. tropica. The role of these diasotrophs in association with grasses, mainly with cereals, has been studied and many advances have been made in the ecological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic aspects. The mechanisms of colonization and infection of the plant tissues were better understood and the BNF contribution to the soil-slash-plant system was determined. Inoculation studies with diasotrophs showed that endophytic bacteria have a much higher BNF. This article was authored by José Ibaldani and Vera LD Baldani. We are article.tv, links in the description below.