 Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, with each atom bonded to three other atoms. It has a unique combination of properties due to its atomic structure, including high conductivity, strength, flexibility and transparency. Graphene can be modified by adding impurities or defects, which can alter its properties. These modifications include corrugation, vacancy, add-atom and sp3 defects. Corrigated graphene has a rippled surface, while vacant sites have no atoms at all. Add-atoms are atoms added to the surface of graphene, while sp3 defects are caused by the presence of three sp3 atoms, instead of the usual two sp2 atoms. These defects can affect the electrical, thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of graphene. Modifications can be used to create graphene structures, with desired properties for specific applications. This article was authored by GAO Yang, Lihua Li, Wing Bun Li and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.