 Wrth gwrs, Oedden nhw'n weithio i'r llwy fwy am Ysgrifiad Llywodraeth a Llanfa gan Efallai根idol i fynd i gyrweithio. Roeddwn ameddwn yn Ysgrifiad Llywodraeth, ond roedd yn gwneud yn 50 roi rydym yn Arland. Ac mae'r cysylltu awr theorywn. Mae'n gallu ddim felly gw shoulders arall mewn cychweithio hyn, ac mae'r adnodd pwy eto gan unrhyw honno meddwl ngywodraethol yn ystafell. Mae'r adnodd pwy eto yn gallu cychwyno ddweud yn garffono. Felly dyno gan y heddiw iawn i bwyr o Bylarnu Tyli, ar ffordd ar y Llyfrgwod R примu. Mae'r pryd roedd yr ardalion'r arddangos o'r cyfnod, ar gyfer cyfnod. Felly rhaid gynnwch â'r llai, yr ysgol yng Nghymru nad yw'r rheffordd ar hyn o'u cyfnod yn ymwylo Felysiann. Rydych chi eisiau i Pwyloedd Pwyloedd Pwyloedd, gennym gennym yn Llyfrgwod R coun, neu eich Llyfrgwod yr Argyllgal. In 2003 I was one of the original excavations of the site and it was part of a road scheme and they unexpectedly found the remains of a medieval church and then 1,300 burials surrounding the church. So it was excavated over a six-month period. We have about 95 rate of carbon dates from the site and the rate of carbon dates that we have are predominantly later medieval in date. So the site and the site dates from the 7th century through to the 17th century but 85% of the rate of carbon dates piled between the 12th and 17th centuries so we are mostly looking for a later medieval period. So the intimate hills who were buried in this small kind of chapel were likely the tenant farmers and labourers of Gaelic Ireland so we are likely looking at those who were working in the land. It's a pastoral and anarable economy and so when we look at the animal ones that were found it was mostly cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, both don't lay cattle were the main animals that they were working with. So the diets of the people would have included oats and milk supplemented with vegetables, fruits, salted meats, seaweed, fresh water fish, tazils etc. So we have no evidence of the settlement. There were no houses that were excavated in the close proximity but we do have some cartograph evidence which shows us what the medieval houses of this period looked like. So we are looking at a rural dispersed population or settlement. They are mostly living in these kind of simple dwellings without chimneys. And most of the individuals who were buried in the graveyard it's a Christian graveyard so they're mostly buried with the West East orientation. There's very little evidence in fact no evidence of coffins so we think to the most part they're just stripped wrapped in shrouds and then placed into earthen graves when they're buried. So the first of the two individuals is SK606 which is a middle-aged male who is between approximately 30 to 40 years of age at the time of death. So this individual is slightly taller than the average male. The skeleton was largely complete and they had good bone preservation. The individual is buried in a north side orientation that you can see on the map on the photograph. And this was an atypical orientation so for the most part as I said the people in the graveyard had been buried with their heads to the west but there were some atypical orientations. And some but not all of these individuals had either obvious physical impairments or very poor health and spherculosis etc. But that wasn't consistently the case so there's a possible pattern there but it's not consistently the case. So this individual had a well-healed medial clavicle fracture. A fracture of the ribs that was healing at the time of death so that's significant because we know that the injury occurred shortly before death. And the main lesion that they're am interesting was a central fracture dislocation at the left hip joint. So you might notice also that the clavicle fracture and the rib fracture are both on the same side and the left hand side. So it's possible that they were sustained as a result of instability once this individual was moving again. So this is a central fracture dislocation at the hip. The femoral head has burst through the obturator bramen. It's moved medially and anteriorly. And we can see that there is significant spherical new bone formation around the femoral head. It's promoted in permanent flexion deformity so the individual was left with their leg at a 90 degree angle from their pelvis during life. So this is obviously creating a apparent physical abnormality. The muscle markings on the upper limbs weren't particularly pronounced and there wasn't much evidence of stress in the spine. There also wasn't any evidence of degenerative joint disease on the unaffected right leg. So it's possible that the male was largely mobile following the injury. So if we just think through then the clinical impacts of this. So obviously this is a really significant injury and even in modern populations it can be quite difficult to treat and can cause really fatal secondary complications. So in the short term we can say that initially he would have been in pain, shot, probably suffered nausea, weakness, dizziness. The possible secondary complications now some of these are likely to have been fatal had he sustained them. So although these are known secondary complications are perhaps less likely. So severe hypobolemic shock, bladder rupture or bladder wall entrapment or pelvic hemorrhage. And out of those the one that's most likely is the bladder wall entrapment which would have caused urine to leak following that injury. In the medium term he obviously had reduced mobility, inability to use the lower limb. Loss of the joint movement and likely because this individual is probably a mobile for maybe two to three months while the hip was healing. We can say that he probably had a depressed immune system during this time. Gastrointestinal dysfunction, respiratory tract dysfunction, unary tract dysfunction, cardiovascular dysfunction and potentially also pressure sores. It would have been quite possible that this individual would have become very poorly, very quickly following such a significant injury. So alongside these he possibly also had pain, psychological depression and potentially neurological dysfunction as well depending upon nerve entrapment. So in the longer term then the individual had, it was likely, been abnormal posture and likely osteopenia as well. So during the time that this individual would have been better then, so we're thinking of a period of two to three months, he would have required help for definitely following activities of daily living. So it's likely that he was able to eat and drink independently but the feed would have had to be provided to him and he would have had to have been moved into a position that enabled him to eat and drink. He may have required help with personal hygiene, he could potentially have used his hands for a small object manipulation but would have required help with mobility, so short distances or moving around a limited area and would have required help to change posture as well. So in the immediate aftermath of the injury then he would have required quite intensive nursing. So providing adequate fluid and nutrition, potentially a special diet perhaps with increased protein to aid the bone healing, would have required help with toileting, bathing, keeping pressure sores clean, help with movement changing position, massage, regulating the body temperature and close monitoring for infections and psychological support. In the longer term he potentially used walking aids, walking sticks or crutches for really short distance stability and movement. I think it's unlikely that he was using these for longer distances because there's very little evidence of stress elsewhere in the skeleton, but we do see those fractures on the same side so it's like the instability could have caused problems as well. He would have required accommodation to allow for participation in social and cultural activities and before he died he would have required additional pallets of care because there was evidence of infection, a systemic infection evident in his system. So in the longer term he would have required additional help from the family and community. He wouldn't have been able to undertake the tasks that were normal for meals in his community. So tending and herding animals, riding large animals, growing and milling crops, maintaining buildings, thatching, carpentry, procurement of peats wood, et cetera. So it's quite clear that in this case accommodation was required. In this individual he went from being a fully active or he likely went from being a fully active member of the community to suddenly having a very traumatic injury which then altered what he was able to do. So it's likely that he also potentially suffered from depression, anxiety, and was potentially angrilyfrustrated by the change in self image as well. And of course this would have also had some impact on his sexual and health and wellbeing as well. So it's not possible to know who is responsible for the care of this individual but it's likely that care was undertaken with the support of family members and neighbours. So we're going to swim through the second place study because I'm running out of time. And so this is a middle aged male between about 35 to 50 years of age at the time of death. And you can see that the skeleton is quite complete. But the leiton that I went to talk about in particular is in the knee joint. So this individual has either a septic arthritis or perhaps a tuberous arthritis evidently left knee joint. It's caused a posterior dislocation. We can see that there's anclosies of all the bony elements. It's likely that the level of newborn formation makes us more likely to be secondary to an infection rather than a traumatic injury alone. So in the short term he would have suffered stiffness, redness, joint pain and swelling. In the medium term potentially compromised immune system particularly if there's an infection evident in the system. And then in the long term postural instability. But for this individual he would have been able to undertake all of the essential activities of daily living. So it's more likely that the care that was provided was accommodation by his community. So we are also looking at the humeral head which had a probable anatomical fracture. So anatomical neck fracture. So for this individual we can imagine that he can undertake the essential activities of daily living. But things that he might have been able to do such as localised craft activities may have had additional trouble with given his right shoulder and particularly if he's right handed. So we can see that there may have been some kind of accommodation by the community as to the tasks that he could undertake. In terms of just thinking more broadly about care in the medical period in Ireland at this point we have healers, bone setters, wise women. There's a magical religious culture surrounding care and healthcare as well. And part of this involves boosting of holy wows and holy trees. And people would come to holy wows and drink the water and believe that that contributed to their care and health and wellbeing. So there's eight of these wows in the local vicinity and this is the closest one to the site. So it's like that these were also visited. So just to conclude then, within this population there was 869 adults and there was a huge array of really interesting authorities. Lots of the people would have required healthcare at some point across their lifespan. Of course when they're adopting the bioarcheology of care approach we're looking at the conservative approach and so the model of care was likely far more intensive than the kind of fair model that I've laid out for you. It's likely that care was undertaken by family and neighbours. We can envisage to that perhaps children in elderly may have had an active role in that care as well. And that this care was supported by the public place and the monasteries, by healers, bone setters, herbalists etc. And part of the care may have also included these magical religious practices which were particularly prevalent in Ireland. I think I'll stop there. I'm just my colleagues of the National Roads for the Fund of the Research and thanks to the wider team as well.