 Tony, a fisherman, has been living in a house by the lake since he was young. Over the years, the lake is becoming more popular, and one day a large hotel gets built. The hotel obscures all the sunlight, and the guests leave their trash on the beach. To Tony, these are negative externalities, although the good smell of the freshly roasted coffee from the coffee shop that opened right next to the hotel is a positive externality. Things start getting complicated when a paper factory begins polluting the river that flows down the mountain into the lake where Tony and the other fishermen are not living. Can you think of the effects the factory may have on the community? You may pause the video and share your thoughts before we continue. The paper factory is using clean water from the mountain river. Through the production process, the water gets dirty, and afterwards, the polluted water is put back into the river. This water then kills a lot of fish downstream, a cost to society that no one covers. Tony and the fishermen start to fear for their existence. And then, things get worse. The paper mill, which doesn't factor the cost of dead fish into their cost of production, is therefore charging too little when selling the paper. As a consequence, the paper is so cheap that the coffee shop starts using disposable cups where they were using porcelain before. This again leads to more production of paper, more polluted water, more fish dying, and more trash on the beach. Tony is getting anxious. To change the situation, the farmers decide to stage public protests until the local government announces a new law. The factory is now forced to fully internalize the costs of their waste management through the installation of filters. Soon after, the water is clean again, and Tony and the other fishermen can go back to selling the same amount of fish they used to. And since the price of paper goes up to cover the cost of the filtration system, the coffee shop begins serving drinks in real cups again. We can illustrate what is happening on a supply and demand chart with price and quantity demanded for the paper. In an unregulated market, the factory supplies its products based on so-called private costs, such as construction, salaries, and the raw materials. Demand meets supply accordingly. If the paper factory would have added the cost of the damages that it causes to society, the supply curve would have shifted to the left, leading to an equilibrium reflecting the true costs, including the social costs. Now, the price of paper is higher, and the quantity of paper demanded is lower. Pollution and other negative externalities are especially prevalent where people lack the same moral values and where things tend to be free of charge, such as the case with water or air. Fishing at high seas is such a case. Since no one can fully control the oceans and the high sea doesn't really belong to anyone, everyone takes as much as they can. A phenomenon called the tragedy of the commons. To combat negative externalities and avoid such a tragedy, we can do four things. Create public awareness, assign property rights appropriately, force the internalization of negative externalities, or turn to regulation and fines. Let's summarize. Externalities are consequences of an activity experienced by a third party. Negative externalities that are not internalized distort supply and demand at the expense of third parties. To avoid market distortion and a tragedy of the commons, we can combat negative externalities. Ready to help us think how to do that in order to curb CO2 emissions? People that drive cars that run on petrol cause emissions, including CO2, which is responsible for air pollution and climate change. In order to reduce emissions, some governments give their citizens a financial incentive if they buy an electric car. Imagine you are the minister of transportation in your country. Could you think of another way to increase the number of electric cars on the streets by applying the concept of externalities? Please write down your ideas in the comments below.