 osteoporosis is a chronic condition characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bones. It is becoming more prevalent due to the aging population and can lead to severe pain, fractures, and even death. Current treatments for osteoporosis include anti-resortives and anabolics, which have been shown to increase bone mineral density and reduce fracture risk. However, long-term or frequent use of these medications can cause side effects and adverse reactions. Thus, there is a need to explore novel pathways and targets for treating osteoporosis. This paper reviews recent literature and clinical evidence on the mechanisms and clinical applications of osteoporosis. The authors provide an overview of the current understanding of the disease and discuss the latest anti-osteoporotic therapies. This article was offered by Highway Wang, Yuchun Lua, Haisheng Wang, and others.