 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss internal sources of social change. Internal sources of social change refer to the factors within a society that contribute to the social transformation. These could include the changes in values, beliefs, norms, or behaviors among the society's members. When we talk about internal sources of social change, we see that those are the sources that are present within your society. And the globalized sources of social change, which are external sources of social change, are not part of it. The sources of social change that are present within your society are your international processes, your institutional processes, and the sources of social change. For example, the civil rights movement in the United States was driven by the internal shifts in the societal attitudes towards racial inequality leading to significant legislative and societal change. The civil rights movement began around 1950s and it was a relatively peaceful movement. It led to the changes in the policies which were considered the apartheid policies of that times US, where the black people were treated differently as compared to the white people. And then the technological advancements are significant internal sources of social change. Innovations can transform the society by altering how people communicate, work, travel, or interact. In any society, the internal social changes have a significant aspect of your internal communication sources. For example, being able to produce a mobile phone or internet or be invented somewhere is a fact. But being able to adapt and adapt to your society is a different aspect. So this can also be considered an internal source of social change. For example, the invention and widespread adoption of smartphones have revolutionized the communication mechanisms, commerce as well as entertainment, leading to a substantial social change globally. Changes in the demographic patterns, such as shifts in population size, age distribution, or migration patterns can also drive social change. The changes in the dynamics of the population are also internal social changes in a society or country. For example, when there is a war-like situation and the population is internally displaced and displaced to some other place, the population dynamics will significantly change. Similarly, if the growth of the population is happening through a special pattern, then within the society, the population dynamics will change. Your independent population and your independent population, the workforce, will create a significant gap. That is why the dire economic consequences of your society can be considered. For example, the aging population in Japan has brought about the significant changes in the country's economic policies, healthcare system, and societal structures. So as you can see that almost two-thirds of the Japanese population is the dependent population. So there is a growing concern within the Japan that their future is very bleak in a sense that people are not willing to produce more children. So more they are having the burden of more and more aged population. Then we have the economic factors including the changes in the production systems, labour markets, or economic policies which can significantly shape the social change. For example, China's economic reforms which initiated in 1978 after the era of Mao Zedong transformed the country from the centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one, leading to a rapid economic growth and substantial social change. And lastly, we would be talking about the political change including the shifts in the governance, policies, or political ideologies which can also drive the significant social change. For example, the end of apartheid in South Africa driven by the internal political changes led to the profound transformation in the country's social, political, and economic landscape. So in a nutshell, if we see we have different internal social changes including political, social, cultural, as well as ideological and technological.