 I think we'll start this out with an example of what the Helmholtz chain is going to have to eat. Yeah, I wonder why I'm alive. You're grabbed by the function of a bullet lighter. In order to understand it. So what's that level? Tide pull up! Wrong! I guess we're still on punishment. Today we're going to... Today, I always do that. Someone needs to punish me for that and it cannot be the cameraman because his punishments are mildly ineffective and rather humorous, which might serve to reinforce all the BS that I tend to say. And I'm going to step in this tide poolish thing. Ladies and gentlemen, I just want you to know that as I'm staring at the water, about ready to fall into this gigantically deep tide pool in the middle of a place where there is no saltwater other than in the aquariums, the cameraman waves me over to step over it. And of course, I'm like supposed to look at you all, but no, here he is making me step over the water. Anyway, I think he's trying to punish me for bad jokes, but it's not going to work. I'm going to keep him coming. I promise. So we're going to start out with all the problems of punishment because we've been talking about how to make it effective. No. See, it worked. He reduced it. She reduced it, whatever. It reduced its behavior. It's going to even get mad at me. I can see that. Anyway. Behavioral contrast. It's yelling over there now. So let's just start out with behavioral contrast. It's something that pops up as a side effect with punishment, right? So behavioral contrast is really simple. I'm going to just give you a better example here. That example, I mean, not that the crow example is a bad one, it's doing exactly what it's supposed to do. So behavioral contrast is when we punish in one, ooh. So that's going to sound really funny. Sorry, folks. That's going to sound really odd. So when we punish in one context, the same behavior will pop up with an increased frequency in another context. This is the whack-a-mole game of punishment, right? So whack. I whack it down here and the same behavior pops up over here but in a different environment. YouTube has done a wonderful job. I mean a frunking awesome job of getting me to stop swearing on when I talk about this content. However, I swear like a bloomin' sailor at home. Like, you can't even imagine what it's like. That's behavioral contrast, okay? So behavioral contrast, again, you punish in one context, behavior pops up in another. Let's see, what are some other problems that go on with punishment? No, competing contingencies. That'll kill you every time, right? So I'm going to reduce this behavior. You don't have to punch, right? It's just an example. So I'm going to reduce this particular behavior. I've got it going down. We've got to punish the contingency in place. Things are going good. I swear that I'm doing punishment that the behavior's not going away. Why not? Because you probably forgot to find out what's reinforcing the behavior, folks. There's a competing contingency. If a behavior's happening, then it's being reinforced. Most likely. There might be situations where that's not the case. But for the most part, you've got a behavior that's being maintained by a reinforcer and you're trying to punish it. Now you've got this sort of thing going on. Guess which one's going to win? Reinforcement almost always wins, right? So when you punish behaviors, make sure that you've identified what the reinforcers are and that those reinforcers are no longer being used or in place, right? So in other words, put the behavior on extinction and punish it. Drops really quick. So let's see what else. We've got behavioral contrast. Oh, modeling, right? So when I model punishment, or when I engage in punishment behavior, especially with humans, they tend to learn that that's an effective tool. Because this is I'm going to double up on you here. So if my punishing a behavior reduces that behavior, that negatively reinforces me for using the punishment, right? Which then the punished person observes that effectiveness of punishment and I'm now modeling punishment and getting negatively reinforced for its use. Do you see what's happening here? You create this spiral, right? So kind of an interdependency. When I punish, it's going to work. That's great. So I'm more likely to use the punishers. That's not necessarily great. And then someone else is likely to copy my punishing, which perpetuates all that punishment stuff and that can be a problem, right? So we want to get people to focus on reinforcement. So just keep that in mind as you're using punishment, that it can create the spiral of maintaining its use. You can go the other direction and focus on reinforcement, a little bit of punishment, a lot of reinforcement, and then you can start a spiral going that direction, modeling appropriate use of reinforcement, encouraging appropriate behavior, and reinforcing it keeps that cycle going. So you can go that direction. Let's see. Oh, punishing when that's the only, punishing a behavior when that's the only source of reinforcement for someone. That's just blatantly unethical. So sometimes a behavior sticks around, you start to punish for various reasons, but then you worry about the fact that maybe that is the only source of reinforcement going on in that person's environment. So make sure that when you are punishing a behavior, that you're also reinforcing an alternative. Every video on punishment, I'll say that. Every single one. Reinforce an alternative behavior. Punish the inappropriate behavior. It's that simple. Okay? I'm trying to think. Mr. Brad, have I forgotten anything? Nothing I could think of. I don't know what else to tell you, folks. I mean, I could tell you more. Punishment, I'll just kind of wrap it up a little bit. Punishment is an effective tool. It's really, really effective, but you have to watch out for those pitfalls, okay? You have to watch out for these particular problems with the use of punishment. I don't want you to think that this is your go-to tool. It's just another tool in your tool box. All right, see you guys.