 control of metabolism, first the contents, examples of control of metabolism, effect of ATP and ADP on metabolic reactions, effect of citric acids on the metabolic reaction, and control of cellular respiration and overview or the flow chart of the control of respiration. Example of control of metabolic reactions. Different reactions to agar ma baad karein, jitni bhi metabolic reactions hai amare baad karein are tightly regulated. Kyunke jitni metabolic reactions hai kuch aise hai jo breakdown mein involved hai and they are producing the energy. Aur kuch aise hi reactions hai jo complex molecules ko bnara rahe hotin. Jaha johan example koad karne jaar rahe hai glike ulcers ke reference hai. Glike ulcers is one of the important metabolic pathway for energy production. Jitni bhi aerobic karein, aerobic respiration, respiration kate hai energy produce ho na mari bodhi ke andar jitni saise, jo food haum leite wo oxidize hota hai aur uske oxidize honne saise aage energy produce ho bhi. So, gulu ko uske oxidation ke jo steps, usme saab se pehla jaha wo glycolysis hai, uske baad crab cycle aur electron transport chain aata hai. Aur agar glycolysis control ho jatta hai toh uske aata bhi hai ke crab cycle aur electron transport chain automatically control ho jain ki. Kyunke johan material na flow kar ke glycolysis se aage ke teraf jaana hai. So, simpalli toh uske aata bhi, glycolysis ki jo control hai uske uske strategic value zehada hai. Agar haum isko control karein toh agale rhe steps automatically kya aur rahe, control ho rahe hai. Glycolysis basically ten step reaction hai toh uske main jo shuru ke steps hain uske main jo reaction, in step number three haum jisko kate it is a phosphofructo-kinase enzyme wohain valve hai jo fructo-6 phosphate ko convert karte hai, fructose 1-6 bisphosphate ke andar. Toh isko aata bhi, reaction number three jo glycolysis ka uske andar phosphofructo-kinase enzyme majood. This enzyme is very important with reference to control of glycolysis process. Glycolysis ka process ko control karein ke ye important enzymes hain. How it is controlling? Agar cell ke andar, pehle haum situation creator kar karein toh cell ke andar agar ATP zehada hai ya acetylcoenzyme azehada hai. Acetylcoenzyme hai chunke crab cycle ko chlaiga. Agar ATP zehada hai ya acetylcoenzyme azehada toh mazheed gulu ko usko breakdown karne ke zoroor toh nahi hoti. Kyunke energy produce karne ke li r.a.d. jo molecules available hoti. Agar ATP hai pe toh, r.a.d. energy currency zehada hai. Isko matal bhi ho ke cell ke andar jaisse hi ATP ka level ek haas limit se enhance karega, zehada karega and cross karega os limit ko, toh automatically jo glycolysis azehada isko suspend hoja na chahi ye, isko inhibit hoja na chahi ye. Ta ke jo wastage afe energy ja wastage afe molecules ko bichaya ja sake. Ab iske li ye, jo phosphorfructrokinase azehada hai iske pe different binding sites se majood hain. Phosphorfructrokinase ke saath ek toh sub-state aakar bain karegi. Isko amtole iske ek toh active site hain. Active site ke alawa iss enzyme ke pe different azehada boh binding site hain, jisko aam allosteric sites bhi bolte hain. Usma ek kuch wo sites hain jaha ATP aakar bain krti hain. Kuch wo sites hain jaha aakar ADP bain krti hain. Kuch wo sites hain jaha aakar citric acid aakar bain krti hain. Isko amtole ye aakar phosphorfructrokinase ke upar sub-state se bain krti hain ke alawa ATP, ADP and citric acid in different genome molecules ko bain krti hain ke different positions majood hain. Ab am baat krti hain ke jab when there is an increased level of ATP. Ajab ATP ka level increase karega toh ATP bain krti hain karegi aakar phosphorfructrokinase se apne specific position hain binding site hain ATP kuch wo enzyme ke upar jyasi ATP bain krti hain, enzyme will be inactivated. Enzyme itaya inactive ho jayega jisko jyasa glycolso ka stop process halt ho jayega. Okay. The second condition ke ATP ka level decrease hain ADP zyada hain. Aakar bain krti hain jab cells energy use krti hain toh ATP ko jab use ki hain toh ADP bain krti hain. I don't know see die fast fade. Ab ADP ki binding site phosphorfructrokinase ke upar majood hain. Wo ATP ke alawa 2stri position hain. Ajab ADP wo hain kr bain krti hain it will activate the enzyme. So iska matal bhi yeh hua ke cell ke andar agar ATP hain toh glycolso ka halt ho jayegi energy production ka process hoin ruk jayega. Aur jab ADP aajayega toh ADP se enzyme ko activate karega jise glycolso ka process hoin. Speed up ho gage chalna shuru kar dega. Agar glycolso se break down shuru hoge gulukos ki agar energy production shuru ho jayegi aur cell ke andar ATP jayega wo produce maana shuru ho jayegi jo ke cell ke need ho bhi. There is 3rd molecule. Jo 3rd molecule that is citric acid. Citric acid aam toh par it is produced in the crab cycle. Yeh crab cycle ke andar producer. Crab cycle jata hai mitocondria ke andar chalta hain. Jab ke glycolysis kaha aurri yeh cytosol ke andar. Cytoplasm ke andar aurri yeh. Iska matal bhi pali baad yeh ki jo mitocondria ke andar citric acid hain. Wo phosphorfructrokinase ko kuch nahin kareega. Sir wo molecules citric acid ke jo mitocondria ko cross karke citosol meinge. They will bind with this enzyme and they will inhibit this one. Acha citric acid ke inhibit karne ka kya science hai yeh kya iska importance kya hai. Dhe kya agar citric acid zyada hai to citric acid aage crab cycle ko chayega aur electron transport chain ko chayega. Citric acid zyada hone ka matal bhi hai ke energy produce karne wale molecules kaafi zyada amount mein mojood hain. Lyaaza mazid molecules ko break down karne ke zyada nahin hai. Iska jb citric acid level zyada hoga to energy synthesis ka process ke liye kaafi zyada cheezne available hoonge. To mazid glucose ko break down karne ke zyada hoge. So iska jb citric acid jyada isko hii concentration jb citroplasm ke andar aayegi to mazid jah wo ki break down jah wo glucose ke break down ko inhibit kya jaega kyunke citric acid actually krab cycle ko chayega kaafi hoga aur electron transport chain ko chayega chayega chayega chayega chayega. This is the overview. Agar is diagram ab dekh ek overview bdaya ge kishthra se jo fast-for-fructo-kinase hai usko kontrol ke jata hai to fast-for-fructo-kinase enzyme agar ab dekh hain ye maar pa fructose 6-phosphate jab convert hotiya fructose di-phosphate jisko hain fructose 1-6-bisphosphate bhi bolte hain wo fast-for-fructo-kinase enzyme nazar aayegi ye fast-for-fructo-kinase agar ATP zyada to it will inhibit ATP inhibit kya jisko jah kar jisko jyada ATP hain to glycolos kya prasad ruk ko jaega kyunke fast-for-fructo-kinase inhibit ho jayega jisko jyada aayegi agar citric acid zyada hain to citric acid krab cycle ba bdata ye mito quandary ko koroas krega aur citroplasm aayega jaega kyunke aayega similarly amp aur adp p initial kya aayega kyunke jhinke api kyunke api k unto kya agar jdi ala kaila kyunke api kyunke api kyunke api sabzi kyunke api kyunke api sabzi kyunke api sabzi