 Thank you, thank you and welcome everyone to this international technical webinar. Today we will be talking about water management for climate smart agriculture and more specifically on the water, energy and food nexus. Let me start by introducing myself. I'm Christina Petraki and I head the FL eLearning Academy. Just a few more words, I wanted to mention that this is one of a series of webinars that we organized together with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific together with our French colleagues from Agrinium and I also wanted to mention that the various thematic areas of our webinars are all related to the global challenges that we are all facing. And in addition, there are always some very specifically related FL eLearning courses on all these thematic areas that we cover. So I would like to invite you all to the FL eLearning Academy that offers over 350 eLearning courses and to have a look at the related courses of the webinar that we will be delivering today. We will be also at towards we will be also mentioning those courses so it makes it easier for you to access them directly. So today we have the pleasure of having two researchers and scientists. One is an Italian one, Filippetto Altobelli, who is an agronomist and research scientist that works in an Italian research institute called CREA and we have Olivier Baroto, who is a senior water scientist in RAE, who is a French research institution. So we are extremely pleased to have you all with us and I would like to now give the floor to Filippetto to start his presentation. Thank you. Okay. Thank you everybody. Thank you for inviting me on this very interesting seminar. It's my pleasure to be here and I'm Filippetto Altobelli. I'm a researcher and agronomist and my topic of research, my topic of research is catchable management and it's also a natural resource in the agriculture sector. And my contribution to this webinar is about the policy speech regarding the topic of agricultural water management and and also the aspect related to the water energy next is at a new level. So in this way I start my presentation and as you know, climate-smart agriculture is an approach that helps to guide the action needed to the transforms and the oriental agriculture system to effortlessly support the open-assure food security in a changing climate. At this regard, we have to support inclusion of the climate-smart water management approach at all levels from farms to national parks and legislation. This new approach is very important for the new idea on the climate in relation to the water management and follow on these topics work a lot and we are engaged on this topic as a research center and academy for carry out our experience. Water management and climate change are aspects that are very interlinking at this stage at this moment as you know impacts of climate change, of the availability of freshwater resources for a country and the overall context in which water is managed in agriculture. The major impact on climate change and agriculture I expect to result from its effect on the water cycle and the consequences on the availability of the freshwater resource. But the role that climate change will play with regard to water in agriculture must be constrained in the context of rapid increase in water with walls, degradation of water quality and competition for at all levels. Just in the past 50 years, the extent of global irrigating land has more than doubled, increasing from 116 to 380 million hectares. Globally, agriculture water with walls represents 70 percent of all with walls and as much as 19 percent in some other countries. But irrigation has been a key factor in the certification of agriculture production and having agriculture output more than two triple over over the same period to meet higher demand for food, fiber and other agricultural product. Climate change, impact on water resources, yes and in this regard, availability of renewable surface water and groundwater resources, flutes, dirt, steam flow, seasonality, water quality, biodiversity and ecosystem services and sea level. But climate change affected each step of the water cycle. We know with the negative impact on water quantity and the quality of water time and space. The strong impact of climate change and water resource for a catcher will affect and catch a production. It is healed in many areas and increased the vulnerability of poor rural farmers, especially in urban and sanitary areas. But what is water and food nexus and especially in Europe and the region where we work in particular? The main thing is very important to well understand who is the nexus at the EU level. The sustainable renewable resource management under economic environmental and social perspectives to be assessed based on a free balance between the use and the availability of resources. Agriculture, such an assessment must consider the main context on global trends. Aspective global population in terms of impact of food production, decreasing availability of natural resources as a soil and water, a productive input, of course, and increasing the mission related to climate change. In this framework, in this framework stakeholders play an important role in assessing the water energy food nexus. This approach suggests that sustainable driving strategies at the whole levels, global, regional, to local, must be planed and implement considering assessing the linkage between water use and availability, energy consumption, and source, land use, and food production. Stakeholders play an important role in assessing the water food energy nexus as mainly policy choice affected the ability to make use and environmental goods and ecosystem service. But assessing the water energy food nexus is important when we think about one of these components that in this case are food production needs and in this sense food production needs different kinds of inputs. Human, in terms of labor, time management, administration, socioeconomic, in terms of money, government, institution, participation, natural sunlight, soil, water, wine, personal gas, and human maintenance, in terms of electricity, alternative water, machinery, agrochemical resource. Water is a part of this nexus and agriculture uses, as you know, what uses water from different sources, green water, the rain, if we train today soil and our crops, and blue water, including surface water from rivers and lakes and groundwater from aquifers. To make blue water and water from water resources, the utilization of use of agriculture crop is necessary to spend energy, both direct as for reconception, electrician for pumping, and indirect fertilizer, pesticide, seeds, energy used in agriculture requires a water. But in this term, sustainable agriculture goal is a tool to implement innovation tools and service capacity able to optimize the input management and energy nutrients in water and productivity of intensive systems, with a vision of bringing sustainable crop production with fair economic competitiveness. At human level, in a business as usual scenario, by 2030, water energy food demand is expected to increase by 30-30. Based on this project, the projection universal chest of food, drinking water, and modern energy within the plant boundaries can be considered the main challenge on our system. Of course, this requires considering an interconnection, the vulnerability and the fitness of natural resources within the policy and the regulatory framework, the government planning mechanism, the production process, and the conception partners. But understanding the nexus is not all. We also consider the water energy food nexus as a concept to describe the complex and the reality of global resources. At this again, when we are speaking about the water energy food nexus, the concept is a conceptual approach to better understand and systematically analyze the interaction between the natural environment and human activities, and to work toward a more coordinated management and use of natural resources across the sector and scales. This can contribute to identify and manage trade-off and to build this synergy to our responses, allowing for more integrated concepts in planning decision-making, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Since the Bone Conference organized the preparation for Rio 27, it provided evidence so that improved water energy and food security can be achieved through a nexus approach. The nexus approach can also support the transition towards a green economy, which ends among other things, a resource use efficiency and greater price clearance. Nexus approach is becoming a key tool for water scarcity or water and other resources, climate change, degradation of resource base, and water energy and food security. Regarding the scarcity of water and land and other resources, we have to well understand that scarcity of resources is rapidly escalating due to increasing the resource degradation and pollution. By 2015 agriculture production would have to grow by another 60% and agricultural land would have to expand by about 10% globally, by 20% in developing countries, and by 30% in Latin America. Even the most optimistic scenario of improving productivity to technology development still provides an increasing agricultural water amount of at least 20% by 2015. Climate change, as expected, is a very average future pressure by challenging degradation of dry lands, reducing lesser water storage, increasing frequency and tendency of extendance around, and decreasing delivery of water supply, as well as the level and several agricultural productivity. At the same time, climate adaptation, misuse, such as intensification, irrigation, or water desalination are offered energy intensive. But it is not all, also degradation of the resource base is an important aspect. Growing demand of non-resource and daily insustainable management have increased the human ecological footprint and caused the degradation of the non-resource base in many regions, including server modification of the ecosystem. Water energy and food security are also pretty important in this sense. Resource limitation is a whole sector requiring movement toward the increase in resource usage efficiency, demand, management, and more sustainable consumption partners. The third point regarding the nexus is a synergies between water energy and a culture in the European police framework. At this stage, we have three main aspects that regard energy, agriculture, and water policies. Regarding the energy policies, just some aspects are important underline. Over the past two decades, reducing energy consumption, poor energy efficiency, and promoting production from the library of source have become more and more important. Energy efficiencies that are of their open strategies to boost the transition to a resource-efficient economy cardinal principle European 2020 strategy. But Europe is definitely boosting energy policy and it is shown by the fact that it in the clad energy bank known as EU 2020 goals. The first target set for 2020 for primary energy saving on 20% through energy efficiency. If energy tax will be achieved, economic analysis talk about 16 million in Europe on import on oil and gas that could be saved by 2020 and 600 mile jobs in time in the EU by boost innovation technology sector. But in this context, it's very important considering also the renewable energy sector as a typical example of this process, driving the green grow of EU economies, reduce environmental impact, and generating positive socio-economic effect mainly on the transmission. Such sector of a particularly great agriculture in a positive way, allowing farmers to use waste and optimize the soup products for bioenergy production. In this framework, a culture policy play a key role in supporting farmers. Other blocks is related to the agriculture policies. In this term, in Europe, we have very good tools that the second pillar of common agriculture policies can provide specific measures, including national rural development plans at the national level, supporting the production and the use of renewable energy in agriculture as well as energy efficiency. Also, it does not provide direct support for the production of biomass for bioenergy, but other indirect measures. It makes it viable, a set of instruments to put the bioenergy production ranging from investment physical to support of basic services and village development in Europe. To misuse, I am helping the sector in the agriculture and forest sector to work together such as farm, forest, oven, and business organization. Other aspects are important, and more generally, at the global scale, the weather is strictly linked with the energy production because traditional thermal energy plants carry a massive amount of water for cooling. That's why the national energy consumption, as well as the use of the energy source, must be well connected with the water policy, mainly with the water framework directive 2016, that is the main legislative tool at the European level for preserving water resource. In this regard, other third blocks of policies regarding water, and this sense the European water legislation has been deeply transformed with the water framework directive that they made in 2001 into full operation in 2012, becoming a one of the main environmental legislation. In response to the environmental goals of the USDGs in relation to water use and water ecosystem protection, its objective is to achieve the good ecological status of water bodies in the EU for 2027, and maintain and promote systemic water use in long-term prospective. On the other hand, the water framework directive social economic component that sits to a courageous cost recovery for all water services can strongly affect the agricultural sector. In fact, in the water framework directive's full implementation to cover all water-related costs, water tariff will receive considerable causing water use reduction and inflicting substantial losses to common account. The application of water from the DAT mean question developed with the USDGs in many European regions. So, some conclusion about this brief speech is related in the very important aspect that the water-related food taxes are in inter-linking understanding and approach. The water-related food taxes means that water security, energy security, and the food security are linked and interacted with each other and with the environment. Under this approach, the sustainability of natural resource management must be assessed by taking into account the fire balance between the users and the development of those resources. In agricultural analysis must be considered the main countries of global trend as we develop a global population. Consumption water, energy, and food will also increase, placing stress on these three sectors and raising the importance of the water-energy food nexus. So, finally, the renewable energy system plays an important role in irrigation management and more speaking water pumping. Water resources are among the most but which resource of the natural environment and their sustainability and integrity management is at the basis of the European water policy. With adoption of the water framework directive, the EUA policy has been drawn on a process of restructuring. The water framework directive is supplemented by international legislation related to water pumping, quality, and pollution. In Europe and Italy as well is very important and many of our work are related to the WALA support directive at national level but also in Italy and Europe of course. Okay, thank you so much for your attention and I really appreciate it and I mean for future question. Thank you very much Filiberto and while Olivier will take the floor please have a look at the questions that the different participants has posed because after Olivier's presentation you will be given the chance to answer some of these questions and then Olivier will also have some time afterwards to answer the questions that are more related to his presentation. So, without any further due Olivier, you have the floor, you have about 20 minutes. Thank you. Thanks Christina for inviting me to this webinar. I'm Olivier Baroto from Montpellier from the Joint Research Unit on Water Governance. I am myself from INRAE but I'm leading this research group with people from different institutes, some of them you may know and I think my talk will complete quite well Filiberto's one. I will go maybe more at a more local scale and on how adaptation to climate change may take place and what can happen afterwards if we try to check what are the consequences of this adaptation and some cascade or side effects. So, if we look at agricultural facing climate change, there are different types of events Filiberto has mentioned them. For example, here it's just close to where I live in Montpellier and South of France, some flood issues. We also have some civil rights and coastal erosion issues which will affect agriculture. Wasting some crops or also wasting some lands for salt intrusion. Drought, of course, is another aspect of climate change which impacts a lot of agriculture. Here is Morocco and these three crops are being totally dried out close to Marrakech, I think. S-management is also an issue related to climate change because new pests are emerging due to changing climate and farmers are not used to deal with it. There are some changes in energy access. So here, I put this picture because I like it, but when you make a variable new energy, you change the way people can take water and when, for example, when you bring solar pumps, it's easier to pump water and you may behind positive action to use solar energy, you may decrease the water levels. And last point, related to climate change is the development of agriculture. Climate change pushes governments to think about big water transfers like this one in Brazil. We have also some in Europe, everywhere in the world. And these change quite a lot the availability of water for farmers. Some of them getting more, like for example, there is one in south of France from Rhone River to all the western coast around the Mediterranean Sea. Here, there is more water for farmers along the coast, but for farmers a little bit more upstream now can't have the same conditions to plant. So I will go through some examples of these types of climate change and how agriculture may deal with them and on the consequences. So first point I will take an example related to flood and with the issue of cascade effects. This is a word from a former PhD student of my group, David Nantes Martinez. He looked at the impact of flood on farming. On the left, you have a situation which is one which is the most often taken in account when assessing the measures. You look at the white dots, the small white dots at the plot level. What are the consequences at the plot level? And if you take an even flood occurs, for example in fall, late fall, the plot may be empty so you can measure just hardly any damage. But these plots, these are part of the form. So it's the middle one. If you consider the reaction between the field and the form, you have also to consider the impact on the farm infrastructure. For example, the machines may have been damaged during the flood event and so that will impact the possibility to make the following cropping season. And then if you go on the right side, the form is itself embedded in the whole sector network. And if I take the example of winery, which is the most common crop around Montpellier, there is a cooperative who is dealing with the crop of farmers. And if the cooperative is damaged by the flood, then the damages may calculate towards the farms even if they have not been damaged themselves. On the other hand, the cooperative may be a place for solidarity and if one form is as machinery is damaged, through the cooperative farmers may find solutions. So that's important when thinking of adaptation to climate change for farms to think of them within these networks. And this PhD student says that the difference in the damages, in the assessment of damages, may be as high as 40% if you take in account full interactions or not. Cascade effects may also come from all those adaptations and among those there is the over-flooding of agricultural land when cities want to protect inhabitants. One option is to overflow the lands for farmers and the question then is how farmers are compensated for that. And again, if you consider only the impacts on the field at the field level, you may forget quite a lot of the impacts. Another issue is more linked to sea level rise and strategic retreats which force some activities on the seashore to go back inland. And where are they going when they go back inland? They go rather on farming land. So climate change may also indirectly impact on the land which is accessible for farmers. So this was one example. Now I will take another example about flood and how people adapt to flood. And what I want to focus on with this example is that adaptation to climate change has to be understood like a complex issue. Here on the cornfield on the left of the slide, the drought is assessed by farmers according to the situation. On the top picture you can see a river quite dried and here the drought is assessed by fishermen like how much water is still in the river so that fish can live. And on the right you have a formal map from the French administration which is updated regularly during summer with a different level of drought of situation. And this is the way the administration sees the drought. It's comparison to freshers. So with these different views on what is drought, farmers and farmers and stakeholders come with a diversity of propositions. These propositions may deal with crops themselves trying to find out some more suited cultivars for new climate. The administration can come with plans to fight climate change and so how and the longer term to invest for this. These investments may induce, for example, here it's also close to Montpellier, a big pipe taking water from a road river to bring it for farmers along the sea shore. And also at the farmer level development of irrigation is seen like a way to deal with drought bringing water to the plant so the plant won't be dried out anymore. And finally another solution which is proposed is to work on the technologies. Here it's changing the technique of irrigation from sprinkler irrigation to towards drop irrigation. But the question is for all of these propositions, how efficient are they and how efficient this is a question which has to be handled at various point of views and in various case. Because as diversity of framing, what we talk about in my group is we are talking about social hydrological systems. What is it? Still taking an example from close to my place. There is a river basin, the Orr River, which is circled with black. And this is the logical escape for hydrologists. From my background I'm going from hydrology and then I'll turn to social simulation. But for hydrologists the right scale to assess the adaptation to drought and water management will be the river basin. However, if we look here on this picture you have another basin here, which is the Orr River basin, another one on the south. And there is this one which is also under the sea, which is a basin linked to ground water, with the big ground water crossing these three basins, orb, aero, and anode. And on top of that you have the purple one, this one, which is the urban area of the larger urban area. And this level has decisions on policies which affect water availability. And so they can change land use patterns, they can change, they can subsidize some activities, so there will be change in the way water is used at this step. In addition, this basin level is not meaningful if we look at two exchanges between people. There are more exchanges between people from Béziers, Montpellier, Auton-Narbonne, the big cities along the sea, where are the big economic links. And activities, economic activities may shift from one place to another one and so some constraints for water. Other exchanges are related to water directly with exchanges of water between basins. So I mentioned one big pipe coming from there, the Orr River, to here, but there are already some transfers from this basin to this one. And a last type of interactions here in the urban area, the Aboriginal practices are particularly embedded and this is discussed and this evolves at the level of this area of the upper basin of all these river basins, not taking into account what takes place here. So the assessment of efficiency of any measures for adapting water management to climate change have to be assessed within a special frame, which is difficult to know. So this is open systems with blood boundaries and so which place are we now? It is really a question which we have to deal with when having a policy to deal with water adaptation for farming. Because there are multiple interests. I just mentioned farmers and fishermen, there are many of us, so that means that might be ambiguity in evaluation criteria. What is dry for a farmer is not what is dry for a fisherman. And so there's a need for consistent tools to monitor, pilot, explore, to know quite well and with the time changing the situation of water and to work for that robust participatory settings. And these solutions with propositions to be assessed are also challenged by intensification of global changes, not only climate, the global changes. I permit an organization taking land from farming, so pushing farmers to intensify on the land which is left, a new demand for food energy, which will impact on quantity and quality, some technical changes, new practices, new varieties available, changes in access to resources for connections, same picture, but also new type of resource like desalinated water or treated waste water reuse, new information availability, like all what takes place with big data and connected objects. Here it is a pump which might be connected to internet so that the water manager can better handle where water is sent. Also various institutional tools like insurance systems are some ways to value more the products like the protected origin so that farmers don't need the security of water to the highest possible. Let me now take an example with drip irrigation in Morocco, so that's what did by a colleague of mine outposted there. So drip irrigation, there is strong expectations for what they're saving because we bring only the water which is really needed by supply. The idea is that there is lower consumption so there will be less groundwater depression. But there is an issue of efficiency. What are the farmers objectives and practices with these new techniques? And so the question for us was whether it was suitable to outscale from the lab where we can see that we use less water with drip irrigation to a whole agricultural region. And the work of Sastia Vendercoy who did a PhD on that two years ago, that there was no evidence of benefits because there was a use of a surplus water for intensification and so a continuous decline of water tables. The fact is that water saved at field level is not saved at regional level because there will be more areas irrigating. So the issue here was that the allocation of saved water had not been handled. We brought in a technical solution which was good at a level of field but which the consequences at the regional level were not dealt with. And so it may be considered like efficient because the same quantity of water could produce more food but it was not efficient at the level of the basin. We can look at also the same kind of example in other countries. The idea is to assess the impact of modernization of irrigation at the basin level, at the regional level, for example, at the basin level and not at the field level. If we, in the measurement, at one scale or the other, change totally the conclusion of this assessment. So for those who want to know more about that, there's a very good report from Chris Perry published by FAO and then it's been termed by Quentin Grafton in paper in Science. We've example some different from various countries in the world including Egypt and Australia. The idea is that water, when you use a sprinkler to irrigate fields, there is some runoff, there is some return flows into the river. If you decrease the water which is brought with rep irrigation, just bring in the water which is needed for the plot. There is no more return flows but the water which is evaporated is still the same. So that means when in dry period there is no more water coming back to the river and the river is even more dried out than it was before the modernization. So when we see all the complexity of these different viewpoints to assess the efficiency of the water management facing climate change, see that we need specific arenas able to gather suitable people with meaningful to handle multiple scales and viewpoints, able to handle flexibility regarding the stakes introduced to the different flows, not only the main flows but also the return flows or indirect flows which may take place and also having tools to explore scenarios. Here if this is the pictures here are in southeast of France in the Alps with a drought committee. So people in place to handle the drought during summer when there are new crises. And the farmers on the left, when they talk in this committee they have this in mind the irrigation. Why on the right this is fishermen who drive over the river and what is dry right. And so the need is to find out the way to handle this kind of arenas so that they can be adaptive and include more people if at some moment new stakes happen and also that they are able to deal with different viewpoints on for assessing the solutions. So the propositions which are developed in my group by Nice Ferrand and colleagues gathered within a platform named couplage. You can have a link on the slide here which is a set of different stages to prepare participatory settings for common diagnostics, role-playing games to explore scenarios, common definitions of values and preferences and finally joint elaborations of plans. Each step is potentially framing the following one so there's a need of tools to involve stakeholders at each of them. That's what we are working on. And there is a need which is in the center of continuous monitoring so that we can identify the evolution of the process and to have some flexibility on internal validity. What I mean by that is it's quite easy. It's relatively easy to find a solution within a group of people, let's say farmers and fishermen, if it impacts mainly a third category of people who are not present. So when I speak about internal validity, that the solutions which may come from this type of arenas have to be checked towards the principle of whether the solutions people impacted by this solution have been involved in. And this is very important when we have the nexus that Filiberto mentioned presented in mind because there are all these connected policies which have to be handled. And so in time these cycles can be changed and it is important because at each cycle we may find out a new issue to focus on. This is a rather old example from colleagues of mine in Ticil Bando and Gitreville in Thailand where they use a game and at each time from the game, from this and the elaboration of a solution about specific problems they had in the northern Thailand, they pointed out a new issue which generated a new cycle. Finally, I will just come with a last example of game to deal with multi-scale interdependencies. As I mentioned, there is this multi-scale issue and which is also possible to handle with this type of settings. Here for example, in the south of France, four autonomous tables have to coordinate. So with these different tables, we can simulate the fact that in different places, in different places, people don't really communicate. They have to focus on some activities. Here they were ready to be researchers. They have to focus on these activities. And so they don't even think of dealing with the others while they know they are connected and they are connected by waters. And so what we did with this game, but we forced them to have some direct arenas with sub-representatives so that at the end of the game, they can understand better what is the added value of having these direct arenas. So this is the setting of the game. I won't go through it. So I think my time is over. So some take-home messages. What is important when dealing with water management for agriculture, facing climate change is that there is diversity of societies of vulnerability. So don't focus only on drought or only on flood. Because the way you handle one, you handle them will impact what you can handle over processes. And another point important for me, what I would like you to keep in mind that context matches. There are cascaded fate or feedback loops. So what you do to improve efficiency of water use to be more resilient towards climate change will impact your capacity to deal with further impacts of climate change or for your neighbors to deal with climate change. The good thing is tools are emerging for participatory settings and to support policy analytics, which may help to deal with all this mess. But for these tools, there is a need for reflexivity and to consider that agricultural vulnerability management is a continuous open process. We have to forget the idea that we could find out a good way and then it will be stable. But due to complexity of systems to all this interconnectivity, it's always a continuous open process to deal with other sectors. Thank you. Thank you very much, Olivier. This was really very, very interesting. And I think also the new methods are quite innovative. So it was interesting. I would like to give the floor to Filiberto to answer a few of the questions. And meanwhile, in the background, here you have the list of courses that could be of interest to you that are directly related with the thematic area that we were covering today, therefore, water management and climate smart agriculture. So Filiberto, if you want to answer a few of the questions, just for participants, I also wanted to let you know that we will be preparing a document with all the answers to your questions, and it will be available through the FLE learning academy on the webinar section. So you will be able to have access to the recording, as well as to the answers that have been asked. So Filiberto? Yes, thank you. Thank you for a lot of questions that I just read on the section. And of course, I cannot reply of all of these questions, but some of these are very interesting. And I want to reply about two of these that I can imagine that is useful also for other questions that are senior to these topics. One of the questions is related to the concrete example of application on water management and the climate smart agriculture. And in this sense, the instrument that the action that we can use in this context are often related to the adaptation to the climate smart adaptation measurement to face the problem related to the legs of water in agriculture field. And so the potential option for climate change adaptation could be several. In particular, if we consider in the sense of the land and water and crop management, so the aspect that are very linked to the catch water management, we can consider the for example, a different option at field and farm level. We can put in action action as improved soil, most retention and capacity, changing cropping part and diversification and other important aspect. Adapting cropping, for example, calendar, supplementary irrigation, deficit irrigation, alternate wet and dry rice production system, for example, and rice as you know is a very intensive crop production, but also introduced to the resistant crops always at farm level and also protection against soil erosion. If we remove and we face this aspect in terms of the irrigation schemes, the instrument that we, the option, the instrument, the action that we could get in consideration are related to the, also in this case, also at irrigation schemes level, supplementary irrigation, deficit irrigation, irrigation scheme, operation improvement are very important aspect that help us to adaptation strategies on agricultural water management, but we consider also other option at the watershed or river basin. In this sense, aspect as an option as integrated water resource management as a very important tool that consider the also the cover also the climate smart that get in consideration the climate smart agricultural and this sense also the water management, but also as always at the river basin, the good use, the attention used on groundwater resources that always are, in some cases, are deep used for the irrigation and in some cases too much. If we analyze the aspect in terms of the policies, we could consider other aspects and in terms of policies, in terms of the irrigation by the service that are often at into the the regional service, ganchal service, are, for example, improved water for against the capacity is a very important aspect that the phase the the the the contribution to the water management and also improved monitoring early warning system, another tool that is very important at at the river basin level and can help to mitigate the effect of the climate change. These are one of the questions and the answers to as a reply to one of the questions. Another question is on this I would be very short is does the current situation and COVID-19 impact directly on food security and nexus in general in Europe? The answer is yes of course and we are in an old world well understand how is important the manager at the local scale also in terms of irrigation because one is as in this case is not possible across the countries or there are a lot of limitation also in the developed the countries but also in developing countries this could be a very good problem for the food security and life security. This regard the activities that are concentrated in a field farm level and also in at the river basin level international contacts are very important to face the eventual problem that we have to face in this case related to the pandemic. So I encourage the all scientists and policy to well understand how is important work at local scale and share knowledge among pilotares and the nation for improving the irrigation schemes and irrigation practice to face some prominent course and for make sure the food security at the local level. Thank you. Sorry Christina you're muted can you please activate your microphone? Oh yes sorry yes yes thank you now thank you very much Filiberto and Olivier did you have a chance to look at some of the questions to give some answers to the participants? Yes I picked up a few of them some of them are very difficult to answer and necessitate I think a whole webinar. I will start with the easiest one for me which is a theme which is on my slide and I didn't develop it because I thought I was short of time but encore map which is the way which was on the slide on couplage encore map is actually map is for methods for evaluating participatory policies public policies something like that so it's just the name of the method to evaluate which is important is encore because it's all the letters are here to explain how we evaluate the dimension of assessment which has to be I won't go all the letters here but it includes the impact on the issue but also the normative consequences how people and also the issue of justice so it is important to have an evaluation which is multi-dimensional not only on impact on the water system itself not only on the yield itself but also on the social aspects if you want to know I saw some asking for modules in French for that I have some good news I'm sorry I did it in in English why it's not my first language even I have good news for you there's a MOOC my 7.9 course which is sponsored by agronium about this method on participatory processes the name of the MOOC is zero and core you will find a link if you go to the couplage link which was on my slide or I can then I can also send it to you by email afterwards so and this MOOC is at least in French and I guess it's also and I'm sure it's also in our languages now there was a question on the role of governance and participation to improve access to water and energy and food what is important I will answer rather on the participation side what is important is to have in mind that it is not possible or we can basically it's not possible to improve access to water point or what access to energy or access to food by itself any participatory process will tend to focus on only one of these letters but will the work of the facilitation and that's the link with governance is to keep in mind that these three sectors and also we can add to this by diversity all these sectors are connected so when improving access to one of them always keep in mind what are what will be the consequences to the other sectors and so this is work of governance and to have participatory process which are really helpful and not just by finding rather easy solutions but which may only lead to tensions another question was related to repelrugation consider more valuable and high value crop and whether government could invest on these new techniques one of my objective with this talk is to keep in mind that but in technology there are no innovations are not good or bad just by themselves it really depends on what is institutional institutional arrangements around which will make them valuable or not and if a government invest on repelrugation just repelrugation like it was made for example in Morocco that may lead to problems or like it was made also in Australia it was one of my example that may lead to an issue because what will take place there is some safe water safe volume and there is a negotiation from between farmers and government okay we make an effort so we share our part of this investment in repelrugation but we want to have more water allocated as a consequence because let's say there is 50 percent safe which is quite a lot actually 50 percent saved let's say that under 50 percent 20 percent is redistributed to farmers because they've done any effort and the negotiation is look there are still 30 percent going back to the to the river so that's still better often before but when a big drought takes place the rights the water rights with the water allocation right are difficult to renegotiate so what will be disappointing first is 30 percent which were left to the river at the first point the second point is that all these new techniques are quite often difficult to to maintain and the the increase in efficiency of what are used decreased with time and that means that the water which was supposed to be saved is less and less safe and it's also under 30 percent which were left for the river that the lost will take place so I think I answered a few questions yes thank you thank you very much so thank you very much so this is very good Olivier to to inform the participants about the MOOC that you were mentioning this is it could be very interesting at the same time I wanted to mention that the courses that you see listed here are also available in French and Spanish and sometimes also some of them I think also in Arabic and I also wanted to mention that we have these two courses on the SDG indicators one is change in water use efficiency for time and the other one is the level of water stress these could be also very very interesting for you because it explains also how countries can assess their their basically their water their water stocks etc and then we have on the left hand side you have the ones that are related to climate smart agriculture so we would really advise you to have a look first at the introduction and then there's the one on water management but also this one is very interesting on climate smart soils and land management which is highly related also to water so these are the ones we that are related to the webinar today but we invite you to go on the academy and to have a look at what is available we would I would like to thank our speakers today thank you very much Olivier and Filiberto I would like to thank also Fabio Picinic for the organization and also Aristide Bukare our partners UNS Cup and Agrinium and of course all of you the participants thank you very much for your participation for your participation thank you bye bye thanks a lot bye thank you bye