 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Reshmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls' Treaty College, University of Allahabad. And this is my email ID and today I'm going to discuss a very important, very, you can say relevant topic under research methodology that is purposive sampling. First of all, I have to take in sampling techniques, but due to certain issues I will take in, I will take purposive sampling first. Okay. So, and the, as usual, the lecture will be in bilingual mode, that is Hindi and English medium students, both, both type of students can may get benefited from this lecture. And this lecture will be very useful. It has, it has no doubt about it. Okay. So, let's start. Purposive sampling. Whenever we start reading the chapter of research methodology, you generally don't get it in B.A.D. Whether it's in M.A.D. or M.A.Education, or you do pre-Ph.D. course, you get to study sampling because sampling is a very important part of your research. Now, let me give you a very general quick review on sampling. You must know what sampling is. What we have to do is, we have to choose samples from the population. So, the sampling process is how you take samples out of the population. Why? Because it is impossible that you can complete your population. So, the quantitative researches, what happens in that? We have to take out representative samples. That is, the characteristics of the population should be in our sample. The better the representation of our sample population, the better we can generalize the findings of our research. So, because there is a term in the middle, purposive sampling, and I have to teach a critical case sampling, so I have made these two videos. So, it will become a sampling technique, so you connect it. So, quantitative researches and your experimental researches. The sampling in that is the purpose of which is to be able to give representation of the population in the sample. Because the population there is very big, the sample is also very big. But since we have talked about quantitative and qualitative researches, you can understand that the qualitative researches, our purpose is not generalization. What is our purpose in that? In that, our purpose is that we can explore, we can take out, we can know the truth, we can understand the point of view of the participants. So, in this, we have to do purposive sampling. Proposive sampling means that we are choosing the sample according to which our purpose should be solved. Our purpose means that the problem that we have started with our research is the solution of that problem to be able to give us that sample or that participant. Okay, so what is purposive sampling? Oh yes, one more thing. The sample in quantitative researches is probability sampling. And your qualitative one is non-probability. So, purposive sampling refers to a group of non-probability sampling techniques. That is, you can say that qualitative researches are purposive sampling and your random sampling is a part of quantitative researches. So, it refers to a group of non-probability sampling techniques in which units are selected. So, how do units be selected in this? How do you select a participant? Because, what should be their criteria? Because they have characteristics that you need in your sample. That is, if we select the characteristics that we want in our sample, we will select them in that unit. That's it. That's all we have to pay attention to. In other words, units are selected on purpose in purpose sampling. So, if you select the unit that you want to pay attention to, then that purpose will be sampling. And also called judgmental sampling. It is also called judgmental sampling. This sampling method relies on the researchers' judgment. That is, we have decided that no one else will come to tell us which participant will be your sample. We feel that the objective of our research can be fulfilled by this participant. So, we have made it a part of our sample. So, who will take the judgment? The researcher will take it. That's why it is called judgmental sampling. So, this sampling method relies on the researchers' judgment when identifying and selecting the individuals. We are identifying, investigating, choosing individuals, cases, events, that can provide the best information to achieve the study's objective. We feel that this participant can fulfill our study's objective in the best possible way. Okay. And purpose sampling is common in qualitative research. I have told you this earlier. Because qualitative research is not a generalization of qualitative research. That is why we will not do random sampling. We will not vote, which we feel can give the answer to our questions. And mixed method of research. Why? Because in mixed method, qualitative and quantitative are both. It is particularly useful if you need to find information in rich cases and make the most out of limited resources but is at high risk for researcher bias like observer bias. I mean, it is good that we feel that we will get the answer to our question. We will get the answer that we need to find. We have chosen them. So, we have chosen them according to the purpose. That is why purpose sampling is a part of qualitative research. That is the purpose of qualitative research. That is why qualitative research is a part of qualitative research. And we will get information in rich cases. We feel that we will get good information. But the problem is that it is an observer bias. Researcher bias. I mean, we feel that we have chosen them. It is not necessary that we feel it is right. Or we can talk to any of our friends. We ask them and we write what they will tell us. So, bias in this way is used to hamper credibility and reliability. It is a big issue of purpose sampling. What are the advantages and disadvantages? As you can understand, the advantage is that we will get it quickly. We will do according to our convenience. We will get information. We will get it quickly. We will get it in less resources. Disadvantages are the same. Bias are the biggest disadvantages. So, let's see that one of the major benefits of purpose sampling is the wide range of sampling techniques that can be used across such qualitative research designs. When you study purpose sampling in detail, you will know that there are a lot of sub-headings and categories in it. And people are often confused. There is a very minor difference between all of them. Main purpose sampling is there. But some of them are special. Some of them are special. So, there are many ways to do it. Sorry. So, the biggest benefit of this is that the wide range of sampling techniques provides us with a wide range of sampling techniques. And purpose sampling techniques that range from homogenous sampling through to critical case sampling, expert sampling and more. There are a lot of benefits. I will tell you the critical case separately. Mainly, I will tell you the difference between critical case sampling and purpose sampling. I am telling you the first purpose sampling and then I will discuss the critical case sampling in the next video. Okay. So, this sampling technique is homogenous sampling through critical case expert sampling through snowball sampling. There are a lot of these types. Okay. While the various purpose sampling techniques each have different goals. They can provide researchers with the justification to make generalizations from the sample that is being studied. Whether such generalizations are theoretical, analytic and oblique or logical in nature. See, you may not know generally it is not written in the books when we read the textbook that generalizations can be logical generalizations can be analytic generalizations can be theoretical that is not necessary. Statistical generalization. Who provides statistical generalization? Quantitative researchers. Experimental researchers tell us based on statistics that the results we have can be generalizations. But qualitative researchers also give generalizations. But the statistical generalization cannot be logical generalizations. This is a new answer. Generally, people do not know about it. So, various purpose sampling techniques have different goals. They provide us with justification that you can also do generalizations from the sample finding its generalizations. It can be theoretical, analytic generalizations. Qualitative research designs can involve multiple phases. See, when we were studying qualitative, quantitative or qualitative, we told you that we do not know the fixed schedule of qualitative researchers. When we get down in the field, we get to know how much we need to talk to, how many times we need to talk to, how much time we need to talk to, how much time we need to talk to. So, we can see that each phase is being built on the previous one. Next phase is being built only when the first phase is passed on. For the first phase, we will be finding the shape, line, and so on and so on. That is what the next phase is. To find out what will happen in the field, we should know. So, in such instances, the different types of sampling So, it is useful in these instances because it provides a wide range of non-probability sampling techniques for the researcher to draw on. So, here we help with the purpose of sampling, what kind of sampling is required on which phase. So, these are the disadvantages. The obvious is that purpose of samples irrespective of the type of purpose of sampling used can be highly prone to result or bias. If you are just wondering which unit to use, what to take, whom to talk to, then our bias will be there. You cannot detach from it because we all are human beings. So, the subjectivity and non-probability-based nature of the unit will be there. That is, the subjectivity is there, the researcher has chosen it, the probability has not been taken care of. So, in choosing people, in choosing the event, in choosing the organization, so, in purpose of sampling means that it can be difficult to convince the reader that the judgment you used to select units to study was appropriate. So, the reader who is reading your research, who is sharing your findings, how will you convince them that this was the most appropriate. So, in this case, subjectivity or non-probability is the nature of the unit. Or, for this reason, it can be difficult to convince the reader that the judgment you used to select units to study was appropriate. For this reason, it can also be difficult to convince the reader that research using purpose of sampling achieved theoretical analytical generalization. You have chosen it according to your own thinking, according to your own logic. So, it can be difficult to take out the logical analytical and theoretical generalization for you. Why can it be difficult? Because it is difficult for us to convince the reader that you have chosen the best. Okay, so, this is the purpose of sampling. In terms of non-probability sampling techniques, it is a part of qualitative research, and the unit, the case, the organization, the participant, we feel that we can see the information. We select it according to the purpose, that is why its name is Purposive Sampling and a wide range of sampling techniques come in it, so it becomes very confusing sometimes. So, we have to keep in mind that mainly Purposive Sampling and in it, as our goal changes, the sampling technique changes and everyone has a different name. Okay. So, I have covered a new topic that is Purposive Sampling. I have to take sampling techniques separately when I get the chance, so I take it. Okay. So, for now, you have to know Purposive Sampling, then we will read the critical case sampling. It is a little, you can say, typical and generally less popular. Generally, people do not know about it and confuse it with Purposive Sampling. So, you have to keep in mind that Purposive Sampling is an umbrella, it has a lot of sampling techniques. I am sorry. Okay. So, thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel, Explore Education. Enjoy my Telegram. Okay. Done from my side.