 This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recorded by Dennis Sayers in Modesto, California, winter 2006. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. Chapter 13, wreck of a Spanish ship. I was now in the 23rd year of my residence in this island, and was so naturalized to the place and the manner of living, that could I but have enjoyed the certainty that no savages would come to the place to disturb me. I could have been content for capitulating to spend the rest of my time there, even to the last moment, till I had laid me down and died like the old goat in the cave. I had also arrived to some little diversions and amusements, which made the time pass a great deal more pleasantly with me than it did before. First, I had taught my pal, as I noted before, to speak, and he did it so familiarly, and talked so articulately and plain, that it was very pleasant to me, and he lived with me no less than six and twenty years. How long he might have lived afterwards, I know not, though I know they have a notion in the Brazils that they live a hundred years. My dog was a pleasant and loving companion to me for no less than sixteen years of my time, and then died of mere old age. As for my cats, they multiplied, as I have observed, to that degree that I was obliged to shoot several of them at first, to keep them from devouring me, and all I had. But at length, when the two old ones I brought with me were gone, and after some time continually driving them from me, and letting them have no provision with me, they all ran wild into the woods, except two or three favorites, which I kept tame, and whose young, when they had any, I always drowned. And these were part of my family. Besides these, I always kept two or three household kids about me, whom I taught two feet out of my hand, and I had two more parrots, which talked pretty well, and would all call Robin Crusoe, but not like my first. Nor indeed did I take the pains with any of them that I had done with him. I had also several tame sea-fowls, whose name I knew not, that I caught upon the shore, and cut their wings. And the little stakes, which I had planted before my castle wall, being now grown up to a good thick-rove, these fowls all lived among these low trees and bred there, which was very agreeable to me, so that, as I said above, I began to be very well contented with the life I led, if I could have secured from the dread of the savages. But it was otherwise directed, and it may not be a miss for all people who shall meet with my story to make this just observation from it, how frequently, in the course of our lives, the evil which in itself we seek most shun, and which, when we are fallen into, is the most dreadful to us, is oftentimes the very means or door of our deliverance, by which alone we can be raised again from the affliction we are fallen into. I could give many examples of this in the course of my unaccountable life, but in nothing was it more particularly remarkable than in the circumstances of my last years of solitary residence in this island. It was now the month of December, as I said above, in my twenty-third year, and this being the southern solstice, for winter I cannot call it, was the particular time of my harvest, and required me to be pretty much abroad in the fields. When, going out early in the morning, even before it was thorough daylight, I was surprised with seeing a light of some fire upon the shore, at a distance from me of about two miles toward that part of the island where I had observed some savages had been as before, and not on the other side, but to my great affliction it was on my side of the island. I was indeed terribly surprised. And stopped short within my grove at the sight, not daring to go out lest I might be surprised, and yet I had no more peace within from the apprehensions I had that if these savages in rambling over the island should find my corn standing or cut, or any of my works or improvements, they would immediately conclude that there were people in the place and would never rest then till they had found me out. And this extremity I went back directly to my castle, pulled up the ladder after me, and made all things without look as wild and natural as I could. Then I prepared myself within, putting myself in a posture of defense. I loaded all my cannon, as I called them, that is to say my muskets which were mounted upon my new fortification, and all my pistols, and resolved to defend myself to the last gasp, not forgetting to commend myself seriously to the divine protection, and earnestly to pray to God to deliver me out of the hands of the barbarians. I continued in this posture about two hours and began to be impatient for intelligence abroad for I had no spies to send out. After sitting a while longer and musing what I should do in this case, I was not able to bear sitting in ignorance longer, so setting up my ladder to the side of the hill where there was a flat place, as I observed before, and then pulling the ladder after me, I set it up again and mounted the top of the hill, and pulling out my perspective glass, which I had taken on purpose, I laid me down flat on my belly on the ground, and began to look for the place. I presently found there were no less than nine naked savages sitting round a small fire they had made, not to warn them for they had no need of that, the weather being extremely hot, but, as I supposed, to dress some of their barbarous diet of human flesh, which they had brought with them, whether alive or dead, I could not tell. They had two canoes with them, which they had hauled up upon the shore, and as it was then ebb of tide, they seemed to me to wait for the return of the flood to go away again. It is not easy to imagine what confusion this sight put me into, especially seeing them come on my side of the island, and so near to me, but when I considered their coming must be always with the current of the ebb, I began afterwards to be more sedate in my mind, being satisfied that I might go abroad with safety all the time of the flood, all the time of the tide, if they were not unsure before, and having made this observation, I went abroad about my harvest work with the moor composure. As I expected, so it proved, for as soon as the tide made to the westward, I saw them all take boat and row, or paddle, as we call it, away. I should have observed that for an hour or more before they went off, they were dancing, and I could discern their postures and gestures by my glass. I could not perceive, by my nicest observation, but that they were stark naked and had not the least covering upon them, but whether they were men or women, I could not distinguish. As soon as I saw them shipped and gone, I took two guns upon my shoulders and two pistols in my girdle, and my great sword by my side without a scabbard, and with all the speed I was able to make went away to the hill where I had discovered the first appearance of all, and as soon as I got thither, which was not in less than two hours, for, I could not go quickly, being so loaded with arms as I was, I perceived there had been three canoes more of the savages at that place, and looking out farther, I saw they were all at sea together, making over for the main. This was a dreadful sight to me, especially as, going down to the shore, I could see the marks of horror which the dismal work they had been about had left behind it, that is, the blood, the bones, and part of the flesh of human bodies eaten and devoured by those wretches with merriment and sport. I was so filled with indignation at the sight that I now began to premeditate the destruction of the next that I saw there. Let them be whom, or how many, so ever. It seemed evident to me that the visits which they made, thus to this island, were not very frequent, for it was above fifteen months before any more of them came on shore there again. That is to say, I neither saw them nor any footsteps or signals of them in all that time. For as to the rainy seasons, then they are sure not to come abroad, at least not so far. Yet all this while I lived uncomfortably by reason of the constant apprehensions of their coming upon me by surprise, from whence I observe that the expectation of evil is more bitter than the suffering, especially if there is no room to shake off that expectation or those apprehensions. During all this time I was in a murdering humor and spent most of my hours, which should have been better employed, in contriving how to circumvent and fall upon them the very next time I should see them, especially if they should be divided as they were the last time into two parties, nor did I consider at all that if I killed one party, suppose ten or a dozen, I was still the next day or week or month to kill another, and so another even odd infinitum, till I should be at length no less a murderer than they were and being man-eaters, and perhaps much more so. I spent my days now in great perplexity and anxiety of mind, expecting that I should one day or other fall into the hands of these merciless creatures, and if I did at any time venture abroad it was not without looking around me with the greatest care and caution imaginable. And now I found, to my great comfort, how happy it was that I had provided a tame flock or herd of goats, for I durst not upon any account fire my gun, especially near that side of the island where they usually came, lest I should alarm the savages, and if they had fled from me now I was sure to have them come again with perhaps two or three hundred canoes with them in a few days, and then I knew what to expect. However, I wore out a year and three months more before I ever saw any more of the savages, and then I found them again as I shall soon observe. It is true they might have been there once or twice, but either they made no stay, or at least I did not see them, but in the month of May, as far as I could calculate, and in my four-and-twentieth year I had a very strange encounter with them, of which, in its place, the perturbation of my mind during this fifteen or sixteen months interval was very great. I slept unquietly, dreamed always, frightful dreams, and often started out of my sleep in the night. In the day great troubles overwhelm my mind, and in the night I dreamed often of killing the savages and of the reasons why I might justify doing it. But, to wave all of this for a while, it was in the middle of May, on the sixteenth day, I think, as well as my poor wooden calendar would reckon, before I marked all upon the post still. I say, it was, on the sixteenth of May, that it blew a very great storm of wind all day, with a great deal of lightning and thunder, and a very foul night it was after it. I knew not what was the particular occasion of it, but as I was reading in the Bible, and taken up with very serious thoughts about my present condition, I was surprised with the noise of a gun, as I thought, fired at sea. This was, to be sure, a surprise quite of different nature from any I had met with before. For the notions this put into my thoughts were quite of another kind. I started up in the greatest haste imaginable, and in a trice clapped my ladder in the middle place of the rock, pulled it up after me, and mounting it the second time, got to the top of the hill the very moment that a flash of fire bid me listen for a second gun, which, accordingly, in about half a minute, I heard, and by the sound knew that it was from that part of the sea where I was driven down the current in my boat. I immediately considered that this must be some ship in distress, and that they had some comrade or some other ship in company, and fired these for signals of distress and to obtain help. I had the presence of mind at that minute to think that, though I could not help them, it might be that they might help me, so I brought together all the dry wood I could get at hand, and making a good handsome pile. I set it on fire upon the hill. The wood was dry, and blazed freely, and though the wind blew very hard, yet it burned fairly out, so that I was certain, if there was any such thing as a ship, they must needs see it. And no doubt they did, for as soon as ever my fire blazed up, I heard another gun, and after that several others all from the same quarter. I plied my fire all night long till daybreak, and when it was broad day, and the air cleared up, I saw something at a great distance at sea, full east of the island, whether a sail or a hull I could not distinguish, no, not with my glass, the distance was so great, and the weather still something hazy also, at least it was so out at sea. I looked frequently at it all that day, and soon perceived that it did not move, so I presently concluded that it was a ship at anchor, and being eager, you may be sure, to be satisfied, I took my gun in my hand, and ran towards the south side of the island to the rocks where I had formerly been carried away by the current, and getting up there, the weather by this time being perfectly clear, I could plainly see to my great sorrow the wreck of a ship cast away in the night upon those concealed rocks, which I found when I was out in my boat, and which rocks, as they checked the violence of the stream, and made a kind of counter system, or eddy, were the occasion of my recovering from the most desperate, hopeless condition that ever I had been in, and all my life. Thus, what is one man's safety, is another man's destruction, for it seems these men, whoever they were, being out of their knowledge, and the rocks being wholly underwater, had been driven upon them in the night, and the wind blowing hard at east, northeast. Had they seen the island, as I must necessarily suppose they did not, they must, as I thought, have endeavored to have saved themselves on shore by the help of their boat, but their firing of guns for help, especially when they saw, as I imagined my fire, filled me with many thoughts. First, I imagined that upon seeing my light, they might have put themselves into their boat, and endeavored to make the shore, but that the sea running very high, they might have been cast away. Other times, I imagined that they might have lost their boat before, as might be the case in many ways, particularly by the breaking of the sea upon their ship, which many times obliged men to stave, or take to pieces, their boat, and sometimes to throw it overboard with their own hands. Other times, I imagined that they had some other ship or ships in company who, upon the signals of distress they made, had taken them up and carried them off. Other times, I fancied they were all gone off to sea in their boat, and being hurried away by the current that I had formerly been in, were carried out into the great ocean, where there was nothing but misery and perishing, and that perhaps they might by this time think of starving, and of being in a condition to eat one another. As all these were but conjectures at best, so in the condition I was in, I could do no more than look on upon the misery of the poor men and pity them, which had still this good effect upon my side, that it gave me more and more cause to give thanks to God, who had so happily and comfortably provided for me in my desolate condition, and that of two ships' companies who were now cast away upon this part of the world, not one life should be spared but mine. I learned here again to observe that it is very rare that the providence of God casts us into any condition so low or any misery so great, but we may see something or other to be thankful for, and may see others in worse circumstances than our own. Such certainly was the case of these men, of whom I could not so much as see room to suppose any were saved. Nothing could make it rational so much as to wish or expect that they did not all perish there, except the possibility only of their being taken up by another ship in company. And this was but mere possibility indeed, for I saw not the least sign or appearance of any such thing. I cannot explain by any possible energy of words what a strange longing I felt in my soul upon this sight, breaking out sometimes thus. O that there had been but one or two nays, or but one soul saved out of the ship to have escaped to me, that I might but have had one companion, one fellow creature to have spoken to me, and to have conversed with. In all the time of my solitary life I never felt so earnest, so strong a desire after the society of my fellow creatures, or so deep a regret at the want of it. There are some secret springs in the affections which, when they are set a going by some object in view, or though not in view yet rendered present to the mind by the power of imagination, that motion carries out the soul by its impetuosity to such violent eager embracings of the object that the absence of it is insupportable. Such were these earnest wishings that but one man had been saved. I believe I repeated the words all that it had been but one, a thousand times, and my desires were so moved by it that when I spoke the words my hands would clench together and my fingers would press the palms of my hands so that if I had had any soft thing in my hand I would have crushed it involuntarily, and the teeth in my head would strike together and set against one another so strong that for some time I could not part them again. Let the naturalists explain these things and the reason and manner of them. All I can do is to describe the fact, which was even surprising to me when I found it, though I knew not from whence it proceeded. It was doubtless the effect of ardent wishes and of strong ideas formed in my mind, realizing the comfort which the conversation of one of my fellow Christians would have been to me. But it was not to be either their fate, for mine, or both, forbade it. For till the last year of my being on this island I never knew whether any were saved out of that ship or no, and had only the affliction some days after to see the corpse of a drowned boy come on shore at the end of the island which was next the wreck. He had no clothes on but a seaman's waistcoat, a pair of open-need linen drawers, and a blue linen shirt, but nothing to direct me so much as to guess what nation he was of. He had nothing in his pockets but two pieces of eight and a tobacco pipe. The last was to me of ten times more value than the first. It was now calm, and I had a great mind to venture out in my boat to this wreck, not doubting, but I might find something on board that might be useful to me. But that did not altogether press me so much as the possibility that there might be yet some living creature on board whose life I might not only save, but might by saving his life comfort my own to the last degree. And this thought clung so to my heart that I could not be quiet night or day, but I must venture out in my boat on board this wreck. And committing the rest to God's providence, I thought the impression was so strong upon my mind that it could not be resisted that it must come from some invisible direction, and that I should be wanting to myself if I did not go. Under the power of this impression I hastened back to my castle, prepared everything for my voyage, took a quantity of bread, a great pot of fresh water, a compass to steer by, a bottle of rum for—I still had a great deal of that left—and a basket of raisins. And thus, loading myself with everything necessary, I went down to my boat, got the water out of her, got her afloat, loaded all my cargo in her, and then went home again for more. My second cargo was a great bag of rice, the umbrella to set up over my head for a shade, another large pot of water, and about two dozen of small loaves or barley cakes more than before, with a bottle of goat's milk and a cheese, all which, with great labor and sweat, I carried to my boat, and praying to God to direct my voyage, I put out, and rowing or paddling the canoe along the shore came at last to the utmost point of the island on the northeast side, and now I was to launch out into the ocean and either to venture or not to venture. I looked on the rapid currents which ran constantly on both sides of the island at a distance, and which were very terrible to me from the remembrance of the hazard I had been in before, and my heart began to fail me, for I foresaw that, if I was driven into either of those currents, I should be carried a great way out to sea, and perhaps out of my reach or sight of the island again, and that then, as my boat was so small, if any little gale of wind should rise, I should be inevitably lost. These thoughts so oppressed my mind that I began to give over my enterprise, and having hauled my boat into a little creek on the shore, I stepped out, and sat down upon a rising bit of ground, very pensive and anxious, between fear and desire about my voyage. When, as I was musing, I could perceive that the tide was turned and the flood come on, upon which my going was impracticable for so many hours. Upon this, presently it occurred to me that I should go up to the highest piece of ground I could find, and observe, if I could, how the sets of the tide or currents lay when the flood came in, that I might judge whether, if I was driven one way out, I might not expect to be driven another way home, with the same rapidity of the currents. This thought was no sooner in my head than I cast my eye upon a little hill which sufficiently overlooked the sea both ways, and from whence I had a clear view of the currents or sets of the tide, and which way I was to guide myself in my return. Here I found that, as the current of Ebb set out close by the south point of the island, so the current of the flood set in close by the shore of the north side, and that I had nothing to do but to keep to the north side of the island in my return, and I should do well enough. Encouraged by this observation, I resolved the next morning to set out with the first of the tide, and reposing myself for the night in my canoe, under the watchcoat I mentioned, I launched out. I first made a little out to sea, full north, till I began to feel the benefit of the current which set eastward, and which carried me at a great rate, and yet did not so hurry me as the current on the south side had done before, so as to take from me all government of the boat. But having a strong steerage with my paddle, I went at a great rate directly for the wreck, and in less than two hours I came up to it. It was a dismal sight to look at. The ship, which by its building was Spanish, stuck fast jammed in between two rocks. All the stern and quarter of her were beaten to pieces by the sea, and as her forecastle, which stuck in the rocks, had run on with great violence, her main mast and foremast were brought by the board, that is to say, broken short off. But her bow sprit was sound, and the head and bow appeared firm. When I came close to her, a dog appeared upon her, who, seeing me coming, yelped and cried, and as soon as I called him, jumped into the sea to come to me. I took him into the boat, but found him almost dead with hunger and thirst. I gave him a cake of my bread, and he devoured it like a ravenous wolf that had been starving a fortnight in the snow. I then gave the poor creature some fresh water, with which, if I would have let him, he would have burst himself. After this I went on board, but the first sight I met was two men drowned in the cookroom, or forecastle of the ship, with their arms fast about one another. I concluded, as is indeed probable, that when the ship struck, it being in a storm, the sea broke so high and so continually over her that the men were not able to bear it, and were strangled with the constant rushing in of the water, as much as if they had been underwater. Besides the dog, there was nothing left in the ship that had life, nor any goods that I could see, but what were spoiled by the water. There were some casts of liquor, whether wine or brandy I knew not, which lay lower in the hold, and which the water being ebbed out I could see, but they were too big to meddle with. I saw several chests, which I believe belong to some of the seamen, and I got two of them into my boat, without examining what was in them. Had the stern of the ship been fixed, and the forepart broken off, I am persuaded I might have made a good voyage, for by what I found in those two chests I had room to suppose the ship had a great deal of wealth on board, and if I may guess from the course she steered, she must have been bound from Buenos Aires, or the Rio de la Plata, in the south part of America, beyond the Brazils to the Havana in the Gulf of Mexico, and so perhaps to Spain. She had, no doubt, a great treasure in her, but of no use at that time to anybody, and what became of the crew I then knew not. I found, beside those chests, a little cast full of liquor of about twenty gallons, which I got into my boat with much difficulty. There were several muskets in the cabin, and a great powder horn, with about four pounds of powder in it, as for the muskets I had no occasion for them, so I left them, but took the powder horn. I took a fire shovel and tongs, which I wanted extremely, as also two little brass kettles, a copper pot to make chocolate, and a gridiron, and with this cargo, and the dog, I came away, the tide beginning to make home again, and the same evening, about an hour within night, I reached the island again, weary and fatigued to the last degree. I reposed that night in the boat, and in the morning I resolved to harbor what I had got in my new cave, and not carry it home to my castle. After refreshing myself, I got all my cargo on board, and began to examine the particulars. The cast of liquor I found to be a kind of rum, but not such as we had at the Brazils, and in a word, not at all good, but when I came to open the chests I found several things of great use to me. For example, I found, in one, a fine case of bottles of an extraordinary kind, and filled with cordial waters, fine and very good. The bottles held about three pints each, and were tipped with silver. I found two pots of very good succades, or sweetmeats, so fast and also on the top that the salt water had not hurt them, and two more of the same, which the water had spoiled. I found some very good shirts, which were very welcome to me, and about a dozen and a half of white linen handkerchiefs, and colored neck gloss. The former were also very welcome, being exceedingly refreshing to wipe my face in a hot day. Besides this, when I came to the till in the chest, I found three great bags of pieces of eight, which held about eleven hundred pieces in all, and in one of them, wrapped up in a paper, six doubloons of gold in some small bars or wedges of gold. I suppose they might all weigh near a pound. In the other chest there were some clothes, but of little value. But by the circumstances it must have belonged to the gunner's mate, though there was no powder in it except two pounds of fine glazed powder in three flasts, kept I suppose for charging their filing pieces on occasion. Upon the whole I got very little by this voyage that was of any use to me, for, as to the money, I had no manner of occasion for it. It was to me as the dirt under my feet, and I would have given it all for three or four pair of English shoes and stockings, which were things I greatly wanted, but had had none on my feet for many years. I had indeed got two pair of shoes now, which I took off the feet of the two drowned men, whom I saw in the wreck, and I found two pair more in one of the chests, which were very welcome to me, but they were not like our English shoes, either for ease or service, being rather what we call pumps than shoes. I found in this seamen's chest about fifty pieces of eight in reels, but no gold. I suppose this belonged to a poorer man than the other, which seemed to belong to some officer. Well, however, I lugged this money home to my cave as I had done that before, which I had brought from our own ship, but it was a great pity, as I said, that the other part of this ship had not come to my share, for I am satisfied I might have loaded my canoe several times over with money, and thought, if I ever escaped to England, it might lie here safe enough till I come again and fetch it. End of Chapter 13. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Chapter 14. A Dream Realized Having brought all my things on shore and secured them, I went back to my boat and rode or paddled her along the shore to her old harbour, where I laid her up, and made the best of my way to my old habitation, where I found everything safe and quiet. I began now to repose myself, live after my old fashion, and take care of my family affairs, and for a while I lived easy enough, only that I was more vigilant than I used to be, looked out, oftener, and did not go abroad so much. And if at any time I did stir with any freedom, it was always to the east part of the island, where I was pretty well satisfied the savages never came, and where I could go without so many precautions, and such a load of arms and ammunition as I always carried with me if I went the other way. I lived in this condition, near two years more, but my unlucky head, that was always to let me know it was born to make my body miserable, was all these two years filled with projects, and designs how, if it were possible, I might get away from this island. For sometimes I was for making another voyage to the wreck, though my reason told me there was nothing left there worth the hazard of my voyage, sometimes for a ramble one way, sometimes another. And I believe, verily, if I had had the boat that I went from Cillian I should have ventured to sea, bound anywhere I knew not wither. I have been, in all my circumstances, a memento to those who are touched with the general plague of mankind. Went, for ought I know, one half of their miseries flow. I mean that of not being satisfied with the station wherein God and nature hath placed them, for not to look back upon my primitive condition, and the excellent advice of my father, the opposition to which was, as I may call it, my original sin, my subsequent mistakes of the same kind, had been the means of my coming into this miserable condition. For had that providence, which so happily seated me at the Brazils, as a planter, blessed me with confined desires, and I could have been contented to have gone on gradually, I might have been by this time, I mean, in the time of my being in this island, one of the most considerable planters in the Brazils. Nay, I am persuaded that, by the improvements I had made in that little time I lived there, and the increase I should probably have made if I had remained, I might have been worth a hundred thousand moidores. And what business had I to leave a settled fortune, a well-stocked plantation, improving and increasing, to turn supercargo to guinea, to fetch negroes when patience and time would have so increased our stock at home, that we could have bought them at our own door from those whose business it was to fetch them, and though it had cost us something more, yet the difference of that price was by no means worth saving at so great a hazard. But as this is usually the fate of young heads, so reflection upon the folly of it is as commonly the exercise of more years, or of the dear-bought experience of time. So it was with me now, and yet so deep had the mistake taken root in my temper that I could not satisfy myself in my station, but was continually pouring upon the means and possibility of my escape from this place. And that I may, with greater pleasure to the reader, bring on the remaining part of my story, it may not be improper to give him some account of my first conceptions on the subject of this foolish scheme of my escape, and how and upon what foundation I acted. I am now, to be supposed, retired into my castle, after my late voyage to the wreck, my frigate laid up and secured underwater, as usual, and my condition restored to what it was before. I had more wealth, indeed, than I had before, but was not at all the richer, for I had no more use for it than the Indians of Peru had before the Spaniards came there. It was one of the nights in the rainy season in March, the four-and-twentieth year of my first setting foot in this island of solitude. I was lying in my bed or hammock awake, very well in health, had no pain, no distemper, no uneasiness of body nor any uneasiness of mind more than ordinary, but could by no means close my eyes, that is, so as to sleep, no, not a wink, all night long, otherwise than as follows. It is impossible to set down the innumerable crowd of thoughts that whirled through that great thoroughfare of the brain, the memory, in this night's time. I ran over the whole history of my life in miniature, or by abridgment, as I may call it, to my coming to this island, and also of that part of my life since I came to this island. In my reflections upon the state of my case, since I came on shore on this island, I was comparing the happy posture of my affairs in the first years of my habitation here with the life of anxiety, fear, and care which I had lived in ever since I had seen the print of a foot in the sand. Not that I did not believe the savages had frequented the island even all the while, and might have been several hundreds of them at times on shore there. But I had never known it, and was incapable of any apprehensions about it. My satisfaction was perfect, though my danger was the same, and I was as happy in not knowing my danger as if I had never really been exposed to it. This furnished my thoughts with many very profitable reflections, and particularly this one. How infinitely good that providence is which has provided, in its government of mankind, such narrow bounds to his sight and knowledge of things, and though he walks in the midst of so many thousand dangers, the sight of which, if discovered to him, would distract his mind and sink his spirits, he has kept serene and calm by having the events of things hid from his eyes, and knowing nothing of the dangers which surround him. After these thoughts had for some time entertained me, I came to reflect seriously upon the real danger I had been in for so many years in this very island, and how I had walked about in the greatest security, and with all possible tranquility, even when perhaps nothing but the brow of a hill, a great tree, or the casual approach of night, had been between me and the worst kind of destruction, that is, that of falling into the hands of cannibals and savages, who would have seized on me with the same view as I would on a goat or a turtle, and have thought of it no more a crime to kill and devour me than I did of a pigeon or a curlew. I would unjustly slander myself if I should say I was not sincerely thankful to my great preserver, to whose singular protection I acknowledged, with great humanity, all these unknown deliverances were due, and without which I must inevitably have fallen into their merciless hands. When these thoughts were over, my head was for some time taken up to considering the nature of these wretched creatures, I mean the savages, and how it came to pass in the world that the wise governor of all things should give up any of his creatures to such inhumanity, nay to something so much more below, even brutality itself, as to devour its own kind. But as this ended, and some, at that time, fruitless speculations, it occurred to me to inquire what part of the world these wretches lived in, how far off the coast was from once they came, what they ventured over so far from home for, what kind of boats they had, and why I might not order myself and my business so that I might be able to go over thither as they were come to me. I never so much as troubled myself to consider what I should do with myself when I went thither, what would become of me if I fell into the hands of those savages, or how I should escape them if they attacked me. No, nor so much as how it was possible for me to reach the coast and not to be attacked by some or other of them, without any possibility of delivering myself, and if I should not fall into their hands, what I should do for provision or wither I should bend my course. None of these thoughts, I say, so much as came in my way, but my mind was wholly bent upon the notion of my passing over in my boat to the mainland. I looked upon my present condition as the most miserable that could possibly be, that I was not able to throw myself into anything but death that could be called worse, and if I reached the shore of the Main I might perhaps meet with relief, or I might coast along as I did on the African shore till I came to some inhabited country and where I might find some relief, and after all perhaps I might fall in with some Christian ship that might take me in, and if the worst came to the worst I could but die, which would put an end to all these miseries at once. Pray note, all this was the fruit of a disturbed mind, an impatient temper made desperate as it were by the long continuance of my troubles, and the disappointments I had met in the wreck I had been on board of, and where I had been so near obtaining what I so earnestly longed for, somebody to speak to, and to learn some knowledge from them of the place where I was and of the probable means of my deliverance. I was agitated wholly by these thoughts, all my calm of mind in my resignation to Providence and waiting the issue of the dispositions of heaven seemed to be suspended, and I had as it were no power to turn my thoughts to anything but to the project of voyage to the main, which came upon me with such force and such an impetuosity of desire that it was not to be resisted. When this had agitated my thoughts for two hours or more with such violence that it set my very blood into affirmant and my pulse beat as if I had been in a fever merely with the extraordinary fervor of my mind about it, nature, as if I had been fatigued and exhausted with the very thoughts of it, threw me into a sound sleep. One would have thought I should have dreamed of it, but I did not, nor of anything relating to it, but I dreamed that I was going out in the morning as usual from my castle. I saw upon the shore two canoes and eleven savages coming to land, and that they brought with them another savage whom they were going to kill in order to eat him, when, on a sudden, the savage that they were going to kill jumped away and ran for his life, and I thought in my sleep that he came running into my little thick grove before my fortification to hide himself, and that I, seeing him alone and not perceiving that the others sought him that way, showed myself to him, and smiling upon him encouraged him that he kneeled down to me, seeming to pray me to assist him, upon which I showed him my ladder, made him go up, and carried him into my cave, and he became my servant, and that, as soon as I had got this man, I said to myself, now I may certainly venture to the mainland for this fellow will serve me as a pilot, and will tell me what to do, and whether to go for provisions, and whether not to go for fear of being devoured, what places to venture to, and what to shun. I waked with this thought, and was under such inexpressible impressions of joy at the prospect of my escape and my dream, that the disappointments which I felt upon coming to myself and finding that it was no more than a dream, were equally extravagant the other way, and threw me into a very great dejection of spirits. Upon this, however, I made this conclusion that my only way to go about, to attempt, and escape was, to endeavor to get a savage into my possession, and, if possible, it should be one of their prisoners whom they had condemned to be eaten and should bring hither to kill. But these thoughts still were attended with this difficulty, that it was impossible to affect this without attacking a whole caravan of them and killing them all, and this was not only a very desperate attempt, and might miscarry, but, on the other hand, I had greatly scrupled the lawfulness of it to myself, and my heart trembled at the thoughts of shedding so much blood, though it was for my deliverance. I need not repeat the arguments which occurred to me against this, they being the same mentioned before, but though I had other reasons to offer now, that is that those men were enemies to my life and would devour me if they could, that it was self-preservation in the highest degree to deliver myself from this death of a life, and was acting in my own defense as much as if they were actually assaulting me, and the like. I say, though these things argued for it, yet the thoughts of shedding human blood for my deliverance were very terrible to me, and such as I could by no means reconcile myself to for a great while. However, at last, after many secret disputes with myself, and after great perplexities about it, for all these arguments one way and another, struggled in my head a long time, the eager, prevailing desire of deliverance at length mastered all the rest, and I resolved, if possible, to get one of these savages into my hands, cost what it would. My next thing was to contrive how to do it, and this, indeed, was very difficult to resolve on, but as I could pitch upon no probable means for it, so I resolved to put myself upon the watch, to see them when they came on shore, and leave the rest to the event, taking such measures as the opportunity should present, let what would be. With these resolutions in my thoughts, I set myself upon the scout as often as possible, and indeed so often that I was hardly tired of it, for it was above a year and a half that I waited, and for a great part of that time went out to the west end, and to the southwest corner of the island almost every day to look for canoes, but none appeared. This was very discouraging, and began to trouble me much, though I cannot say that it did in this case, as it had done some time before, wear off the edge of my desire to the thing, but the longer it seemed to be delayed, the more eager I was for it. In a word, I was not at first so careful to shun the sight of these savages, and avoid being seen by them, as I was now eager to be upon them. Besides, I fancied myself able to manage one, nay, two or three savages if I had them, so as to make them entirely slaves to me, to do whatever I should direct them, and to prevent their being able at any time to do me any hurt. It was a great while that I pleased myself with this affair, but nothing still presented itself. All my fancies and schemes came to nothing, for no savages came near me for quite a while. After a year and a half later I entertained these notions, and by long musings had, as it were, resolved them into nothing, for want of an occasion to put them into execution, I was surprised one morning by seeing no less than five canoes all on shore together on my side of the island, and the people who belonged to them all landed and out of my sight. The number of them broke all my measures for seeing so many, and knowing that they always came four or six or sometimes more in a boat, I could not tell what to think of it, or how to take my measures to attack twenty or thirty men single-handed, so lay still in my castle, perplexed and discomforted. However, I put myself into the same position for an attack that I had formally provided, and was just ready for action if anything had presented. Having waited a good while, listening to hear if they made any noise, at length, being very impatient, I set my guns at the foot of my ladder, and clambered up to the top of the hill by my two stages, as usual, standing so, however, that my head did not appear above the hill so that they could not perceive me by any means. Here I observed by the help of my perspective glass that they were no less than thirty in number, that they had a fire kindled, and that they had meat dressed. How they cooked it, I knew not nor what it was, but they were all dancing, in, I know not how many barbarous gestures and figures their own way round the fire. While I was less looking on them, I perceived, by my perspective, two miserable wretches dragged from the boats, where it seems they were laid by, and were now brought out for the slaughter. I perceived one of them immediately fall, being knocked down, I suppose, with a club or wooden sword, for that was their way, and two or three others were at work immediately cutting him open for their cookery, while the other victim was left standing by himself, that they should be ready for him. In that very moment, this poor wretch, seeing himself a little at liberty and unbound, nature inspired him with hopes of life, and he started away from them, and ran with incredible swiftness along the sands directly towards me. I mean towards that part of the coast where my habitation was. I was dreadfully frightened, I must acknowledge, when I perceived him run my way, and especially when, as I thought, I saw him pursued by the whole body, and now I expected that part of my dream was coming to pass, and that he would certainly take shelter in my grove, but I could not depend by any means upon my dream that the other savages would not pursue him thither and find him there. However I kept my station, and my spirits began to recover when I found that there was not above three men that followed him, and still more I was encouraged, when I found out that he outstripped them exceedingly in running, and gaining ground on them so that, if he could but hold out for half an hour, I saw easily he would fairly get away from them all. There was, between them and my castle, the creek, which I mentioned often in the first part of my story, where I landed my cargoes out of the ship, and this I saw plainly he must necessarily swim over, or the poor wretch would be taken there. But when the savage escaping came thither, he made nothing of it, though the tide was then up, but plunging in, swam through in about 30 strokes, or thereabouts, landed, and ran with exceeding swiftness and strength. When the three persons came to the creek, I found that two of them could swim, but the third could not, and that standing on the other side he looked at the others, but went no farther, and soon after went softly back again, which, as it happened, was very well for him in the end. I observed that the two who swam were yet more than twice as strong swimming over the creek as the fellow was that fled from them. It came very warmly upon my thoughts, and indeed irresistibly, that now was the time to get me a servant, and perhaps a companion, or assistant, and that I was plainly called by Providence to save this poor creature's life. I immediately ran down the ladders with all possible expedition, fetched my two guns, for they were both at the foot of the ladders, as I observed before, and getting up again with the same haste to the top of the hill, I crossed towards the sea, and having a very shortcut, and all downhill placed myself in the way between the pursuers and the pursued. Halloween allowed to him that fled, who, looking back, was at first perhaps as much frightened at me as at them, but I beckoned with my hand for him to come back, and in the meantime I slowly advanced towards the two that followed, then rushing at once upon the foremost I knocked him down with the stock of my peace. I was loathed to fire, because I would not have the rest here. Though at that distance it would not have been easily heard, and being out of sight of the smoke too, they would not have known what to make of it. Having knocked this fellow down, the other who pursued him stopped, as if he had been frightened, and I advanced towards him, but, as I came nearer, I perceived presently he had a bow and arrow, and was fitting it to shoot at me, so I was then obliged to shoot at him first, which I did, and killed him at the first shot. The poor savage who fled but had stopped, though he saw both his enemies fallen, and killed, as he thought, yet was so frightened with the fire and noise of my peace that he stood stock still, and neither came forward nor went backward, though he seemed rather inclined still to fly than to come on. I hallowed him again, and made signs to come forward, which he easily understood, and came a little way, then stopped again, and then a little farther and stopped again, and I could then perceive that he stood trembling, as if he had been taken prisoner, and had just been to be killed, as his two enemies were. I reckoned to him again to come to me, and gave him all the signs of encouragement that I could think of, and he came nearer and nearer, kneeling down every ten or twelve steps in token of acknowledgement for saving his life. I smiled at him, and looked pleasantly, and beckoned to him to come still nearer. At length he came close to me, and then he kneeled down again, kissed the ground, and laid his head upon the ground, and, taking me by the foot, set my foot upon his head. This, it seems, was in token of swearing to be my slave for ever. I took him up, and made much of him, and encouraged him all I could, but there was no more work to do yet, for I perceived the savage whom I had knocked down was not killed, but stunned with the blow, and began to come to himself, so I pointed to him, and showed him the savage that he was not dead. Upon this he spoke some words to me, and though I could not understand them, yet I thought they were pleasant to hear, for they were the first sound of a man's voice that I had heard, my own accepted, for above twenty-five years. But there was no time for such reflections now. The savage who was knocked down recovered himself so far as to sit up upon the ground, and I perceived that the savage began to be afraid, but when I saw that I presented my other piece at the man as if I would shoot him. Upon this my savage, for so I call him now, made a motion to me to lend him my sword, which hung naked in a belt by my side, which I did. He no sooner had it, but he runs to his enemy, and at one blow cut off his head, so cleverly no executioner in Germany could have done it sooner or better. Which I thought very strange for one who, I had reason to believe, never saw a sword in his life before, except their own wooden swords. However it seems as if I learned afterwards they made their wooden swords so sharp, so heavy, and the wood is so hard, that they will even cut off heads with them, eye and arms, and that at one blow too. When he had done this he comes laughing to me in sign of triumph, and brought me the sword again, and with abundance of gestures which I did not understand, laid it down with the head of the savage that he had killed just before me. But that which astonished him most was to know how I killed the other Indians so far off, so pointing to him he made signs to me to let him go to him, and I bait him go, as well as I could. When he came to him he stood like one amazed, looking at him, turning him first on one side, then on the other, looked at the wound the bullet had made, which it seems was just in his breast, where it had made a hole, and no great quantity of blood had followed, but he had bled inwardly, for he was quite dead. He took up his bow and arrows and came back, so I turned to go away and beckoned him to follow me, making signs to him that more might come after them. Upon this he made signs to me that he should bury them with sand, that they might not be seen by the rest if they followed, and so I made signs to him to do so. He fell to work, and in an instant he had scraped a hole in the sand with his hands big enough to bury the first in, and then dragged him into it and covered him, and did so by the other also. I believe he had buried them both in a quarter of an hour. Then, calling away, I carried him not to my castle, but quite away to my cave, on the farther part of the island, so I did not let my dream come to pass in that part, that he came into my grove for shelter. Here I gave him bread and a bunch of raisins to eat, and a draught of water, which I found he was indeed in great distress for, from his running, and having refreshed him I made signs for him to go and lie down to sleep, showing him a place where I had laid some rice straw and a blanket upon it, which I used to sleep upon myself sometimes. So the poor creature lay down and went to sleep. He was a comely, handsome fellow, perfectly well made, with straight, long limbs, not too large, tall, and well shaped, and, as I reckon, about twenty-six years of age. He had a very good countenance, not a fierce and surly aspect, but seemed to have something very manly in his face, and yet he had all the sweetness and softness of a European in his countenance too, especially when he smiled. His hair was long and black, not curled like wool. His forehead very high and large, and a great vivacity and sparkling sharpness in his eyes. The color of his skin was not quite black, but very tawny, and yet not an ugly yellow nauseous tawny as the Brazilians and Virginians and other natives of America are, but of a bright kind of a done olive color that had in it something very agreeable, though not very easy to describe. His face was round and plump, his nose small, not flat like the Negroes, a very good mouth, thin lips, and fine teeth well set, and as white as ivory. After he had slumbered rather than slept about half an hour, he awoke again and came out of the cave to me, for I had been milking my goats which I had in the enclosure just by. When he aspired me he came running to me, laying himself down again upon the ground with all the signs of a humble, thankful disposition, making a great many antique gestures to show it. At last he lay his head flat upon the ground, close to my foot, and sets my other foot upon his head as he had done before. And after this made all the signs to me of subjection, servitude, and submission imaginable, to let me know how he would serve me so long as he lived. I understood him in many things, and let him know I was very well pleased with him. In a little time I began to speak to him, and teach him to speak to me. And first I let him know his name should be Friday, which was the day I saved his life. I called him so for the memory of the time. I likewise taught him to say Master, and then let him know that was to be my name. I likewise taught him to say Yes and No, and to know the meaning of them. I gave him some milk at an earthen pot, and let him see me drink it before him, and sot my bread in it, gave him a cake of bread to do the like, which he quickly complied with, and made signs that it was very good for him. I kept there with him all that night. But as soon as it was day I beckoned to him to come with me, and let him know I would give him some clothes, at which he seemed very glad for he was stark naked. As he went by the place where he had buried the two men, he pointed exactly to the place, and showed me the marks that he had made to find them again, making signs to me that we should dig them up and eat them. Had this I appeared very angry, expressed my abhorrence of it, made as if I would vomit at the thoughts of it, and beckoned him with my hands to come away, which he did immediately, with great submission. I then led him up to the top of the hill to see if his enemies were gone, and, pulling out my glass, I looked and saw plainly the place where they had been, but no appearance of them or their canoes, so that it was plain they were gone, and had left their two comrades behind them without any search after them. But I was not content with this discovery, but having now more courage and consequently more curiosity, I took my man Friday with me, giving him the sword in his hand, with the bow and arrows at his back, which I found he could use very dexterously, making him carry one gun for me, and two for myself, and a way we marched to the place where these creatures had been, for I had a mind now to get some further intelligence of them. When I came to the place, my very blood ran chill in my veins, and my heart sunk within me. At the horror of the spectacle, indeed it was a dreadful sight, at least it was so to me, though Friday made nothing of it. The place was covered with human bones, the ground died with their blood, and great pieces of flesh left there and here, half-eaten, mangled and scorched, in short all the tokens of the triumphant feast they had been making there after a victory over their enemies. I saw three skulls, five hands, and the bones of three or four legs and feet, and abundance of other parts of bodies, and Friday by his signs made me understand that they had brought over four prisoners to feast upon, that three of them were eaten up, and that he, pointing to himself, was the fourth, that there had been a great battle between them and their next king, of whose subjects it seems he had been one, and that they had taken a great number of prisoners, all which were carried to several places by those who had taken them in the fight, in order to feast upon them, as was done here by these wretches upon those they brought hither. I caused Friday to gather all the skulls, bones, flesh, and whatever remained, and lay them together in a heap, and make a great fire upon it, and burn them to all to ashes. I found Friday had still a hankering stomach after some of the flesh, and was still a cannibal in his nature, but I showed so much abhorrence at the very thoughts of it, and at the least appearance of it that he durced not discover it, for I had by some means let him know that I would kill him if he offered it. When he had done this, we came back to our castle, and there I fell to work for my man Friday, and first I gave him a pair of linen trousers, which I had out of the poor gunner's chest I mentioned, which I found in the wreck, and which with a little alteration fitted him very well, and then I made him a jerken of goat's skin, as well as my skill would allow, for I was now grown a tolerably good tailor, and I gave him a cap which I made of hair's skin, very convenient and fashionable enough, and thus he was clothed for the present tolerably well, and was mighty well pleased to see himself clothed almost as well as his master. It is true he went awkwardly in these clothes at first, wearing the drawers, was very awkward to him, and the sleeves of the waistcoat galled his shoulders and the inside of his arms, but a little easing them, where he had complained they hurt, and using himself to them, he took to them at length very well. The next day after I came home to my hutch with him, I began to consider where I should lodge him, and that I might do well for him, and yet be perfectly easy myself, I made a little tent for him in the vacant place between my two fortifications, in the inside of the last, and in the outside of the first. As there was a door or entrance there into my cave, I made a formal framed door case, and a door to it of boards, and set it up in the passage, a little within the entrance, and causing the door to open up in the inside, I bartered up in the night, taking in my ladders, too, so that Friday could no way come at me in the inside of my innermost wall, without making so much noise and getting over, that it must needs awaken me. For my first wall had now a complete roof over it of long poles, covering all my tent, and leaning up to the side of the hill, which was again laid across with smaller sticks, instead of lathes, and being thatched over a great thickness with the rice straw, which was strong like reeds, and at the hole or place which was left to go in or out by the latter, I had placed a kind of trapped door which, if it had been attempted on the outside, would not have opened at all, but would have fallen down and made a great noise. As to weapons, I took them all into my side every night, but I needed none of all this precaution, for never man had a more faithful, loving, sincere servant than Friday was to me. Without passions, sullenness, or designs perfectly obliged and engaged, his very affections were tied to me, like those of a child to a father, and I daresay he would have sacrificed his life to save mine upon any occasion whatsoever. The many testimonies he gave of this put it out of doubt, and soon convinced me that I needed use no precautions for my safety on his account. This frequently gave me occasion to observe, and that with wonder, that however it had pleased God in his providence and in the government of the works of his hands to take from so great a part of the world of his creatures the best uses to which their faculties and the powers of their souls are adapted, yet that he has bestowed upon them the same powers, the same reason, the same affections, the same sentiments of kindness and obligation, the same passions and resentments of wrongs, the same sense of gratitude, sincerity, fidelity, and all the capacities of doing good and receiving good that he has given to us, and that when he pleases to offer them occasions of exerting these, they are as ready, nay, more ready, to apply them to the right uses for which they were bestowed than we are. This made me very melancholy sometimes in reflecting as to the several occasions presented how mean a use we make of all these, even though we have those powers enlightened by the great lamp of instruction, the spirit of God, and by the knowledge of his word added to our understanding, and why it has pleased God to hide the like-saving knowledge from so many millions of souls who, if I might judge by this poor savage, would make a much better use of it than we did. From hence I sometimes was led too far to invade the sovereignty of Providence and, as it were, harrain the justice of so arbitrary a disposition of things that should hide that sight from some and reveal it to others, and yet expect a light duty from both. But I shut it up and checked my thoughts with this conclusion. First, that we did not know by what light and law these should be condemned, but that as God was necessarily and by the nature of his being infinitely holy and just, so it could not be, but if these creatures were all sentenced to absence from himself, it was on account of sending against that light which, as the scripture says, was a law to themselves, and by such rules as their consciences would acknowledge to be just, though the foundation was not discovered to us, and secondly that still, as we are all the clay in the hand of the potter, no vessel could say to him, why hast thou formed me thus? But to return to my new companion, I was greatly delighted with him, and made it my business to teach him everything that was proper to make him useful, handy, and helpful, but especially to make him speak, and understand me when I spoke, and he was the aptest scholar that ever was, and particularly was so merry, so constantly diligent, and so pleased when he could but understand me, or make me understand him, that it was very pleasant for me to talk to him. Now my life began to be so easy that I began to say to myself that could I but have been safe from more savages, I cared not if I was never to remove from the place where I lived.