 Namaste and welcome back to the video course on Watershed Management. In module number 7 on management of water quality in lecture number 30, today we will discuss about the environmental guidelines for water quality management. So, some of the important topics covered in this lecture includes water quality management, monitoring, water quality guidelines and steps in water quality management. So, the key weights for today's lecture water quality management and environmental guidelines. So, as we discussed earlier so, this water quality management is a main say we have to deal with most of time say watershed based water quality management. So, it is one of the important issue which we have to deal in water related issues like water resource management or water say watershed based say water resource management etcetera. So, it is not only the quantity of the water, but quality of the water is also important. So, that is what we are discussing in the last few lectures. So, as we discussed say for surface water or ground water there are various sources of pollution like say ground water or say surface water the pollution sources can be different and then we will be discussing about how we can control this pollution and then wherever polluted how we can remediate. So, that is what we were discussing in the last few lectures. So, now as far as water quality management is concerned as we discussed in one of the earlier lectures. So, we need a very strict guidelines so, that we can go according to that guidelines. So, first of all the guidelines means say as far as water quality is concerned what are the parameter values say which we can go maximum or minimum and what are the other things as far as the parameters are concerned. So, that is one thing and then what frequently what say the frequency of taking the samples. So, that we should know we can we have to constantly monitor say the say whether it is surface water or ground water whether the quality is maintaining or not. So, that way we have to see and then what are the methodologies which we can adopt to keep this water quality management. So, that way we need a say guidelines as far as the water quality management is concerned. So, water quality management is for a great deal controlled by authorization of discharges of dangerous substances for which monitoring of discharges effluents and influenced by surface or ground water is essential. So, say if we consider surface water say like river water or lake water or if we consider ground water then we have to see that say as far as the say if we once we say put certain say measures say I mean the guidelines say like this much should be the quality or say various parameters the maximum limit or minimum limit once we specify same and then this say we have to strictly follow this through certain guidelines and then say authorities say we have to strictly monitor this what way it is going whether the pollution is taking place or whether pollution is reduced or whatever way. So, we have to see that some like state pollution control board authorities or central pollution control board authorities. So, like that various authorization agencies should look into the quality issues or the pollution problems. So, that way when we look into water quality management and water quality management guidelines. So, there can be in the guidelines related to national level like say for example, India central pollution control board is there which is the otherwise the agency to look into the various water quality management issues and then its guidelines formulations and similarly we can have also state level. So, various states say we can have various policies and then regulations as far as the water quality management is concerned. So, then say presently say as we can see presently the quality and availability of the freshwater resource is most pressing of the many environmental challenges say for example, national or national horizons if you consider say India or any countries concerned say the quality of the freshwater whatever we are getting. So, that is the availability as well as the quality is the main issue. So, now as the population is increasing say like geometric increase in population coupled with rapid urbanization industrialization and agriculture developments. So, this has resulted in high impact on quality and quantity of water. So, as we discussed in some of the previous lectures quantity is a main issue say whether sufficient quantity of water is available say for example, for domestic industrial agriculture or the recreational purposes and then say for each purposes or each uses as we have seen earlier there are certain norms as far as the various parameters are concerned say the maximum limit or minimum limit. So, the quality that way is a main issue especially say in a country like India where the population is exploding and then number of new cities are coming and rapid urbanization is taking place. So, that way there should be national benchmarks to assess the potential or actual environment of socially relevant resource uses such as water resource say it is the quantity of the water and the quality of the water. So, there should be national benchmarks. So, that way we can see that the view of India standards has come up with certain guidelines as far as the water quality management is concerned and then say the various parameters say whatever the say for say bringing or other purpose how we have to we should have. So, that way there should be as far as say total water quality management is concerned we have to see the norms are available and this norms are strictly followed as far as the management is concerned. So, there should be scientific basis for the development of site specific criteria. So, that these are these criteria called guidelines and then objectives or standards indicators. So, as we have seen certain indicators or standards should be there to achieve the quality of the water say for example, drinking water standards or any other for any other use. So, scientific tools for assessing risk say like with existing concentration of persistent or bioaccumulative and toxic substances in the ambient environment say as far as environment is concerned whether it is air water or soil say we have to come up with certain say tools to assess the risk say for example, we have to monitor the various parameters say as far as water quality is concerned and then there should be scientific tools to assess the whether we are meeting the said guidelines. So, that way number of issues are there as far as water quality management is concerned. When we deal with the water quality management. So, say generally we call it as environmental water quality. So, environmental water quality means the ambient water quality relates to water bodies such as lakes rivers oceans or aquifers say we say that the water quality say which is very much related to the environment whether it is say the aquatic body like lakes rivers ocean or whether it is the groundwater systems. So, we have to see that to the ambient water quality and its environmental values or particular values are met. So, parameters for water quality say as we discussed earlier this depends on the intended use. So, as we have seen earlier say for example, if you are using water for drinking purpose then that the guidelines which you will be setting for various parameters will be different than say for example, the if you are using for agricultural purposes. So, water quality standards we have to mention depending upon the intended use. So, water quality standards these are focused on water treated for human consumption or industrial use or for the environment like ecological needs. So, we have to see the the standards as far as water quality standards are concerned whether it is human consumption or industrial use or say ecological needs say we have to see say what first of all we have to set the standards and then we have to continuously monitor and then see that the standards are met for the for the particular water say which we are utilizing for the particular purpose. So, water quality standards say we can see that there will be standards for surface water or groundwater and these may vary significantly due to different conditions or uses say for example, surface water generally we take from the rivers lakes or reservoirs, but in groundwater we are pumping out from the aquifer system. So, that when the standards say slightly vary say depending upon the use or depending upon the the say the extraction of the water is concerned say for example, the hardness of the water say industrial purpose if say we have to see the hardness of the water then the groundwater is concerned when we are pumping then the hardness may be higher depending upon the location from which we are pumping. So, that way the water quality standards may change whether according to surface water or groundwater. So, then say also like say for example, the toxic substances and microorganisms say which is a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation, seaming or fishing, rafting, boating and industrial use. So, this will be say all these things the standards will be different depending upon the industrial use and then whether it is depending upon the source also like a surface water or groundwater it will be varying. So, then say if you consider the modern water quality laws. So, this modern water quality laws specify the protection of water resource depending upon use as we have seen whether it is groundwater there may be certain specific norms as far as the protection is concerned or if it is surface water there may be some other specific norms. So, like say for example, say depending upon the use as a minimum or retention current quality standards. So, like that there will be variations as far as the water quality laws or its management is concerned. So, then as we were discussing. So, as far as water quality is concerned then we should have certain guidelines and then when we are preparing this guidelines say we have to first say depending upon our objectives we have to set the goals and then we have to see the specific guidelines to achieve these goals. So, let us look what are the important goals as far as water quality guidelines are concerned. So, these are given in the slides. So, science based goals say like a different kinds of goals can be there say science based goals or performance indicators say for example, regional national or international management strategies for toxic substances. So, if we consider specific type of toxic substance we have to see say this standards or the guidelines may vary for the particular region or particular nation or say international standards may be vary depending upon say what kind of use or say for example, the American standards will be different from European standards or it will be different from Indian standards. Then, in the management objectives say for persistent bioaccumulating and toxic substance to track progress towards their virtual elimination say for example, say some specific toxic substances we have to virtually eliminate or the bioaccumulative or bioorganism we have to eliminate from the particular water which we are using. So, accordingly we have to set the goals and then indicators of ecotoxicology like relevant concentrations of persistent or bioaccumulative or toxic substances for the purpose of improving analytical detection and quantification capabilities are needed when we set the specific goals as far as the water quality guidelines are concerned. So, accordingly we should have the tools to evaluate and the effectiveness of say point source controls or the non-point sources control circumstances. So, as we discussed that the pollutant source can be point source or non-point pollutant sources. So, the point sources we can easily identify and then we can evaluate it and then we can try to control it. So, that way we can set our water quality guidelines depending upon say from where the pollutant source can come whether it is point source or it is non-point source accordingly we can set our goals. And then that way there should be a scientific basis for environmental regulations and benchmarks or targets in the assessment and remediation. So, when we deal with water quality management then we should have a specified environmental regulations or rules or laws and then we should have the benchmarks say to say that this should be the particular limit of particular substances in a water in the water which is for specified use or the say for example the wastewater coming from industrial source or the municipal source. So, that should meet a certain criteria certain guidelines or certain standards before it is put into the rivers legs or to the ocean. So, that way there should be certain benchmarks or target say as far as the water quality management issues are concerned and this can be either for assessments or it can be for remediation also. So, now let us look into various issues related to water quality guidelines. So, water quality guidelines actually as we discussed them this guidelines shows values for indicators and are designed to ensure that various environmental values of waters are protected. Say for example, if you consider say the in particular water for bringing or other purpose say are selling limit or fluoride limit or the total dissolved solids limit or BOD limit or COD limit like that. We have to specify the indicators and then accordingly the environmental values to be specified and we have to ensure that these are met for the particular samples which we will be doing as the water quality monitoring is concerned. So, there will be as far as the environmental values are concerned main nationally recognized environment values for waters are say for example, ecosystem values. So, the water which we are using for ecological needs or ecological water use. So, for that the such a specified environmental values we can prescribe and then ecosystem protection say like say we can come up with the guidelines as far as the the the aquatic plants are concerned or fishing is concerned or say the habitat or the the ecosystems or the the maintenance of the rivers and lakes are concerned. We can come with certain the guidelines with respect to the environmental values specified environmental values are concerned and then human use values like for say for example, water usage for agricultural or recreation use. So, accordingly we can put the specific guidelines and then of course, say some of the stringent measure guidelines will be for drinking water supply. So, we should meet a specified quality requirement as far as the drinking water usage is concerned and then say it can be for even for cultural values say for example, say for the religious purpose when we are using say some location of the river or some lakes. So, then we have to specify say what are the water quality guidelines say for the particular use or particular say when we do monitoring or when we do sampling what should be the guidelines. So, now each of this environmental values requires its own specific set of guidelines because the acceptable guidelines say or guideline values to maintain one type of environmental values may not be acceptable to maintain another environmental values. So, this environmental values what we discussed that depends upon the the particular usage or particular source like as we discussed say for example, say the if you consider pesticides levels say in the aquatic system say this pesticide levels required to protect the fish and other phone are usually lower than the those required for protection of irrigated crops. Say the pesticides which we are putting say to protect the the crops itself. So, for that the limits for the crops or for the irrigation issues are concerned that will be different than what we consider the pesticides levels say when we deal with the fish habitats or say other flora and fauna are concerned. So, now another reason is that the indicators used to assess one environment values may be different to those used for other environmental values. So, say the environmental values say depending upon the source of the water and then the usage these environmental values vary. Say for example, a key indicator for recreational use is a fecal bacteria numbers, but this indicator is not used to form most other environmental values like agriculture purposes or ecological needs. So, like that the water quality guidelines it will vary or the environmental values which we have to specify that also varies. So, as far as water quality guidelines are concerned say we have to come up with say the rules and regulations or laws. So, we have to come up with the documents as far as the various say usage or various sectors are concerned and then this should be authorized by it should be from authorized agencies like position control boards or other government agencies. So, that that can be strictly implemented as far as the various environmental values or various guidelines are concerned. So, it can be for ecosystem protection or say for example, recreational use say for example, guidelines for managing risk in recreational waters. So, say for example, if you for you have seen swimming purpose or ECTs for a boating purpose. So, what kind of recreational use what is used? So, accordingly we can come up with certain values or guidelines as far as the environmental values are concerned. Then human consumptions like a national standards. So, of course, as we discussed say Europe Indian standards or European standards or like that various national standards are available say Australia, New Zealand food standards code etcetera. So, there accordingly we can set our guidelines. Then drinking water supply say for example, Indian drinking water guidelines we can come up with specified guidelines and then we can see that these guidelines are met or not and then as far as cultural values are concerned also if it is required we can come up with specified guidelines. But generally this we have to see that what quality is met with respect to certain standards, but strict and strict regulations are not set as far as the cultural values are concerned. So, now let us look into various steps in water quality management. So, while setting the water quality management guidelines or the environmental guidelines. So, we have to go in a systematic way step by step procedure should be adopted. So, that we will be meeting the same the international standards or international guidelines say as far as the water quality is concerned. So, and then also say we have to start with we have to first come up with a plan how to develop such guidelines or the say to meet this water quality management issues. So, we may have to interact with the various stakeholders or we have to do lot of field survey and then frame this laws and then put into the public then the water quality management guidelines or environmental guidelines and then take their opinion also other than the of course, from the experts we have to take the opinion and then finally, we have to come up with the guidelines as far as the water quality management is concerned and that should be publicized and then we have to see that these guidelines are met by various stakeholders like industries or the public are concerned. So, that way we have to go through a step by step procedure as far as the water quality management issues are concerned. So, here say as per the Central Pollution Control Board Government of India as given in this website. So, they have come up with about 11 steps as far as the water quality management is concerned. So, it starts from say step number 1 setting water quality goal and then step number 2 water quality monitoring and then step number 3 identify of identification of nature and magnitude of pollution and then next one is source inventory and step number 5 water quantity information say what kind of what is the quantity of available water and what type of water whether it is surface water, ground water or where is the source of this and step number 6 selection of technology, step number 7 financing waste management, step number 8 maintenance of sewage treatment plants, step number 9 pollution from industrial sources, step number 10 pollution from non-point sources and finally, some other important options for water quality management. So, generally say when we are setting the guidelines for water quality management we have to come up with a document and then the once a document is prepared. So, to assure this water quality the issues are over water quality control measures are made we have to say go through a systematic procedure. So, as given by the Central Pollution Control Board Government of India. So, these are some of the 11 steps which we have to follow as far as the water quality management is concerned. So, now we will discuss each of the steps in detail. So, that we can understand say how each steps are important and what are the important things we have to look when we look into the water quality management issues are concerned. So, this is actually specifically made by Central Pollution Control Board Government of India and for other countries also there may be these kinds of guidelines as far as the water quality management issues are concerned. So, first let us look into step number 1. So, step number 1 is mainly setting the water quality goals. As we discussed say before going for any kind of activities related to water quality management we have to set the goals. So, this goals we can derive based upon the international standards like world health organizations or FAO norms or various norms. So, we can say study all these things and then what are the depending upon the sources of water for specified usage or according to what kind of intended use. So, we can set our goals. So, once the water quality goals are set we have to see those goals we are meeting for specified uses. So, now let us look say what are the important water quality goals which we have to set. First one is identification uses of water in the given say water body. So, say like say for example, river or lake is concerned say what are the say specified uses as far as the water is concerned whether it is used for irrigation purpose or it is used for the drinking purpose or industrial uses like that. And then the term quality therefore, must be considered relative to the proposed use of water. So, as we have seen say each usage has got its own say specified norms are there. So, according to those norms and we have to see that we have to consider the quality as far as when we set the water quality goals. Water quality say as we discussed earlier is defined as those physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water by which the user evaluates the acceptability of water. So, depending upon whether it is for drinking purpose or whether it is a reaction purpose or for industrial purpose say we will be setting certain goals or certain norms or certain criteria and then accordingly the whether we are meeting those specified criteria. So, the user can evaluate. So, that way the setting of the water quality goals are very important. So, each water use has specific water quality needs. So, as we already discussed earlier. So, say for example, designated best use means after several uses a particular water body is put to the use which demands highest quality of water is called its designated best use. Say for example, if you consider the consider the water in a reservoir. So, the designated best use. So, the water from the reservoir may be used for drinking purpose, may be used for irrigation purpose, may be used for recreation purposes. Say after this say for example, the water quality goals are concerned may be most say the most important goals will be as far as the drinking water purposes. So, that way the highest quality of the water is say what is needed is for the drinking purpose. So, that norms we will be keeping and that is the designated best use as far as the that the water in the reservoir is concerned. So, as we discussed earlier say according to central pollution control board government of India based upon the use various classifications have been done. So, this we have already discussed earlier. So, accordingly 5 classes of water we can define A, B, C, D, E. So, the designated best use say for example, drinking water source which is class A, the criteria can be the total poly form organisms. So, this should be 100 ml say 100 ml shall be 50 or less then pH should be between 6.5 to 8.5 dissolved oxygen should be 6 milligram per liter or more. BOD should be 5 days 20 degree centigrade it should be less than 2 milligram per liter. So, like that say this is for drinking water use and class class A water as per central pollution control board norms. Then class B is outdoor bathing. So, here say the criteria related to total poly form organisms say should be less than 500 ml water and pH is same 6.5 to 8.5 and dissolved oxygen should be say 5 milligram per liter or more and BOD should be 3 milligram per liter or less. So, this is for class B which is for outdoor bathing then class C is for drinking water source after conventional treatments and disinfection. So, the water which is taken from here will be going through a treatment process and then it will be also disinfection also will be done. So, there the say as far as the source is concerned the total poly form say organisms per 100 ml shall be say for example, 5000 or less and pH can be 629 dissolved oxygen 4 milligram per liter or more and BOD 3 milligram per liter or less. So, but here this water as shown here this water will be going through conventional treatments and disinfection. So, that will say the whatever the requirement will be met, but in the class A it is say only disinfection is done, but no other treatment is done. And then class D it is for propagation of wildlife and fisheries. So, there the pH can be between 6.2 5 to 8.5 and dissolved oxygen should be 4 milligram per liter or more then like a free ammonia is concerned 1.2 milligram liter or less like that various norms can be there. And then the last one is class E where water for irrigation or industrial cooling or controlled waste disposal there again pH electrical conductivity pH can be same range electrical conductivity can be up to maximum 2250 and then sodium absorption ratio maximum 26 like that. So, like that we can say based upon the class of water or the based upon the source or based upon the indebted use we can set the criteria and that will say accordingly the water quality goals in the first step we can set and that will be the deciding criteria later stage to see that whether this quality goals are met or not met. So, then that is about the first step first step was on setting water quality goals. And now second one is say water quality monitoring. So, once we set the goals so as we discussed in the step number 1. So, now say various sources like surface water sources like your rivers lakes or reservoirs or the groundwater aquifers we have to continuously monitor for the water quality and then see that say for the indebted use the quality is meeting that particular goals or particular values so that we have to see. So, that way step number 2 is also very important. So, for acquiring information on existing water quality so what is the present stage. So, we have to go for sampling and then we have to see whether the particular samples are meeting the criteria. So, main objectives for water quality monitoring can be monitoring for establishing baseline water quality. So, certain minimum baseline we can keep and then we can see whether that we are meeting. Then observing trench in water quality changes say from one season to another season say so from summer to monsoon season or monsoon to say say spring season or winter season how the the parameters are changing. So, that way observing the trench. And then calculation of flux of water constituents of interest then a surveillance for irrigation use and control and management of water pollution say round water only say as far as the if any pollutant source is there how we can control it and then how we can go for remediation. So, like that we have to do the water quality monitoring and we have to get the information. So, water quality monitoring is concerned also and there are certain specified protocols have been specified by various agencies like in India central pollution control boards. So, we have to see that this protocols are met when we are taking samples and then when we are measuring it and then try to say put into as far as the set goals are concerned. Then design approach and delineation of actions necessary to operationalize the monitoring program. So, we should have network of collection of the samples and then monitoring it continuously say specified days or specified period and then this data should be available. So, ready reference for the field staff should be there field staff or laboratory personnel should be the or managers should be there as far as monitoring programs are concerned. So, we have to set guidelines we have to set the norms for water quality monitoring and that norms the field personnel or the laboratory personnel who say field personnel collect the samples and laboratory personnel say test these samples and the managers are controlling all those things. So, that way ready reference should be available as far as the various norms or various guidelines as far as water quality monitoring is concerned. So, the as far as water quality monitoring is concerned the various steps are free. So, we have to see the frequency of monitoring and then what are the important parameters to be considered as far as the monitoring is concerned. Then we have to specify the sample collection procedure and then how to keep the samples and then how to take into lab and then how to analyze the samples and then how we can record it appropriately. So, that the this will be the available as guidelines and that the field staff or the laboratory personnel or the managers will be say controlling the things according to the set guidelines as far as water quality monitoring is concerned. So, now as far as monitoring is concerned there are certain specified protocols related to the frequency say how many times in a week or in a day or in a season we have to collect the samples and then what are the what are the important parameters we have to test. So, accordingly specified monitoring protocols are available. So, let us look into some of these important protocols as specified by central pollution control board. Say for example, if ground water is concerned say initially all stations will be classified as baseline stations. As far as ground water is concerned we may select the we may collect the samples from dug well or bore well or very deep tubules and then initially we keep these stations as baseline stations and about 20 to 25 percent of these baseline stations will also be classified as trend or trend comes survey line stations. So, in about one fourth of this baseline station very frequently or say we take the samples and monitor in a very systematic way and so that we can identify how is the trend as far as the water quality is concerned. So, this can with these these stations we can collect as trend come survey lines stations. Then say after few years say for example, three years as per as specified by central pollution control board say these stations we can reclassify and then maybe some other stations can be chosen say as far as whether it is as a baseline station or survey lines stations are concerned. Now, as far as surface water is concerned to start with all stations will be in combinations of baseline and trend stations. So, as far as the wherever from wherever we take the samples say we can classify as either baseline stations or the trend stations. So, the we can have a combinations of this baseline and trend stations and then samples will be collected say at least every two months say like say in India during May, June or then August, October, December, February, April like that. So, this is according to the seasonal variation like monsoon season or this is May, June say summer season then monsoon season then spring season autumn season like that. So, the samples will be collected. This will generate at least six samples from say for example, rivers are concerned perennial rivers and three four samples from seasonal rivers every year. So, accordingly when we collect the samples and then monitoring. So, we get large number of samples and then say we will get the data in a systematic way from these either baseline stations or the trend stations. Then after the data collected for say for example, three years the station will be classified either as baseline or trend or flux stations. So, according to the guidelines specified by central pollution control board. So, we can say for surface water or groundwater is concerned we can have the baseline stations or the trend comes surveillance stations and then this can be say can vary say we can rotate between those stations say for particular area or particular zones or particular region is concerned we can have that kind of flexibility. So, that way we have to strictly follow the water quality monitoring protocol and then so also we have to see this frequency say say how frequently we are collecting the samples and analyzing and then what kind of parameters we will be looking. So, that will definitely depends upon what the intended use say for example, it is for drinking water purpose there will be the parameters will be number of parameters will be more and the frequency should be more. But say for example, regression or same recreational purpose the frequency can be less like that. So, now say for example, the various parameters say for example, groundwater if you are collecting groundwater for various uses say for example, the type of stations can be baseline or trends or trend come surveillance and then frequency can be for baseline it can be once every year or pre month soon say mainly between May and June and various parameters like temperature, electrocontactivity, pH etcetera we can look into. Then trend say generally it can be 4 times every year 3 months soon May, June and after intervals of 3 months. So, all these parameters some of the important parameters which will be checking or monitoring then trend come surveillance stations here minimum 4 times a year we have to collect the data and then we have to analyze for various important parameters like a fluoride iron industrial mining, or salinity etcetera and these are some of the important parameters like iron content, arsenic, say cardmium, same mercury etcetera and a total and fecal coliforms etcetera. So, that way depending upon whether it is surface water or groundwater we can identify the type of stations then frequency and the parameters. So, that was about for the groundwater now say in this slide say if you consider the parameters for surface water. So, surface water say here again the parameters are grouped then initially the various parameters then baseline or trench. So, generally what we do for temperature and electro conductivity pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids for all then nutrients are concerned various initially or baseline trench and organic matrix concerned say initially we have to check VOD COD then again trend is concerned VOD COD. So, then major ions other inorganic circumsents how to deal then microbiological parameters are concerned like total coliforms or total and fecal coliforms how to deal. So, like that then biological are concerned generally say none of these things are considered since we assume that this thing biological things the things are not there for the particular water we consider say for the indented use. So, now as far as this step is concerned the water quality monitoring is concerned. Another important issue is that how to say take the samples. So, sample collection is one of the important issue. So, that we have to collect these samples appropriately store it appropriately and then send to the laboratories for various testing purposes. So, that we will get the appropriate results which we through which we can make sure that the guidelines are met or not. So, now the sample collections are concerned and say reaching sample site using location maps. So, particular locations say specified by the state control board pollution control board or central pollution control board how to reach those sampling sites. So, that will be available then we can use specified sampling bottles depending upon the indented say water quality which we are going to check. So, first we rinse the sample container 3 times with the sample before it is filled then leave a small air space in the bottle to allow mixing of sample at the time of analysis. Then the sample code and the sampling data should be clearly marked on the sample container or the tag. So, that everything will be made properly. So, that say the particular say we identify these site location through specified codes and dates like that. Then the samples for ground water say for example, would be collected from say open dug wells or tubers in use for domestic or irrigation purposes. Then the samples will be collected from well mixed section of the river say for example, main stream of consent that is and even below the water surface using a weighted bottle or dissolved oxygen sampler. Then samples from reservoir sites will be collected from the outgoing canal or power channel or water index structure. So, like that there will be same say specified environmental guidelines or guidelines will be there for sample collections. So, frequency of the sampling and then the analysis are concerned. So, all those things we have to meet in this step number 2. Now, the step number 3 is identification of nature and magnitude of pollution. So, here after repeated observations or water quality covering different seasons, the water quality data should be compiled and compared with the desired quality requirement as per the water quality goal sets in step number 1. So, here say we have to do the testing and then see that whether water quality criteria are met. So, this way the polluted water body can be easily identified. So, where is the particular location say surface water ground what is concerned, where it is polluted. Then this comparison would lead to identification of the gaps with respect to one or more parameters and also extent of gap which will ultimately help in identification of nature and magnitude of pollution control near it. So, that is the identification of nature and magnitude of pollution step number 3 is concerned. Now, step number 4 is related to the source inventory. So, once the nature and magnitude of pollution is identified, the sources of such a pollution are identified. Then in inventory we have to make an inventory of the number of outfalls during the water body for identification of point sources. So, from where this pollution is coming, how say how the movement is taking place. So, all these we have to identify. So, source inventory should be there. So, measure the quality and quantity of waste water flowing through each of these outfalls and then for each outfall pollution load joining per unit time should be measured in terms of important pollutants. So, this exercise requires continuous sampling say for example, 24 hours or 48 hours or 72 hours like 1 day, 2 day or 3 days on flow based composite basis. So, accordingly we have to see. Then we have to make the inventories. So, inventor is the human activities in the upstream catchment area of the water body to identify the non-point source of pollution. So, the pollution source once we identify, we have to identify whether it is point source or it is non-point source of pollution and then again we have to continuously monitor and take samples and then look say from where it is coming from and how the movement is taking place. So, that we can go for various measures. And then next one is step number 5, the water quantity information. So, these issues we have already discussed earlier. So, in case of river or steam, we have to occur the flow data from various government sources and then see how the system is same for the source of water. In case of lakes and reservoirs, we have to collect the information on water levels of at least 5 to 10 years, then carry out mass balance, then estimate the least dilution available in last 5 years, then assess the assimilation capacity by applying simple street fuel, streetter fuel equations say for example, disorbitance is concerned. Then this exercise would give precisely how much pollution load needs to be reduced. Then say in case of river or stream, we have to occur the flow data and then in case of lakes, we get the data. And then step number 6 is selection of say technologies or what kind of technologies we have to choose to reduce the pollution or to improve the water quality. So, here the adoption of simple technology for sewage treatment, say mainly the wastewater treatment is concerned, how to treat the sewage. Then in treatment scheme based on series of waste stabilization ponds, technology and we have to look for most economical ones. Then multiple stage ponds say with say for example, at least 3 ponds with first pond as anaerobic and one is the most widely used and suitable configuration. And then use of low volume flushing tanks will help in reducing the waste water volume and thereby cost of sewage and then sewage treatment. So, like that we have to select these specified technology. So, some of the cost effective and environmental compatible treatment options can be like land treatment, waste stabilization ponds, constructed wetlands, duck weed ponds, aerated lagoon, rotating biological contractors, upflow anaerobic search, blanket systems, routes on treatment like that. So, accordingly the suitable technology we can choose for the specified case and then we can reduce the pollutant lot coming to the system. And step number 7 is financing the waste management. So, we have to see say how much money is available, how we can economically do the things. So, in India with fast urbanization waste water quantity is approximately about 13,000 million liters per day. So, each million liters per day cost about rupees 10 millions for a establishment treatment facilities and about 40 millions for collection facilities. Then operational maintenance may vary about 10 percent of the above cost. The major part of the cost on waste management should be borne by urban population according to the polluter pay principle. So, now most of the environmental guidelines or water quality guidelines we stick into polluter pay principle. So, accordingly we have to see the financing of the water quality or waste management is concerned. So, polluter pay principle has two benefits. It reduces waste and treatment and can provide source of revenue for financing waste water treatment investment. So, like that we can look into the financing waste management. Then pricing and demand management is concerned. We have to see that important instruments for encouraging efficient domestic and industrial water use practice are maintained. And then we can induce urban organizations to adopt water saving technologies including water recycling and reuse. So, these are the two key words like recycling and reuse. Then demand management programs like promotion distribution or sale of water saving devices. Then the waste management benefits say like the benefits will be for local cities and protection of environment, protection of public health, protection of water resources, then water supply like that. Then step number 8, maintenance of sewage treatment plans. So, say we have to see that regular analysis of operational parameters are done. So, that we keep the maintenance of the treatment plans. Then persons should have a adequate knowledge and we have to train to operate the sewage treatment plans. And then there should be provision of auxiliary power backup. Then proper maintenance of the sewage system namely sewage, rising mains, intermediate pumping stations. Then resource recovery by way of raising the revenue through sale of treated effluent for irrigation. So, like that we can see that we have to maintain the sewage treatment plans appropriately. So, that is about the step number 8 when we prepare the guidelines. And step number 9 is pollution from industrial sources. So, pollution say generally industrial sources are concerned. We can control the pollution at source itself through various treatment procedure. So, the water polluting industries which had not so far installed environment effluent treatment plans should be effluent treatment plan should be asked to furnish a time bound program for treatment of their effluence. So, this we have to put it in the guidelines and then strictly implement. Then emerging technology such as aerobic composting, vermiculture, fertilizer, irrigation, etcetera and then secondary treatment. All the secondary treatment like using the wastewater for irrigation purpose or vermiculture should be adopted for the organic waste. Then roots on technology is also being advocated for energy saving for treatment of industrial wastewater. And then incentives we have to give for the industry which give which go for appropriate pollution control measures. So, that is also important. Then reuse and recycling we have to say now the main motto is zero waste discharge. So, that is our motto most of the industries. So, that we can achieve through reuse and recycling of the industrial wastewater. The reuse and recycling of waste for agricultural purposes help to reduce the pollution reduces the requirement of fresh water for use and supplement the much needed nutrients. Then waste minimization and clean technologies like recycling techniques which this recycling and reuse will be discussing later in another module somewhat more details will be discussed. Then waste strength reductions, then wastewater discharge standards and then charges on residual pollution. So, like that we can look into. Then 10th step is pollution from non-point sources. So, another important source of pollution is non-point source. So, this is extremely important to focus attention upon the problem of non-point pollution from like uncivated sanitation, uncollected waste, dumped half sadly in urban and industrial areas and application of chemicals in agriculture such as pesticides, insecticides and chemical fertilizers. Then presence of unacceptable high levels of the persistent pollutants in ground water or surface water. Then the pest management is concerned integrated pest management policies we can evolve. So, that say we can use very less pesticides for the control of the pest. Then the last one is other important options for water quality management include say as we discussed reuse and recycling of treated domestic sewage. So, these issues we will be discussing later in a later module. Then engage participatory approach with involvement of all relevant stakeholders. Then balance economic and regulatory instruments and prevent pollution rather than control. So, the main motor should be we have to reduce or we have to prevent the pollution or the say when we deal with water quality management our environmental guidelines or water quality guidelines the main motto is prevent the pollution than the controlling. So, say once polluted to remediation or that is very difficult. So, first we have to prevent the pollution to the environment either to the land or to the aquatic systems or to the soil. Then say we have to have very strict rules and regulations or guidelines we have to set up and then this environmental guidelines should be strictly implemented through various monitoring or we say the bodies like a central pollution control board or state pollution control board should take appropriate actions to implement these guidelines very strictly. So, some of the references used for today's lecture mainly from say central pollution control board websites and then EPA websites. Then a few questions say for tutorial questions particularly study the environmental guidelines for water quality management for India and compare with the standards of USA. So, these details are available in the website. So, study this and compare the study the various measures that can be adopted to improve the water quality management guidelines say for example, India. So, what is there you study and then compare and how we can improve. Then a few self evaluations or assignment questions illustrate the importance of watershed based water quality management and what are the important goals of water quality guidelines. Discuss on water quality monitoring protocol frequency and parameters for surface water and ground water and then what are the important features of environmental water quality. Discuss on the important steps to be followed in water quality management as per central pollution control board norms illustrate the selection of technologies for wastewater management. So, all these details we we can you can get from today's lecture or through the various sources as I mentioned. So, with this the module on water quality management is over. So, we we we discussed the issues later to water quality management in four lectures. So, now we will be going to the next module. So, thank you.