 section 28 of the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org recording by Caitlin Sticco 2007 the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing by Joseph Trinan's published 1911 section 28 the law of trademarks any person firm or corporation can obtain protection for any lawful trademark by complying with the following one by causing to be recorded in the patent office the name residence and place of business of persons desiring the trademark to the class of merchandise and description of the same three a description of the trademark itself with facsimiles four the length of time that the said mark has already been used five by payment of the required fee six dollars for labels and twenty five dollars for trademarks six by complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by the commissioner of patents seven a lawful trademark must consist of some arbitrary word not the name of a person or place indicating or not the use or nature of the thing to which is it is applied of some designating symbol or of both said word and symbol how to obtain a patent patents are issued in the name of the United States and under the seal of the patent office a patent is a grant by the government to the inventor his heirs or assigns for a limited period of the exclusive right to make use or sell any new and useful art machine manufacturer or composition of matter or any new or useful improvement thereof or any new original and ornamental design for any article of manufacturer every patent contains a grant to the patentee his heirs or assigns for the term of 17 years of the exclusive right to make use and vend the invention or discovery throughout the United States and the territories referring to the specification for the particulars thereof if it appears that the inventor at the time of making his application believed himself to be the first inventor or discoverer a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or discovery or any part thereof having been known or used in any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof if it had not been patented or described in any printed publication joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent neither one can claim one separately independent inventors of distinct and independent improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions nor does the fact that one furnishes the capital and the other makes the invention entitle them to make application as joint inventors but in such cases they may become joint patentees application for a patent must be made in writing to the commissioner of patents from whom blanks and printed instructions can be obtained by mail reissues a reissue is granted to the original patentee his legal representatives or the assignees of the entire interest when by reason of a defective or insufficient specification or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new the original patent is inoperative or invalid provided the error has arisen from inadvertence accident or mistake and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention caveats a caveat under patent law is a notice given to the office of the caveat or his claim is inventor in order to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon an application file during the life of the caveat without notice to the caveat or any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or discovery and desires further time to mature the same may on payment of a fee of ten dollars file in the patent office a caveat setting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics of the invention and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his invention such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof an alien has the same privilege if he has resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen the caveat must comprise a specification oath and when the nature of the case admits it a drawing and like the application must be limited to a single invention or improvement fees fees must be paid in advance and are as follows on filing each original application for a patent fifteen dollars on issuing each original patent twenty dollars in design cases for three years and six months ten dollars for seven years fifteen dollars for fourteen years thirty dollars on filing each caveat ten dollars on every application for the reissue of a patent thirty dollars added to these are the usual charges of patent solicitors for preparing the application and for drawings etc. Shakespeare's Council Polonius's advice to his son Laertes and these few precepts in thy memory see thou character give thy thoughts no tongue nor any unproportioned thought his act be thou familiar but by no means vulgar those friends thou hast and their adoption tried grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel but do not dull thy palm with entertainment of each new hatched unfledged comrade beware of entrance to a quarrel but being in bear it that the opposed may beware of thee give every man thy ear but few thy voice take each man's censure but reserve thy judgment costly thy habit as thy purse can buy but not expressed in fancy rich not gaudy for the peril off proclaims the man neither a borrower nor a lender be for loan oft loses both itself and friend and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry this above all to thine own self be true and it must follow as the night the day thou canst not then be false to any man Hamlet one three poor Richard sayings Benjamin Franklin drive thy business let not thy business drive thee diligence is the mother of good luck now I have a sheep and a cow and everybody bids me good morrow if you would know the value of money go and try to borrow some great estates may venture more but little boats should keep near shore what maintains one vice would bring up two children God helps them that help themselves poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue is hard for an empty bag to stand upright beware of little expenses a small leak will sink a great ship for age and want save while you can no morning sun lasts a whole day how to make change quickly always consider the amount of purchase as if that much money were already counted out then add to amount of purchase enough small change to make an even dollar counting out the even dollars last until full amount is made up if the purchase amounts to fifty seven cents and you are handed two dollars in payment count out forty three cents first to make an even dollar then lay out the other dollar should the purchase be three dollars and sixty nine cents to be taken out of twenty dollars begin with three dollars sixty nine cents as the basis and make up even four dollars by laying out thirty one cents this thirty one cents with the amount of the purchase you will consider as four dollars and count out even dollars to make up to the twenty which the customer has handed in merchants cost and price marks all merchants use private cipher marks to note cost or selling price of goods the cipher is usually made up of some short word or sentence of nine or ten letters as Cornelius a C one O two R three N four E five L six I seven U eight S nine A zero five dollars according to this key would be E A A but generally an extra letter is used to prevent the repeating of the mark for zero zero if the sign for a second zero in this case were why we would have E A Y instead of E A A time in which money doubles at two percent simple interest fifty years compound interest thirty five years at two and a half percent simple interest forty years compound interest twenty eight years twenty six days three percent simple interest thirty three years four months compound interest twenty three years one hundred sixty four days at three and a half percent simple interest twenty eight years two hundred eight days compound interest twenty years fifty four days at four percent simple interest twenty five compound interest 17 years 246 days at 4.5% simple interest 22 years 81 days compound interest 15 years 273 days at 5% simple interest 20 years compound interest 14 years 75 days at 6% simple interest 16 years 8 months compound interest 11 years 327 days at 7% simple interest 14 years 104 days compound interest 10 years 89 days at 8% simple interest 12 and 1 half years compound interest 9 years 2 days at 9% simple interest 11 years 40 days compound interest 8 years 16 days at 10% simple interest 10 years compound interest 7 years 100 days a dollar saved a dollar earned the way to accumulate money is to save small sums with regularity a small sum saved daily for 50 years will grow at the following rate daily savings of 1 cent result $950 10 cents $9504 20 cents $1900 $6 30 cents $28,512 40 cents $38,015 50 cents $47,520 60 cents $57,024 70 cents $66,528 80 cents $76,032 90 cents $85,537 $1 $475,208 transcribers note the figures from 1 to 90 cents assume about 5.5% interest the $1 amount assumes about 10% interest short interest rules to find the interest on any given sum for a number of days at any rate of interest multiply the principle by the number of days and divide as follows at 3% by 120 at 4% by 90 at 5% by 72 at 6% by 60 at 7% by 52 at 8% by 45 at 9% by 40 at 10% by 36 at 12% by 30 at 15% by 24 at 20% by 18 trade discounts wholesale houses usually invoice their goods to retailers at list prices list prices were once upon a time supposed to be retail prices but of late a system of long list prices has come into vogue in many lines of trade that is the list price is made exorbitantly high so that wholesalers can give enormous discounts these discounts whether large or small are called trade discounts and are usually deducted at a certain rate percent from the face of the invoice the amount of discount generally depends upon size of bill or terms of settlement or both sometimes two or more discounts are allowed thus 30% and 5% is expressed 30 and 5 meaning first a discount of 30% and then 5% from the remainder 30 and 5 is not 35% but 33 and one-third percent 10 5 and 3 off means three successive discounts a wholesale house allowing 10 5 and 3 off gets more for its goods than it would at 18 off how to detect counterfeit money in the space at disposal here it is impossible of course to give a complete illustrated counterfeit detector but the following simple rules laid down by bank note examiner G.O.R. Baker will be found extremely valuable examine the form and features of all human figures if graceful and features distinct examine the drapery notice whether the folds lie naturally and observe whether the fine strands of the hair are plain and distinct examine the lettering in a genuine bill it is absolutely perfect there has never been a counterfeit put out but was more or less defective in the lettering counterfeiters rarely if ever get the imprint or engraver's name perfect the shading in the background of the vignette and over and around the letters forming the name of the bank on a good bill is even and perfect on a counterfeit is uneven and imperfect the dye work around the figures of the denomination should be of the same character as the ornamental work surrounding it never take a bill deficient in any of these points big trees of 92 redwood trees and Calaveras Grove California 10 are over 30 feet in diameter and 82 have a diameter of from 15 to 30 feet their ages are estimated at from 1000 to 3500 years their height ranges from 150 to 237 feet end of section 28 section 29 of the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing this is a library vox recording all library vox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit library vox.org recording by Lisa Cho the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing by Joseph Trenan's published in 1911 section 29 big trees of 92 redwood trees and Calaveras Grove California 10 are over 30 feet in diameter and 82 have a diameter of from 15 to 30 feet their ages are estimated at from 1000 to 3500 years their height ranges from 150 to 237 feet facts of general interest a hawk flies 150 miles per hour an eider duck 90 miles a pigeon 40 miles a man's working life is divided into four decades 20 to 30 bronze 30 to 40 silver 40 to 50 gold 50 to 60 iron intellect and judgment are strongest between 40 and 50 hair that is lightest in color is also lightest in weight light or blonde hair is generally the most luxuriant and it has been calculated that the average number of hairs of this color on an average person's head is 140 thousand while the number of brown hairs is 110 thousand and black only 103 thousand goldsmith received $300 for the vicar of Wakefield more $15,500 for Lala Rook Victor Hugo $12,000 for Arnani Chateau Breand $110,000 for his works Le Martin $16,000 for travels in Palestine Disraeli $50,000 for Endymion Anthony Trollup $315,000 for 45 novels Linn guard $21,000 for his history of England Mrs. Grant received over $600,000 as royalty from the sale of the personal memoirs of US Grant one woman in 20 one man in 30 is Baron about 4% it is found that one marriage in 20 is Baron 5% among the nobility of Great Britain 21% have no children owing partly to intermarriage of cousins no less than four and one half percent being married to cousins the largest bells are the following and their weight is given in tons Moscow 216 Burma 117 Peking 53 Novgorod 31 Notre Dame 18 Rouen 18 Olmutz 18 Vienna 18 St. Paul's 16 Westminster 14 Montreal 12 Cologne 11 Oxford 8 St. Peter's 8 Bell metal should have 77 parts copper and 23 tin American life averages for professions Boston storekeepers 41.8 years teamsters 43.6 years laborers 44.6 years semen 46.1 years mechanics 47.3 years merchants 48.4 years lawyers 52.6 years farmers 64.2 years a camel has twice the carrying power of an ox with an ordinary load of 400 pounds he can travel 12 to 14 days without water going 40 miles a day camels are fit to work at five years old but their strength begins to decline at 25 although they live usually till 40 the checks paid in New York in one year aggregate 77 billion 20 million 672 thousand 494 which is more than nine times the value of all the gold and silver coin in existence pounds of water evaporated by one pound of fuel as follows straw 1.9 wood 3.1 peat 3.8 coke or charcoal 6.4 coal 7.9 petroleum 14.6 the average elevation of continents above sea level is Europe 670 feet Asia 1140 feet North America 1150 feet South America 1100 feet a body weighing 140 pounds produces three pounds ashes time for burning 55 minutes the seven largest diamonds in the world way respectively as follows Koh Inor 103 carats star of Brazil 126 carats Regent of France 136 carats Austrian Kaiser 139 carats Russian Tsar 195 carats Raja of Borneo 367 carats Braganza 1880 carats the value of the above is not regulated by size nor easy to estimate but none of them is worth less than five hundred thousand dollars according to Orpheila the proportion of nicotine in Havana tobacco is 2% in French 6% and Virginia tobacco 7% that in Brazilian is still higher one horsepower will raise 16 and a half tons per minute a height of 12 inches working eight hours a day this is about nine thousand nine hundred foot tons daily or 12 times a man's work good clear ice two inches thick will bear men to walk on four inches thick will bear horses and riders six inches thick will bear horses and teams with moderate loads one pair of rabbits can become multiplied in four years and to 1,250,000 Australia ships six million rabbit skins yearly to England the largest of the pyramids that of kiosks is composed of four million tons of stone and occupied 100,000 men during 20 years equal to an outlay of 200 million dollars it would now cost 20 million dollars at a contract price of 36 cents per cubic foot one tug on the Mississippi can take in six days from St. Louis to New Orleans barges carrying 10,000 tons of grain which would require 70 railway trains of 15 cars each comparative scale of strength ordinary man 100 byerings gladiator 173 Farnese Hercules 362 horse 750 a man will die for want of air in five minutes for want of sleep in 10 days for want of water in a week for want of food at varying intervals dependent on various circumstances the average of human life is 33 years one child out of every four dies before the age of seven years and only one half of the world's population reach the age of 17 one out of 10,000 reaches 100 years the average number of births per day is about 120,000 exceeding the deaths by about 15 per minute there have been many alleged cases of longevity in all ages but only a few are authentic the various nations of Europe are represented in the list of popes as follows English one Dutch one Swiss one Portuguese one African to Austrian to Spanish 5 German 6 Syrian 8 Greek 14 French 16 Italian 200 11 popes rained over 20 years 69 from 10 to 20 57 from 5 to 10 and the rain of 116 was less than 5 years the rain of pious the 9th was the longest of all the only one exceeding 25 years a knot in sailor phrase is a nautical mile 6,080 feet or 800 feet more than a land mile the Garden of the Gods is near Colorado Springs and consists of a tract some 50 acres an area surrounded by mountains and ravines of red sandstone a number of large upright rocks some as high as 350 feet have given the beautiful valley its name it is entered by a very narrow pass called the beautiful gate the trans-Siberian Railway is 6,003 miles long and was built at a cost of 201,350,860 the longest rains in English history were Victoria 64 years George the 3rd 60 Henry the 3rd 56 Edward the 3rd 50 Elizabeth 45 Henry the 8th 38 the highest mountain in North America is Mount McKinley at the headwaters of the Suswitna and Cusco Quim Rivers Alaska its height is 20,464 feet the largest viaduct in the world was designed and built by American engineers for the English Railway and Burma it crosses the goctake gorge 80 miles from Mandalay it is 2,260 feet long and 325 feet high and was constructed in 1900 the degrees of alcohol and wines and liquors are beer 4.0 Porter 4.5 Ale 7.4 Cider 8.6 Moselle 9.6 Choké 10.2 Rine 11.0 Orange 11.2 Bordeaux 11.5 Hawke 11.6 Gooseberry 11.8 Champagne 12.2 Claret 13.3 Burgundy 13.6 Malaga 17.3 Lisbon 18.5 Canary 18.8 Sherry 19.0 Vermouth 19.0 Cape 19.2 Malmsey 19.7 Marsala 20.2 Madera 21.0 Port 23.2 Curacao 27.0 Aniseed 33.0 Maraschino 34.0 Chartreuse 43.0 Jinn 51.6 Brandy 53.4 Rum 53.7 Irish Whiskey 53.9 Scotch 54.3 Spirits are said to be proof when they contained 57 percent. The maximum amount of alcohol says parks that a man can take daily without injury to his health is that contained in two ounces of brandy one fourth a pint of Sherry half a pint of Claret or one pint of beer. The measurement of that part of the skull which holds the brain is stated in cubic inches thus. Anglo-Saxon 105. German 105. Negro 96. Ancient Egyptian 93. Hottentot 58. Australian native 58. In all races the male brain is about 10 percent heavier than the female. The highest class of apes has only 16 ounces of brain. A man's brain it is estimated consists of 300 million nerve cells of which over 3,000 are disintegrated and destroyed every minute. Everyone therefore has a new brain once in 60 days. But excessive labor or lack of sleep prevents the repair of the tissues and the brain gradually wastes away. Diversity of occupation by calling upon different portions of the mind or body successively affords in some measure the requisite repose to each. But in this age of overwork there is no safety except in that perfect rest which is the only natural restorative of exhausted power. The King James version of the Bible contains 3,566,480 letters, 773,746 words, 31,173 verses and 1,189 chapters and 66 books. The word and occurs 46,277 times. The word Lord occurs 1,855 times. The word reverend occurs but once which is in the ninth verse of the 111th Psalm. The middle verse is the eighth verse of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of the seventh chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the alphabet except the letter J. The 19th chapter of two kings and the 37th chapter of Isaiah are alike. The longest verse is the ninth verse of the eighth chapter of Esther. The shortest verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chapter of St. John. There are no words or names of more than six syllables. Some of nature's wonders. The human body has 240 bones. Man's heart beats 92,160 times in a day. A salmon has been known to produce 10 million eggs. Some female spiders produce 2,000 eggs. A queen bee produces 100,000 eggs in a season. There are 9,000 cells in a square foot of honeycomb. It requires 2,300 silkworms to produce one pound of silk. It would take 27,600 spiders to produce one pound of web. The rule of the road. The rule of the road in the United States is turned to the right. In England it is the reverse. The rule holds in this country in the case where two vehicles going in opposite directions meet. When one vehicle overtakes another, the foremost gives way to the left and the other passes by on the off side. And when a vehicle is crossing the direction of another, it keeps to the left and crosses in its rear. These two rules are the same in this country as in England. And why the rule concerning meeting vehicles should have been changed is impossible to say. Canary birds. How to keep them healthy and in good song. Place a cage so that no draft of air can strike the bird. Give nothing to healthy birds but rape, hemp, canary seed, water, cuddle fishbone, and gravel, paper, or sand on floor of cage. A bath three times a week. The room should not be overheated. When molting, keep warm and avoid all drafts of air. Give plenty of German summer rape seed. A little hard boiled egg mixed with cracker grated fine once or twice a week is excellent. Feed at a certain hour in the morning. Diseases and cures. Husk or asthma. The curatives are a period such as on deep water creses, bread and milk and red pepper. Pip. Mix red pepper, butter and garlic and swab out the throat. Sweating. Wash the hen in salt and water and dry rapidly. Costiveness. Plenty of green food and fruit. Obstruction of the rump gland. Pierce with a needle. Press the inflamed matter out and drop fine sugar over the wound. Lice. Keep a saucer of fresh water in the cage and the bird will free itself. Overgrown claws or beak. Pair carefully with a sharp knife. Molting. Give plenty of good food and keep warm. Saffron and a rusty nail put in the drinking water is excellent. Loss of voice. Feed with paste of bread, lettuce and rape seed with yolk of egg. Whiskey and sugar is an excellent remedy. End of section 29. Section 30 of the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Sue Ann Dozier. The handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing by Joseph Trinans published in 1911. Section 30. Recipes, trade secrets, etc. Toothache cure. Compound of tincture of benzoin is said to be one of the most certain and speedy cures for toothache. Pour a few drops on cotton and press it once into the diseased cavity when the pain will almost instantly cease. Toothache tincture. Mix tan and one scruple, mastic, three grains, ether, two drams. Apply on cotton wool to the tooth previously dried. Charcoal toothpaste. Chlorate of potash, one half dram. Mint water, one ounce. Dissolve and add powdered charcoal, two ounces, honey, one ounce. Excellent mouthwash. Powdered white castile soap, two drams. Alcohol, three ounces, honey, one ounce. Essence or extract of jasmine, two drams. Dissolve the soap in alcohol and add honey and extract. Removing tartar from the teeth. This preparation is used by dentists. Pure myriadic acid, one ounce. Water, one ounce. Honey, two ounces. Mix thoroughly. Take a toothbrush and wet it freely with this preparation and briskly rub the black teeth, and in a moment's time they will be perfectly white. Then immediately wash out the mouth well with water that the acid may not act on the enamel of the teeth. This should be done only occasionally. Test for glue. The following simple and easy test for glue is given. A weighed piece of glue, say one-third of an ounce, is suspended in water for 24 hours, the temperature of which is not above 50 degrees Fahrenheit. The coloring material sinks, and the glue swells from the absorption of the water. The glue is then taken out and weighed. The greater the increase in weight, the better the glue. If it then be dried perfectly and weighed again, the weight of the coloring matter can be learned from the difference between this and the original weight. Bad breath. Bad breath from guitar, foul stomach, or bad teeth may be temporarily relieved by diluting a little bromocluralum with eight or ten parts of water, and using it as a gargle and swallowing a few drops before going out. A pint of bromocluralum costs fifty cents, but a small vial will last a long time. Good tooth powder. Procure at a drugsts half an ounce of powdered oris root, half an ounce of prepared chalk finely pulverized, and two or three small lumps of dutch pink. Let them all be mixed in a mortar and pounded together. The dutch pink is to impart a pale reddish color. Keep it in a closed box. Another tooth powder. Mixed together in a mortar, half an ounce of red Peruvian bark finely powdered, a quarter of an ounce of powdered myrrh, and a quarter of an ounce of prepared chalk. A safe depilatory. Take a strong solution of sulforette of barium and add enough finely powdered starch to make a paste. Apply to the roots of the hair and allow it to remain on a few minutes. Then scrape off with the back edge of a knife blade and rub with sweet oil. Quick depilatory for removing hair. Best slaked lime six ounces. Orpiment fine powder one ounce. Mix with a covered sieve and preserve in a dry place in closely stoppered bottles. In using, mix the powder with enough water to form a paste and apply to the hair to be removed. In about five minutes or as soon as the caustic action is felt on the skin, remove as in shaving with an ivory or bone paper knife. Wash with cold water freely and apply cold cream. Tricopherous for the hair. Castor oil, alcohol, each one pint. Tincture of kentharides one ounce. Oil of bergamot one half ounce. Alkinet coloring to color as wished. Mix and let it stand 48 hours with occasional shaking and then filter. Liquid shampoo. Take bay rum two and one half pints. Water one half pint. Glycerin one ounce. Tincture of kentharides two drams. Carbonate of ammonia two drams. Borax one half ounce. Or take New England rum one and one half pints. Bay rum one pint. Water one half pint. Glycerin one ounce. Tincture of kentharides two drams. Ammonium carbonate two drams. Borax one half ounce. The salts to be dissolved in water and the other ingredients to be added gradually. Cleaning hair brushes. Put a teaspoon full or dessert spoonful of aqua ammonia into a basin half full of water. Comb the loose hairs out of the brush then agitate the water briskly with the brush and rinse it well with clear water. Hair invigorator. Bay rum two pints. Alcohol one pint. Caster oil one ounce. Carbonate of ammonia half an ounce. Tincture of kentharides one ounce. Mix them well. This compound will promote the growth of hair and prevent it from falling out. For dandruff take glycerin four ounces. Tincture of kentharides five ounces. Bay rum four ounces. Water two ounces. Mix and apply once a day and rub well into the scalp. Mustache grower. Simple serrate one ounce. Oil of bergamot ten minutes. Saturated tincture of kentharides fifteen minutes. Rub them together thoroughly or melt the serrate and stir in the tincture while hot and the oil as soon as it is nearly cold. Then run into molds or rolls to be applied as a pomade rubbing in at the roots of the hair. Care must be used not to inflame the skin by too frequent application. Razor strop paste. Wet the strop with a little sweet oil and apply a little flour of emery evenly over the surface. Shaving compound. Half a pound of plain white soap dissolved in a small quantity of alcohol as little as can be used. Add a tablespoon full of pulverized borax. Shave the soap and put it in a small tin basin or cup. Place it on the fire in a dish of boiling water. When melted add the alcohol and remove from the fire. Stir in oil of bergamot sufficient to perfume it. Cure for prickly heat. Mix a large portion of wheat bran with either cold or lukewarm water and use it as a bath twice or thrice a day. Children who are covered with prickly heat in warm weather will be thus effectually relieved from that tormenting eruption. As soon as it begins to appear on the neck face or arms commence using the bran water on these parts repeatedly through the day and it may probably spread no farther. If it does the bran water bath will certainly cure it if persisted in. To remove corns from between the toes. These corns are generally more painful than any others and are frequently situated as to be almost inaccessible to the usual remedies. Wedding them several times a day with heart shorn will in most cases cure them. Try it. Superior cologne water. Oil of lavender. Two drams. Oil of rosemary. One dram at a half. Orange lemon and bergamot. One dram each of the oil. Also two drams of the essence of musk. Atar of rose. Ten drops and a pint of proof spirit. Shake altogether thoroughly three times a day for a week. Inexhaustible smelling salts. Sal tartar. Three drams. Muriate ammonia. Granulated. Six drams. Oil of neroli. Five minims. Oil of lavender flowers. Five minims. Oil of rose. Three minims. Spirits of ammonia. Fifteen minims. Put into the pungent a small piece of sponge filling about one fourth the space and pour on it a dew portion of the oils. Then put in the mixed salts until the bottle is three fourths full and pour on the spirits of ammonia in proper proportion and close the bottle. Volatile salts for pungents. Liquor ammonia. One pint. Oil of lavender flowers. One dram. Oil of rosemary. Fine. One dram. Oil of bergamot. One half dram. Oil of peppermint. Ten minims. Mix thoroughly and fill pungents or keep in well-stoppered bottle. Another formula is sesquic carbonate of ammonia. Small pieces. Ten ounces. Concentrated liquid ammonia. Five ounces. Put the sesquic carbonate in a wide-mouthed jar with airtight stopper. Perfume the liquor ammonia to suit and pour over the carbonate. Close tightly the lid and place in a cool place. Stir with a stiff spatula every other day for a week and then keep it closed for two weeks or until it becomes hard when it is ready to use. Paste for papering boxes. Boil water and stir-in batter of wheat or rye flour. Let it boil one minute, take off, and strain through a colander. Add while boiling a little glue or powdered alum. Do plenty of stirring while the paste is cooking and make of consistency that will spread nicely. Aromatic spirit of vinegar. Acetic acid number eight. Pure. Eight ounces. Campfer. One half ounce. Dissolve and add oil of lemon. Oil of lavender flowers. Each two drams. Oil of cassia. Oil of cloves. One half dram each. Thoroughly mix and keep in well-stoppered bottle. Rose water. Preferable to the distilled for a perfume or for ordinary purposes. Atar of roses twelve drops. Rub it up with half an ounce of white sugar and two drams carbonate magnesium. Then add gradually one quart of water and two ounces of proof spirit and filter through paper. Bay rum. French proof spirit one gallon. Extract of bay six ounces. Mix and color with caramel. Needs no filtering. Fine lavender water. Mix together in a clean bottle a pint of in odorous spirit of wine, an ounce of oil of lavender, a teaspoon of oil of bergamot, and a tablespoon full of oil of ambergris. The virtues of turpentine. After a housekeeper fully realizes the worth of turpentine in the household she is never willing to be without a supply of it. It gives quick relief to burns. It is an excellent application for corns. It is good for rheumatism and sore throat. And it is the quickest remedy for convulsions or fits. Then it is a sure preventive against moths. By just dropping a trifle in the bottom of drawers, chests, and cupboards it will render the garments secure from injury during the summer. It will keep ants and bugs from closets and storerooms by putting a few drops in the corners and upon the shelves. It is sure destruction to bed bugs and will effectively drive them away from their haunts if thoroughly applied to all joints of the bedstead in the spring cleaning time and injures neither furniture nor clothing. A spoonful of it added to a pail of warm water is excellent for cleaning paint. A little in suds washing days lightens laundry labor. A perpetual paste is a paste that may be made by dissolving an ounce of alum in a quart of warm water. When cold, add as much flour as will make it the consistency of cream. Then stir into it a half teaspoon full of powdered resin and two or three cloves. Boil it to a consistency of mush, stirring all the time. It will keep for 12 months and when dry may be softened with warm water. Paste for scrapbooks. Take half a teaspoon full of starch, same of flour. Pour on a little boiling water, let it stand a minute, add more water, stir and cook it until it is thick enough to starch a shirt bosom. It spreads smooth, sticks well, and will not mold or discolor paper. Starch alone will make a very good paste. A strong paste. A paste that will neither decay nor become moldy. Mix good clean flour with cold water into a thick paste well blended together. Then add boiling water, stirring well up until it is of a consistency that can be easily and smoothly spread with a brush. Add to this a teaspoon or two of brown sugar, a little corrosive sublimate, and about half a dozen drops of oil of lavender and you will have a paste that will hold with wonderful tenacity. A brilliant paste. A brilliant and adhesive paste adapted to fancy articles may be made by dissolving casein precipitated from milk by acetic acid and washed with pure water in a saturated solution of borax. A sugar paste. In order to prevent the gum from cracking, to ten parts by weight of gum, arabic, and three parts of sugar, add water until the desired consistency is obtained. If a very strong paste is required, add a quantity of flour equal in weight to the gum without boiling the mixture. The paste improves in strength when it begins to ferment. Ten box cement. To fix labels to ten boxes, either of the following will answer. One, soften good glue in water, then boil it in strong vinegar and thicken the liquid while boiling with fine wheat flour so that a paste results. Two, starch paste with which a little venus turpentine has been incorporated while warm. Paper and leather paste. Cover four parts by weight of glue with 15 parts of cold water and allow it to soak for several hours. Then warm moderately till the solution is perfectly clear and dilute with 60 parts of boiling water intimately stirred. Next, prepare a solution of 30 parts starch in 200 parts of cold water so as to form a thin hemogenous liquid free from lumps and pour the boiling glue solution into it with thorough stirring and at the same time keep the mass boiling. Commercial mucilage. The best quality of mucilage in the market is made by dissolving clear glue in equal volumes of water and strong vinegar and adding one fourth of an equal volume of alcohol and a small quantity of a solution of alum in water. Some of the cheaper preparations offered for sale are merely boiled starch or flour mixed with nitric acid to prevent their gelatinizing. Acid proof paste. A paste formed by mixing powdered glass with a concentrated solution of silicate of soda makes an excellent acid proof cement. Paste to fasten cloth to wood. Take a plump pound of wheat flour, one tablespoon of powdered resin, one tablespoon of finely powdered alum and rub the mixture in a suitable vessel with water to a uniform smooth paste. Transfer this to a small kettle over a fire and stir until the paste is perfectly homogenous without lumps. As soon as the bass has become so stiff that the stirrer remains upright in it transfer it to another vessel and cover it up so that no skin may form on its surface. This paste is applied in a very thin layer to the surface of the table. The cloth or leather is then laid and pressed upon it and smoothed with a roller. The ends are cut off after drying. If leather is to be fastened on this must be moistened with water. The paste is then applied and the leather rubs smooth with a cloth. Paste for printing office. Take two gallons of cold water and one quart wheat flour, rub out all the lumps, then add one fourth pound of finely pulverized alum and boil the mixture for 10 minutes or until a thick consistency is reached. Now add one quart of hot water and boil again until the paste becomes a pale brown color and thick. The paste should be well stirred during both processes of cooking. Paste thus made will keep sweet for two weeks and prove very adhesive. End of section 30, recording by Sue Ann Dozier, Kansas City, Kansas, April 19, 2007. Section 31 of the Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Sue Ann Dozier, The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing, by Joseph Trinance, published in 1911, section 31. Recipes, trade secrets continued. To take smoke stains from walls. An easy and sure way to remove smoke stains from common plain ceilings is to mix wood ashes with the whitewash just before applying. A pint of ashes to a small pail of whitewash is sufficient, but a little more or less will do no harm. To remove stains from broadcloth. Take an ounce of pipe clay, which has been ground fine. Mix it with 12 drops of alcohol and the same quantity of spirits of turpentine. Whenever you wish to remove any stains from cloth, moisten a little of this mixture with alcohol and rub it on the spots. Let it remain till dry, then rub it off with a woolen cloth and the spots will disappear. To remove red stains of fruit from linen, moisten the cloth and hold it over a piece of burning sulfur, then wash thoroughly or else the spots may reappear. To remove oil stains. Take three ounces of spirits of turpentine and one ounce of essence of lemon. Mix well and apply it as you would any other scouring drops. It will take out all the grease. Iron stains may be removed by the salt of lemons. Many stains may be removed by dipping the linen in some buttermilk and then drying it in a hot sun. Wash it in cold water. Repeat this three or four times. To remove oil stains from wood, mix together fuller's earth and soap leaves and rub it into the boards. Let it dry and then scour it off with some strong soft soap and sand or use leaves to scour it with. It should be put on hot which may easily be done by heating the leaves. To remove tea stains, mix thoroughly soft soap and salt. Say a tablespoon of salt to a teacup full of soap. Rub on the spots and spread the cloth on the grass where the sun will shine on it. Let it lie two or three days then wash. If the spots are wet occasionally while lying on the grass it will hasten the bleaching. To remove stains from muslin. If you have stained your muslin or gingham dress or similar articles with berries before wetting with anything else pour boiling water through the stains and they will disappear. Before fruit juice dries it can often be removed by cold water using a sponge and towel if necessary. To remove acid stains stains caused by acid may be removed by tying some pearl ash up in the stained part. Scrape some soap in cold soft water and boil the linen until the stain is gone. To disinfect sinks and drains, copper is dissolved in water one fourth of a pound to a gallon and pour into a sink and water drain occasionally will keep such places sweet and wholesome. A little chloride of lime say a half pound to a gallon of water will have the same effect and either of these costs but a trifle. A preparation may be made at home which will answer about as well as the chloride of lime. Dissolve a bushel of salt in a barrel of water and with the salt water slick a barrel of lime which should be made wet enough to form a thin paste or wash. To disinfect a cellar a damp messy cellar may be sweetened by sprinkling upon the floor pulverized copperous chloride of lime or even common lime. The most effective means I have ever used to disinfect decaying vegetable matter is chloride of lime solution. One pound may be dissolved in two gallons of water. Plaster of Paris has also been found an excellent absorbent of noxious odors. If used one part with three parts of charcoal it will be found still better. How to thaw out a water pipe. Water pipes usually freeze up when exposed or inside the walls where they cannot be reached they are or should be packed to prevent freezing. To thaw out a frozen pipe bundle a newspaper into a torch lighted and pass it along the pipe slowly. The ice will yield to this much quicker than to hot water or wrappings or hot claws as is the common practice. To prevent mold a small quantity of carbolic acid added to paste mucilage and ink will prevent mold. An ounce of the acid to a gallon of whitewash will keep cellars and dairies from the disagreeable odor which often taints milk and meat kept in such places. Thawing frozen gas pipe. Mr. F. H. Shelton says I took off from over the pipe some four or five inches just across the earth and then put a couple of bushels of lime in the space poured water over it and slaked it and then put canvas over that and rocks on the canvas so as to keep the wind from getting underneath. Next morning on returning there I found that the frost had been drawn out from the ground for nearly three feet. You can appreciate what an advantage that was for picking through frozen ground with the thermometer below zero is no joke. Since then we have tried it several times. It is an excellent plan if you have time enough to let the lime work. In the daytime you cannot afford to waste the time but if you have a spare night in which to work it is worthwhile to try it. How to test a thermometer. The common thermometer in a Japan iron case is usually inaccurate. To test the thermometer bring water into the condition of active boiling. Warm the thermometer gradually in the steam and then plunge it into the water. If it indicates a fixed temperature of 212 degrees the instrument is a good one. Indelible ink. An indelible ink that cannot be erased even with acids can be obtained from the following recipe. To good gall ink add a strong solution of Prussian blue dissolved in distilled water. This will form a writing fluid which cannot be erased without destruction of the paper. The ink will write greenish blue but afterward will turn black. To get a broken cork out of a bottle. If in drawing a cork it breaks and the lower part falls into the liquid tie a long loop in a bit of twine or small cord and put it in holding the bottle so as to bring the piece of cork near to the lower part of the neck. Catch it in the loop so as to hold it stationary. You can then easily extract it with a corkscrew. A wash for cleaning silver. Mix together half an ounce of fine salt half an ounce of powdered alum and half an ounce of cream of tartar. Put them into a large whiteware pitcher and pour on two ounces of water and stir them frequently till entirely dissolved. Then transfer the mixture to clean bottles and cork them closely. Before using it shake the bottles well. Pour some of the liquid into a bowl and wash the silver all over with it using an old soft fine linen cloth. Let it stand about 10 minutes and then rub it dry with a buckskin. It will make the silver look like new. To remove the odor from a vial. The odor of its last contents may be removed from a vial by filling it with cold water and letting it stand in any airy place uncorked for three days changing the water every day. To loosen a glass stopper. The manner in which apothecaries loosen glass stoppers when there is difficulty in getting them out is to press the thumb of the right hand very hard against the lower part of the stopper and then give the stopper a twist the other way with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand keeping the bottle stiff in a steady position. To soften boots and shoes. Kerosene will soften boots and shoes which have been hardened by water and render them as pliable as new. To remove stains spots and mildew from furniture. Take half a pint of 98% alcohol a quarter of an ounce each of pulverized resin and gum shellac. Add half a pint of linseed oil shake well and apply with a brush or sponge. Sweet oil will remove finger marks from the varnished furniture and kerosene from oiled furniture. To freshen guilt frames. Guilt frames may be revived by carefully dusting them and then washing with one ounce of soda beaten up with the whites of three eggs. Scraped patches should be touched up with gold paint. Castile soap and water with proper care may be used to clean oil paintings. Other methods should not be employed without some skill. To fill cracks in plaster. Use vinegar instead of water to mix your plaster of Paris. The resultant mass will be like petty and will not set for 20 or 30 minutes. Whereas if you use water the plaster will become hard almost immediately before you have time to use it. Push it into the cracks and smooth it off nicely with a table knife. To toughen lamp chimneys and glassware. Immerse the article in a pot filled with cold water to which some common salt has been added. Boil the water well then cool slowly. Glass treated this way will resist any sudden change of temperature. To remove paint from window glass rub it well with hot sharp vinegar. To clean stove pipe a piece of zinc put on the live coals in the stove will clean out the stove pipe. To brighten carpets. Carpets after the dust has been beaten out may be brightened by scattering upon them cornmeal mixed with salt then sweeping it off. Mix salt and meal in equal proportions. Carpets should be thoroughly beaten on the wrong side first and then on the right side after which spots may be removed by the use of oxgall or ammonia and water. To keep flowers fresh exclude them from the air. To do this wet them thoroughly put in a damp box and cover with wet cotton or wet newspaper then place in a cool spot. To preserve bouquets put a little salt peter in the water you use for your bouquets and the flowers will live for a fortnight. To preserve brooms dip them for a minute or two in a kettle of boiling suds once a week and they will last much longer making them tough and pliable. A carpet wears much longer swept with a broom cared for in this manner. To clean brassware mix one ounce of oxalic acid six ounces of rotten stone all in powder one ounce of sweet oil and sufficient water to make a paste. Apply a small proportion and rub dry with a flannel or leather the liquid dip most generally used consists of nitric and sulfuric acids but this is more corrosive. To keep out mosquitoes if a bottle of the oil of pennyroyal is left uncorked in a room at night not a mosquito nor any other bloodsucker will be found there in the morning. To kill cockroaches a teacup full of well-brewed plaster of paris mixed with double the quantity of oatmeal to which a little sugar may be added although this last named ingredient is not essential screw it on the floor or into the chinks where they frequent. To destroy ants drop some quick lime on the mouth of their nest and wash it with boiling water or dissolve some camphor in spirits of wine then mix with water and pour into their haunts or tobacco water which has been found effectual they are averse to strong scents camphor or a sponge saturated with preosote will prevent their infesting a cupboard to prevent their climbing up trees place a ring of tar about the trunk or a circle of rag moistened occasionally with preosote to prevent moths in the month of April or May beat your fur garments well with a small cane or elastic stick then wrap them up in linen without pressing them too hard and put betwixt the folds some camphor in small lumps then put your furs in this state in boxes well closed when the furs are wanted for use beat them well as before and expose them for 24 hours to the air which will take away the smell of the camphor if the fur has long hair as bear or fox add to the camphor an equal quantity of black pepper and powder to get rid of moths one procure shavings of cedar wood and enclose in muslin bags which can be distributed freely among the clothes two procure shavings of camphor wood and enclose in bags three sprinkle pimento all spice berries among the clothes four sprinkle the clothes with the seeds of the musk plant five to destroy the eggs when deposited on wool and clothes etc use a solution of acetate of potash in spirits of rosemary 15 grains to the pint bed bugs spirits of naphtha rubbed with a small painter's brush into every part of the bedstead is a certain way of getting rid of bugs the mattress and binding of the bed should be examined and the same process attended to as they generally harbor more in these parts than in the bedstead ten cents worth of naphtha is sufficient for one bed bug poison proof spirit one pint camphor two ounces oil of turpentine four ounces corrosive sublimate one ounce mix a correspondence says i have been for a long time troubled with bugs and never could get rid of them by any clean and expeditious method until a friend told me to suspend a small bag of camphor to the bed just in the center overhead i did so and the enemy was most effectively repulsed and has not made his appearance since not even for a reconnaissance this is a simple method of getting rid of these pests and is worth a trial to see if it be effectual in other cases mixture for destroying flies infusion of kuassia one pint brown sugar four ounces brown pepper two ounces to be well mixed together and put in small shallow dishes when required to destroy flies in a room take half a teaspoon of black pepper and powder one teaspoon full of brown sugar and one tablespoon of cream mix them well together and place them in a room on a plate where the flies are troublesome and they will soon disappear to dry flies from the house a good way to rid the house of flies is to saturate small claws with oil of sassafras and lay them in windows and doors the flies will soon leave aging oak strong ammonia fumes may be used for aging oak place the piece to be fumed with an evaporating dish containing concentrated ammonia in a box and close it airtight leave for 12 hours and finish with a wax polish applying first a thin coat of paraffin oil and then rubbing with a pomade of prepared wax made as follows two ounces each of yellow and white bees wax heated over a slow fire in a clean vessel agate wear is good until melted add four ounces of turpentine and stir till entirely cool keep the turpentine away from the fire this will give the oak illustrious brown color and nicking will not expose a different surface as the ammonia fumes penetrate to a considerable depth end of section 31 recording by sue and doger kansas city kansas section 32 of the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing this is a liver vox recording all liver vox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit liver vox.org recording by ml cohen leave in ohio february 2007 the handy cyclopedia of things worth knowing by joseph trinians published in 1911 section 32 opportunity they do me wrong who say i come no more when once i've knocked and failed to find you in for every day i stand outside your door and bid you wake and ride to fight to win wait not for precious chances passed away weep not for golden ages on the wane each night i burn the records of the day at sunrise every soul is born again laugh like a boy at splendors that have sped to vanished hopes be blind and deaf and dumb my judgment seal the dead past with its dead but never bind a moment yet to come though deep in my ear ring not your hands and weep i lend my arm to all who say i can no shame faced outcast ever sank so deep but yet might rise and be again a man dust thou behold thy lost youth all aghast dust reel from righteous retributions blow then turn from blotted archives of the past and find the future's pages white as snow art thou a mourner rouse thee from thy spell art thou a sinner sins may be forgiven each morning gives thee wings to flee from hell each night a star to guide to heaven weights and measures troi weight 24 grains make one penny weight 20 penny weights make one ounce by this weight gold silver and jewels only are weighed the ounce and pound in this are the same as an apothecary's weight apothecary's weight 20 grains make one scruple three scruples make one dram eight drams make one ounce 12 ounces make one pound avois dupois weight six drams make one ounce 16 ounces make one pound 25 pounds make one quarter four quarters make 100 weight 2000 pounds make one ton dry measure two pints make one court eight courts make one peck four pecks make one bushel 36 bushels make one children liquid or wine measure four gills make one pint two pints make one court four courts make one gallon 31 and one half gallons make one barrel two barrels makes one hogshead time measure 60 seconds make one minute 60 minutes make one hour 24 hours make one day seven days make one week four weeks make one lunar month 28 29 30 or 31 days make one calendar month parentheses 30 days make one month in computing interest close parentheses 52 weeks and one day or 12 calendar months make a year 365 days five hours 48 minutes and 49 seconds make one solar year circular measure 60 seconds make one minute 60 minutes make one degree 30 degrees make one sign 90 degrees make one quadrant four quadrant or 360 degrees make one circle long measure distance three barley corns equal one inch 12 inches equal one foot three feet equal one yard five and a half yards equal one rod 40 rods equal one furlong eight furlong equal one mile cloth measure two and one half inches equals one nail four nails equal one quarter four quarters equal one yard miscellaneous three inches equal one palm four inches equal one hand nine inches equal one span 18 inches equals one cubit 21.8 inches equals one bible cubit two and one half feet equal one military pace square measure 144 square inches equals one square foot nine square feet equal one square yard 30 and one quarter square yards equals one square rod 40 square rods equals one rude four roots equals one acre surveyors measure 7.92 inches equal one link 25 links equals one rod four rods equals one chain 10 square chains or 160 square rods equals one acre 640 acres equals one square mile cubic measure 1,728 cubic inches equals one cubic foot 27 cubic feet equals one cubic yard 128 cubic feet equals one cord parentheses wood close parentheses 40 cubic feet equals one ton parentheses shipping close parentheses 2150.42 cubic inches equals one standard bushel 268.8 cubic inches equals one standard gallon one cubic foot equals four fifths of a bushel metric weights 10 milligrams equals one centigram 10 centigrams equals one desigram 10 desigrams equals one gram 10 grams equals one decagram 10 decagrams equals one hectogram 10 hectograms equals one kilogram metric measure friends one milliliter equals one cubic centimeter close friends 10 milliliters equals one centiliter 10 centiliters equals one desiliter 10 desiliters equals one liter 10 liters equals one deciliter 10 deciliters equals one hectoliter 10 hectoliters equals one kilo liter metric lengths 10 millimeters equals one centimeter 10 centimeters equals one decimeter 10 decimeters equals one meter 10 meters equals one decometer, 10 decometers equals one hectometer, 10 hectometers equals one kilometer. Relative value of apothecaries and imperial measure. One gallon equals six apothecaries pints, 13 apothecaries ounces, two imperial grams, or 23 imperial minimums. One pint equals 16 apothecaries ounces, five imperial grams, or 18 imperial minimums. One fluid ounce equals one apothecaries ounce, zero imperial grams, or 20 imperial minimums. One fluid gram equals one imperial gram, or two and one half imperial minimums. And the metric table. The following table gives the equivalence of both the metric and common systems, and will be found convenient for reference. One inch length, approximately two and a half centimeters, exactly 2.539 centimeters. One centimeter equals approximately 0.4 inches, or exactly 0.393 inches. One yard equals approximately a meter, or exactly 0.914 meters. One meter, 39.37 inches, equals one yard approximately, or exactly 1.093 yards. One foot is approximately 30 centimeters, exactly 30.479 centimeters. One kilometer, a thousand meters, is approximately five-eighths of a mile, or exactly 0.621 miles. One mile equals approximately one and a half kilometers, or exactly 1.6 kilometers. One gram, weight, equals approximately 15 and a half grains, or exactly 15.432 grains. One grain, equals approximately 0.064 grams, and exactly 0.064 grams. One kilogram, or a thousand grams, is approximately 2.2 pounds of wadoopwa, or exactly 2.204 pounds. One pound of wadoopwa is approximately half a kilogram, or exactly 0.453 kilograms. One ounce of wadoopwa, or 4.37 and one half grains, equals approximately 28 and a third grams, or exactly 28.349 grams. One ounce Troy, or apothecary, parentheses 4.80 grains, and parentheses, equals approximately 31 grams, or exactly 31.103 grams. One cubic centimeter, bulk, is approximately 0.06 cubic inches, or exactly 0.6102 cubic inches. One cubic inch is approximately 16 and a third cubic centimeters, or exactly 16.386 cubic centimeters. One liter, parentheses a thousand cubic centimeters, is approximately one United States Standard Court, or exactly 0.946 United States Standard Courts. One United States Court equals approximately a liter, or exactly 1.057 liters. One fluid ounce is approximately 29 and a half cubic centimeters, exactly 29.57 cubic centimeters. One hectare, 10,000 square meters, a measure of surface, is approximately two and a half acres, or exactly 2.471 acres. One acre is approximately 0.4 hectares, and is exactly 0.40 hectares. Handy weights and measures. One quart of wheat flour is one pound. One quart of cornmeal weighs 18 ounces. One quart of butter, soft, weighs 14 to 16 ounces. One quart of brown sugar weighs from a pound to a pound and a quarter, according to dampness. One quart of white sugar weighs two pounds. Ten medium-sized eggs weigh one pound. A tablespoon of salt is one ounce. Eight tablespoons make one gill. Two gills, or 16 tablespoon foals, are half a pint. 60 drops are one teaspoon full. Four teaspoon foals are one wine glass full. 12 tablespoon foals are one teacup full. 16 tablespoon foals, or half a pint, are one tumbler full. The meaning of measures. A square mile is equal to 640 acres. A square acre is 208.71 feet on one side. An acre is 43,560 square feet. A league three miles. A span 10 and 7 eighths inches. A hand four inches. A palm three inches. A great cubit 11 inches. A fathom six feet. A mile 5,280 feet. Domestic and drop measures approximated. A teaspoon full equals one fluid gram, or four grams. A dessert spoon full equals two fluid grams, or three grams. A tablespoon full, half fluid ounce, or 16 grams. A wine glass full, two fluid ounces, or 64 grams. A tumbler full, half pint, or 256 grams. To tell the age of any person, hand this table to a young lady, and request her to tell you in which column or columns her age is contained. And add together the figures at the top of the columns in which her age is found, and you will have the secret. Thus, suppose her age to be 17. You will find the number in the first and fifth columns. Add the first figures of these two columns. Table containing six columns. Column one, one, three, five, seven, nine, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63. Column two, two, three, six, seven, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 62, 63. Column three, 45, 67, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63. Column four, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63. Column five, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63. Column six, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 41, again, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63. Dr. Spursheim's Phrenology The first claim put forth by the teachers and professional demonstrators of phrenology makes it a system of mental philosophy, besides at the same time presenting a much more popular aspect as a method whereby the disposition, character, and natural aptitude of the individual may be ascertained. These two features of the subject are quite distinct from each other, for while it can serve as a reliable guide for reading character only on the assumption of its truth as a philosophic system, yet the possibility of its practical application does not necessarily follow from the establishment of the truth of its theoretical side. Two of the earliest founders of the science of anatomy, Aracistratus and Herophilus, who lived in the age of Ptolemy Soder, taught that the brain was the seat of sensation and intellect, and that there was therein a certain degree of localization of function. Galen later taught that the brain is the seat of the soul and intellect. From these facts of history, the system of phrenology though formulated by Dr. Gall, Dr. Spursheim, and the Fowler brothers and others rests upon deductions derived from the teachings of the demonstrators of anatomy and students of philosophy. The formulated system of phrenology is very generally believed to be a modern expansion of an old empirical philosophy, but according to Dr. Gall's account it arose with him as the result of independent observations. The popularity of phrenology has waned in the public mind, and cultivation of the system is confined to a few enthusiasts, such as posed as teachers of it as a vocation. These claim that phrenology is a practical and important science, and that it rests upon the following principles. First, that the human brain is the organ of the mind. Second, that the mental powers of man can be analyzed into a definite number of measurably independent faculties. Third, that these faculties are innate, and each has its seat in a definite region of the brain. Fourth, that the size of each of these regions is the measure of the power of manifesting the faculty associated with it. The faculties and their locations, as originally constructed by Dr. Gall, were for the most part identified on slender grounds. His procedure was as follows. Having selected the place of a faculty, he examined the heads of his friends and casted the persons with that peculiarity in common, and in them sought for the distinctive feature of their characteristic trait. Some of his earlier studies were among low associates in jails and lunatic asylums, and some of the qualities located by him were such as tend perversion to crime. These he named after their excessive manifestations, and thus mapped out organs of theft, murder, etc. This, however, caused the system to be discredited. Later, his pupil, Dr. Spursheim, claimed that the moral and religious features belonging to it greatly modified these characteristics of Dr. Gall's work. The chart of the human head, as invented by Dr. Gall, represented 26 organs. The chart, as improved by Dr. Spursheim, makes out 35 organs. This is the chart now generally used, and which is shown on a preceding page. The number specifies the location of each organ, which is followed by its phrenological name classified as follows. Reader's annotation. I will describe the figures referred to. Areas 1 through 5 occupy the occipital region of the skull in the back. Section 6 through 9, the temporal region around the ear. Return to text. Propensities 1. Immattiveness. 2. Philoprogenitiveness. 3. Concentrativeness. 4. Adhesiveness. 5. Combattiveness. 6. Destructiveness. 6A. Elementiveness. 7. Secretiveness. 8. Acquisitiveness. 9. Constructiveness. Reader's annotation. 10 through 12. Occur on the parietal region of the skull. Return to text. Lower sentiments. 10. Self-esteem. 11. Love of approbation. 12. Cautiousness. Reader's annotation. The following regions, 13 through 21, occur over the vertex of the skull along the midline. Return to text. Superior sentiments. 13. Benevolence. 14. Veneration. 15. Conscientiousness. 16. Firmness. 17. Hope. 18. Wonder. 19. Ideality. 20. Wit. 21. Imitation. Reader's annotation. The next regions described, 22 through 33, occur in the orbital frontal region over the eyebrows and the lower forehead. Return to text. Perceptive faculties. 22. Individuality. 23. Form. 24. Size. 25. Weight. 26. Color. 27. Locality. 28. Number. 29. Order. 30. Eventuality. 31. Time. 32. Tune. 33. Language. Reader's annotation. The final two areas occur in the upper frontal region or upper forehead. End annotation. Return to text. Reflective faculties. 34. Comparison. 35. Causality. The judgment of the phrenologist is determined by the size of the brain in general and by the size of the organs that have been formulated. And these are estimated by certain arbitrary rules that render the boundaries of the regions indefinite. The controversy over phrenology has served undoubtedly the very useful purpose of stimulating research into the anatomy of the brain. It is generally conceded that any psychological theory which correlates brain action and mental phenomena requires a correspondence between the size of the brain and mental power. And generally observation shows that the brains of those whose capacities are above the average are larger than those of the general run of their fellow men. A study of the cuts in comparison of the sizes of different heads and their shape will prove very entertaining with most any group of persons intellectually inclined. And it will be found that persons who are naturally good readers by instinct of human nature can, with its help, make remarkable readings in the delineation of character. Principles of Parliamentary Law. Lists of motions arranged according to their purpose and effect. Parentheses. Letters referred to the rules below. Readers annotation. I will read those rules immediately following. Each motion. Modifying or amending. Eight. To amend or to substitute or to divide the question. Rule. A motion to amend an amendment cannot be amended. To refer to committee. Seven. To commit parentheses or recommit. Rule. Opens the main question to debate. Motions not so marked do not allow a reference to main question. End rule. Deferring action. Six. To postpone to a fixed time. Rule. Limited debate allowed on propriety of postponement only. End rule. Four. To lay on the table. Rules. A. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. E. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house. And rule. G. An affirmative vote cannot be reconsidered. End rules. To limit or close debate. Rules. A. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. Or. M. Requires a two-thirds vote unless special rules have been enacted. To extend limits of debate. Rule. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. End rules. Suppressing the question. Objections to consideration of question. Rules. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. In order when another has the floor. Requires a two-thirds vote unless special rules have been enacted. And does not require to be seconded. To postpone indefinitely. Rules. Opens the main question to debate. Motions not so marked do not allow or for reference to main question. And cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house. End rules. Four. To lay upon the table. Rules. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. And cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house. And an affirmative vote cannot be reconsidered. To bring up a question the second time. To reconsider. A debatable question. Rules. Opens the main question to debate. Motions not so marked do not allow of reference to main question. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house. Cannot be reconsidered. And a motion to reconsider may be moved and entered when another has the floor. But the business then before the house may not be set aside. This motion can only be entertained when main by one who voted originally with the prevailing side. When called up it takes precedence of all others which may come up. Accepting only motions relating to adjournment. End of rules. To reconsider. Undebatable question. Rule. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. E. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house. Cannot be reconsidered. And a motion to reconsider may be moved and entered when another has the floor. But the business then before the house may not be set aside. This motion can only be entertained when main by the one who voted originally with the prevailing side. When called upon it takes precedence of all the others which may come up. Accepting only motions related to adjournment. End of rules. Concerning orders. Rules etc. Three. For the orders of the day. Rules. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house. In order when another has the floor. And. Does not require to be seconded. To make a subject a special order. Rule. Requires a two-thirds vote unless special rules have been enacted. To amend rules. Requires a two-thirds vote unless special rules have been amended. To suspend the rules. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house. Cannot be reconsidered. And requires a two-thirds vote unless special rules have been enacted. To take up a question out of its proper order. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. And. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house. To take from the table. To take from the table. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there's no other business before the house. And. An affirmative vote cannot be reconsidered. Questions touching priority of business. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. Questions of privilege. Asking leave to continue speaking after endocorum. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. Appeal from chair's decision touching endocorum. Undebatable but tacit remarks allowed. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there's no other business before the house. In order when another has the floor. And when an appeal from the chair's decision results in a tie vote the chair is sustained. Appeal from chair's decision generally. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there's no other business before the house. In order when another has the floor. And. When an appeal from the chair's decision results in a tie vote the chair is sustained. Question upon reading of papers. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there's no other business before the house. Withdrawal of a motion. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there's no other business before the house. Closing a meeting. Two to adjourn open friends and committees to rise or to take a recess without limitation. Undebatable but remarks maybe tacitly allowed. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there's no other business before the house. And cannot be reconsidered. One to fix the time to which to adjourn. Rule. Undebatable if another question is before the assembly. Order of precedence. The motions above numbered one to nine take precedence over all other in the order of numbers and any one of them except to amend or substitute is in order while the motion of a lower rank is pending. General rules. No motion is open for discussion until it has been stated by the chair. The maker of a motion cannot modify it or withdraw it after it's been stated by the chair except by general consent. Only one reconsideration of a question is permitted. A motion to adjourn to lay on the table or to take from the table cannot be renewed unless some other motion has been made in the interval. On motion to strike out the words quote shall the word stand part of the motion end quote unless a majority sustains the words they are struck out. On motion for previous question the form to be observed is quote shall the main question now be put this if carried ends debate. On appeal from the chair's decision quote shall the decision be sustained as the ruling of the house the chair is generally sustained. On motion for orders of the day quote will the house now proceed to the orders of the day end quote this if carried supersedes intervening motions when an objection is raised considering questions quote saw the question be considered end quote objections may be made by any member before debate has commenced but not subsequently. End of section 32. Recording by ML Cohen, Cleveland, Ohio February 2007.