 It all looks very smart. Sit anywhere on the front row. You'll know everyone. Okay. Oh. Yeah, yeah, yeah. My wife didn't have a child on matrimony as in matrimony. I had to take this moment, she had a beard on her head. I'm going to show you how to write a book. I'm going to show you how to write a book. We commissioned it. I can't remember, it's a... It's a book, isn't it? Yes, it's a book. It's a book. Yes, it's a book. It's a book. It's a small book. It's a book. It's a book. Yes, it's a book. It's a book. It's a book. Yes, it's a book, isn't it? No, no. Fortunately, there wasn't any exception to this at the time of the book. We know that when there was a book, there was a justification for a book. Anyone can start. You can start whenever I'm live, into now And I'm live streaming live through the streets. And we don't play. We don't play. I mean it would be nice if you could tell me something about that. A message? Have you got the phone? No. Yeah. How many? No, no, I know they... I won't know. I'll message you. I mean, so if you just welcome the audience and then I will, when you go back up on stage, by then you'll know how many people there are. But how will I know? I will message you. Ah, right. How will you send it to me? What do you see or prefer? What's that? So I'll watch that. I mean, I can tell you, I can tell, I don't see how many people, by the window. And then as soon as you go up on stage, I will put the one who will be there. Ah, really? Yeah. So you will be there. So this will be where your best friends and family go to? Of course. So you will be there. Oh, yeah, I mean, what do you think is the best house? I mean, I'm sure you'll like it if you can tell me something about the house. Really? Yes. No, not at all. I mean, I think, I think you can give me a solution to my question. Yes, it's true. I'm going to put it in the comments. Not at all. Yeah, but it's not written. Yeah, yeah, but it's not written. It's not written. But who wrote it? I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I think we will start. So, we'll start. We'll go there. I'll go on the far side. Maybe Carlos you go in the middle on Jean-Louis. Okay. You sit on the left at the minute and then now. Yeah, we just so because I'm going to introduce you. Okay, let's go. So let's go. I sit here. I'll sit here. Okay, I sit here. And put candles in the middle. And then you go down there to present from there. Okay. Good evening and welcome to the London School of Economics. Both for those of you are in the room and a very large number of people who are not in the room, but around the world to attend this event. It's the first time I'm nervous and excited that I'm seeing human beings in the room. It's the first live event with a public audience at the LSE that I've chaired for two and a half years. So it's very exciting. And we chose this large room because we thought we might have to have two meter distances between the people when we booked it, when we knew that we were doing this with you. So it's nice to see so many of you in the room in the flesh for this event. I'm Ricky Burdette. And together with a number of colleagues who are here run a research center called LSE Cities. And today we're having a discussion about a topic which captures enormous global attention about the 15 minute city. And we have in fact, not just one, but two people in a way talk about this. And it's Carlos Moreno and Jean-Louis Musica and I'll introduce both of them in a moment. This event has been made possible by the Oboe Foundation, which is represented here by board members and the director, who again I will in a moment explain what the connection is between Carlos Moreno and the Oboe Foundation. And this last year's in fact award. For those of you who are attending and listening to this remotely, but also those who are in the room, there is a hashtag for this event. You can see it up there, but it's LSE 15 minute city. The structure of the evening is going to be quite simple. After my introduction, Carlos will give a sort of 40 minute presentation. I will have to stop him. I'm telling you now. I've only met him for the last five hours, but I know I will have to stop it. And this is an Anglo-Saxon audience. So they just get up, they walk out. And after that, so it's a warning. After that, there will be a sort of 10, 15 minute conversation with Jean-Louis and Carlos. And then we will have a Q&A with people from the room. Unfortunately, we won't be able to take questions from the Zoom webinar. It's just a bit too complicated for the LSE technology at the moment. But I'm sure there will be many of you who want to ask questions. When we come to that, there are roving mics, two stewards in the room. Can you wait for a mic to come to you so that everyone can hear what is being said? If you want, please stand up. It's just useful and say who you are. And just ask a question. Don't make a long statement because otherwise, we plan to end by eight o'clock and then we can all go and have dinner. Eight o'clock evening. Now, to introduce Carlos briefly and Jean-Louis in a moment, I think it is interesting how the 15 minute city has become, as I've already said, a sort of global phenomenon. And I was thinking before we were together with the executive masters and city students who are all here, participants to whom Carlos spoke earlier. And reflecting together that effectively this brand, this name, and this is something Ben Rogers and I have been talking about, is nearly more influential than any other term in the last 20 years. And it's been sort of invented by someone who trained as a specialist in science and robotics, artificial intelligence, and not a planner. And that's quite an interesting issue and it will become clear, I think, when you present why that is. In fact, Carlos is a professor at the University of Paris at the Sorbonne in, I've got to get it right because it's scientific director of entrepreneurship, territory and innovation. It's not the school of planning and all that. And that is simply because Carlos has always been interested for many, many years of your life in complex systems, generally. And he sort of took on the city as the most complex system possible, in many ways, and we'll be talking about that. Carlos was born and spent much of his life, early life in Bogota, in Colombia. No, brought up in Colombia, not necessarily Bogota, and in Cali, another wonderful, amazing city in many ways. And his list of sort of achievements are very long, and I won't go through them because otherwise we will not end the evening on time. But clearly, and this is then leads to Jean-Louis Misica, his most recent sort of role as an advisor, special advisor to Anne Hidalgo, the mayor of Paris, and her deputy, Jean-Louis Misica, they worked together for many years. And in fact, Jean-Louis has been the deputy mayor under two different mayors, Delanois and then Misica. Responsible, you said Misica. What did I say? Oh, I'm sorry. I'm not yet mad. I'm sorry. I'm ambitious. But what is interesting is that therefore, in many ways, Jean-Louis and Anne Hidalgo were sort of the commissioned you to take forward this idea, which you will no doubt explain has become part of a political manifesto. And I think for those of us in London, the notion that you can take a sort of spatial manifesto and get you elected on that basis is extremely interesting. The final thing I want to say is referring to the Obel Prize, the Obel Award. This is a relatively new award. You will see a leaflet on your seats, which describes what it's about and who's actually involved. And it's interesting. I'm going to read out part of the citation. It's a prize which is designed to recognize work that offers seminal solution to the challenges of facing cities, but that this project, so it's effectively the 15 minute city that one, not you, right? Yeah. It was recognized as an intuitive concept that has the capacity to deliver a tangible change in people's lives. So in that sense, it's seen as both high level, but also quite practical in terms of what happens on the ground. So with that, I would like to suggest Carlos that you go straight to the screen. It's probably best if you don't walk around too much because the camera is capturing you and everyone virtually is seeing you. And if otherwise they'll just see a blank screen. But we will have obviously your presentation shown both virtually and in the room. So can you please welcome our two speakers for tonight? Thank you. Thank you so much. Thank you, Ricky. For this invitation. Thank you for all. Thank you for coming. I'd like to be here for sharing with you during 40 minutes my passion for citizens to discuss today on this topic, the new proximity in particular, the 15 minute city concept. In this moment, now in India and in Pakistan, some very high temperatures, 50 degrees. Now, this is the reality today. I took this picture 10 years ago, 12 years ago, maybe in India in Hyderabad. And I consider that this is the most precious definition of our topics in cities. Obesity is a serious metabolic disorder. If you consider that, we need to take this idea that cities are alive. We need to understand the metabolism of cities if we want to define the new paradigms for imagining how could anticipate the challenges. I'm so sorry. Yeah, just to give you one point. Yeah, you get another three minutes. Okay. I said the recipe is a serious disorder and we need to consider cities alive. But if you wanted to anticipate the phase with challenges, this is the reality today. We need to define a new trajectory if we wanted to avoid this disaster today in our planet. And of course, this is our a challenge today to consider in this world that is changing the planetary results. We have been reaching, unfortunately, the level of 400 per centimeter of CO2. And this is a dangerous situation for all humanity. And in fact, this situation is totally related by this anthroposan epoch. And today, we need to consider the key role of cities in this human activity. Three weeks ago, the IPCC, with the report of the working group of three, said we needed to develop an ambitious roadmap for changing our lifestyles in particular in cities. The chapter eight city, the chapter nine transportation, the chapter 10 of the IPCC report is very, very clear. We need to increase the localism. We need to develop a new short circuit. We need to develop more and more implementation of proximities for reducing our CO2 emissions and to define the most important point in systemic effect. In reality, if we consider this century, the 21st century, we think this is the century of cities. And in fact, we have for the next decades, for the next years, this concrete representation of the world. I like this picture. This is the representation based on mathematical anamorphosis made by our colleague Hennings in Oxford. And in this anamorphosis, we have two races, the ratio of surface and human population. And we could observe these three elements. The first one, we have this switch of the world tower in overcrowded population in the east house axis. The second point, the role of mega cities and metro policies. We have today almost 15% of the world population that lives in only 35 cities. And the third point, we could observe the blue lines. This is the new war. The war is the information. This is the worldwide under water optical fibers for delivering this permanent and massive hyperconnectivity to ubiquity. This is the most precise representation today of the 100% epoch. And of course, in a continent as not our Europe, this is today more than a European Union of continents. We have an European Union of cities with the very different densities, with the very different sizes, with the different cultural contexts. And we need to, I said to the students of Ricky, we needed to discover, to find the invariance in different cities, regardless of the size, regardless of the density, regardless of the different cultural context. And in fact, today, this is our focus with my lecture team, when we have decided to take cities as our main topic. We need to consider the role of new technologies or digitalization in cities, because after the emergence of internet, the emergence of mobile phone, the emergence of internet of things. This is today a real hybridization between this century of cities and this century of massive hybridization. We needed to have, today, digital citizens connected for being involved in the collective activity for developing the urban common good. But today, our common enemy, in fact, is this new presence of the massive zombie geek. I define the zombie geek as these people hyper-connected anytime, anyplace, and socially totally disconnected. And in cities, we have been emerging this phenomenon of aggregation, of global, of fake news, of loss over democracy, because this double phenomenon of the one hand, a very contemplative organization, and the other hand, this massive bubble, considered by new technologies, is today a point for defining what is, in fact, our roadmap, what is in reality, our political issues. I consider that we are here, always, rather than oxen, or to reinvent the nature with Alexander von Humber. And the former mayor of Curitiba, Halbelerner, died recently today, two years ago, said cities are the problem, and cities have the solution. This is the major reality in some of the cities around the world, air pollution, scarcity of water, and natural resources with a very, very fragile. And for two years, we have been living with this COVID-19 pandemic crisis. In reality, if we consider this global situation, if we consider this global threat, global warming, massive urbanization, massive hyper-colectivity, and massive social disconnection, the emergence of COVID-19 in our planet, the role of cities, the predominance of the urban and territorial attitudes, we need to respond correctly to this essential question. The question is not in what country we want to live. The real question is, in a daily life, in what kind of city do we want to live in? This is the real question today. And the 15-minute city, and its twin concepts, the 30-minute territory, because we have two twin concepts, is a systemic approach for answering this question. This is a systemic approach, because we need to consider the ecological challenges. Of course, we need to reach the carbon neutrality at the horizon 2050. This is compulsory. This is mandatory. We don't have choice. But sustainability, this is at the same time an economical challenge. We need to create added value. We need to create employment. We need to create wealth. We need to create local jobs. We need to have a vibrant economy. This is the second challenge today. And of course, we need to anticipate the social crisis, the geologast. This is a very, very good example for researchers and academic people, but the politicians as well. Because one of the reasons of these violent demonstrations was these long distances for joining work during 45 minutes, one hour, individual car when the carbon taxes was this effect to increase the price of fuel. Ecology, economy and social topics are at the heart of our 15-minute city, 30-minute territory. This is my intellectual path. This is my intellectual trajectory, of course. I pay tribute to longer colleagues that for decades have contributed to develop these new ideas of the compact city, the new urbanism, the new traditionalism, the chrono urbanism, with Francois Acher, the systemic vision with the topophilia, with the American writers, Gail Marquez, and the Swedish Nordic thinkers on time geography, in particular Torsten Agerstein. And of course, the Brussels declarations in 80s, because this is one of the most important element for developing another thought very different of them at the end of the chart. And today I want to, in fact, to highlight this contribution of Jane Jacobs. Jane Jacobs said we need to understand the city metabolism. We need to consider that the city is sustainable if the city is alive. And Jane Jacobs, when she proposed the concept of liveable cities, the concept of living cities, she said that a liveable city is a city where we have in any time, in any place, a multiplicity of choices. This is for me an obsession to have the possibility to offer a lot of choices in any time and in any place. For that, we need to consider a new urban internal framework. We need to shift our mindset. In this time of digitalization, in this time of climate change, in this time of these economic challenges. I consider, in this way, that we need to develop a new relation between the urban space, the territorial space, and the time in particular, the useful time. Because during several decades with the modern urbanism, in fact, we are used to accept naturally long distances, long journeys to accept this separation, to accept this fragmentation, to accept these fractures in the specialized cities. We have accepted the unacceptable, to live with this loss of our useful time. And my concept with the 15-year-old city, in fact, is based on this definition of sustainable city, to have an ecological, economical, and social positive impact for having a city valuable, equitable, and livable. And I consider that the key, in fact, is to consider how could we define the quality of life. And for defining the quality of life, we need the first point to take a useful time, to transform our daily life, to define proximities as a new battle. In face to different challenges with this specialized city, segmented city, I consider that we have today a new battle. The battle for defining a new relationship between space and time. I proposed just to access the COP21 impacts. With the state nations have signed the Paris Agreement. In a different way, because I consider that the COP21, this is a wonderful agreement between the state, but we needed to redefine the role of city, and in this way, not only no longer with technical measures, but to define a different radically urban and territorial social organization. I consider that we have a very heavy heritage of a specialized, decentralized city. In October 2016, I proposed this concept of a horizontal city, based on four concrete implementation, intensive proximity, massive mixity, social mixity, functional mixity, a real organic density, a no longer promiscuity, because we have used to live in the sometimes promiscuity in the popular districts, and in liberty for taking advantage of this technological year. This is, in fact, today, a very popular concept around the world, and we could find in some cities, Buenos Aires, Melbourne, Boston, and Busan, Zurich has worked by referendum and December, the 15 minute city for transforming Zurich in a distributed city with 31 new districts. This is Milan with a very, very significant commitment of the mayor of Milan, Giuseppe Sala, head of the COVID-19 recovery task of the C-4050s, and this is a very concrete transformation of one of the districts of Milan, Piazza Loretto. Today, this is the new centralities. In a few months, we will have a new centrality in the latter. This is the project announced by Giuseppe Sala for delivering new services in less than 15 minutes for citizens in the great Milan, 260 million euros announced. Our idea was, in fact, to propose a new model based on this paradigm of proximities, regardless of the density, regardless of the size. And in this case, we wish, in reality, to apply this model in different configuration, very high compact density, the hypercenter, and to deploy as well in very low densities, even in the rurality. For that, in mathematics, we needed to search in permanence the conditions for discovering the imbalance, the condition that we could modify after the different level, but with the permanent presence, we have the possibility to modify the completed context. In reality, the 50-minute city for the compact zone and the 30-minute territory for the middle and low density is in the D'Oxa. This is a roadmap based on some invariance for proposing a new path, a new trajectory, in order to change our urban and territorial life style. We need to fight against three invariance in all metropolises around the world. In London, Paris, Buenos Aires, and Chenzen, we have in all circumstances these three elements related to the daily life in this metropolisational process. The first one, long commute, more than one hour for joining from home to my office, more in Latin America, almost three hours for a round trip. This is the case in Bogota and Buenos Island. The second one, the misuse of building, because the functionalism of the consequence is, of course, to use a building in infrastructure for one task a day on the day. I said the rate of use of a building in Paris is less than 40%, just using everything on the day. At the opposite, of course, during 60-70%, everything is empty in perfect conditions, totally already for views. This is unsustainable because we have thousands and thousands of square meters in all cities unused. Of course, the third point, this is the loss of social interactions because we live in a residential area during the day, this is empty, and when we leave our district for working, it's totally empty. In Paris, this is the case, we have in the west of Paris, one million square kilometers, that is for hosting 400,000 workers multiplied by two with different other services, and after 6 p.m., after 7 p.m., this big infrastructure today is almost empty, less than 20% after COVID-19. For that, we said we need, with the 15-minute proposal, this new urban and territorial narrative. Based on this idea of how to use better and more, the infrastructure that existed today, the copper lacquer, this is one of the guidelines for the price to use, the building that existed today, and to use, to reuse, to have more intensive, but we need, if we wanted to use differently, the infrastructure that existed, the key question is to offer services anytime, anywhere. The 15-minute city, in fact, is based on this ambitious project, an intensive proximity for developing a lot of activities. The second point to have for different users a triple impact, ecological, economical, and social impact. The third point to develop more and more human interactions for enhancing social life. The fourth point to develop an inclusive transformation for more democracy, more transparency, more modernness. Ecology, proximity, citizen engagement, and the new business model for cities. The risk for cities, when we have decided to embrace the new city, is the risk of generating a new process of gentrification. For that, I said to different mayors, to different local governments, we need to prevent this danger for having a new gentrification, based on the improvement of several districts, several points of the city, and to deliver to the project sector, to market the final decision for how could we use this improvement of our quality of life. The 15-minute city needs a very strong commitment of mayors of local governments for developing the urban common wood, based on this idea of alienary strung, the Nobel Prize in 2009. The urban common wood, this is the set off of material or immaterial resources present in a competitive economy, or escaping to the speculative market. And we need with the 15-minute city to define a roadmap in order to preserve the urban common wood, and for that we need the new financial and administrative tools for preserving this capability of the urban common wood. We have several new tools with the city's commercial property, for example, the social housing with the real estate companies of cities, participatory budget, the ambitious urban policies based on regulation. The 15-minute city is based on this scientific contribution. My contribution is this picture. We have defined and granted a new social circularity, based on six essential urban territorial functions. We have proposed, in fact, to define a new kind of proximity by the access to these six social functions to live in the good conditions with the organic density to work without long commute, to supply with short circuits, to take care of the mental and physical health, to learn, to access to education in particular, to enjoy, to reconquer public space for humans in the forecast, to have a value of diversity and air and water without pollution. This model, we consider that we need to provide them an access within a short perimeter, 15 minutes in a compact zone between zero and 40 kilometers, and 30 minutes for the middle and low density between 40 kilometers and 100 kilometers. In the 30-minute territory, this is the same concept, based on the same territorial function. However, we need to include in the low density zone, the middle density zone, the mobility-based car, in this case, with electrical cars on demand of transport, autonomous vehicles in the next two times, and a car pooling shampoo. We have developed, as well, three new indicators for defining the quality of life. Three indicators, my personal well-being with my family. The second one, the indicator of my sociability with my neighbor and my work colleagues. In the first one, my indicator of sustainability, my daily ecological attitude, and my otherness. This is the high-quality, sociable living matrix, and we have proposed to different policymakers to develop this social security for having a new organization of these social functions. We have been developing this ontological model. The ontological model is to define what it means to live, to work, to supply, to care, to enjoy. We have defined for the different locations in the city. Today with the digitalization, we could identify in a very small building, 100 meters by 100 meters, to define the uses available or not, services, infrastructures. And for each one of the infrastructures, we could define how could use each one of them. What is the right of the right of fragmentation? In fact, some people thought that the 15-minute cheating or the 30-minute territory, this basis only and the metric proximity. And I said it's wrong. The 15-minute cheating, the 30-minute territory, this is a vision of the new urban and territorial organization based on three different levels. The most popular level, most unknown level, this is the level of local services because this is the level of daily proximity. But we have in the concept in the model of 15-minute cheating and two other levels, the level of the mutualized services, the intermediate services using particular new technologies. And you have a third level, the level of central services oriented in order to manage the city by the local governments, mayors or presidents of metropolis. In fact, we need to implement this model based on these hybridizations, the metric proximity, the digital proximity, and the urban policy centralized by the political vision of the mayor of the local governments. Several people consider that the 15-minute cheating is on the left. In fact, none of the 15-minute cheating is on the right. We wanted to generate a new kind of social organization, the new urban available services, the new territorial availability of services. And we have been considered this kind of way. You have six pillars for each one of social functions to live, to walk, supply, to care, to live, to enjoy. We have three circles, the metric proximity, the intermediate proximity, and the centralized high urban policy. You have three indicators. I will name my socialization and my ecological impact. And we needed to explore 100 meters by 100 meters the different resources, material, or material that exists in order to develop a massive generation of intersections. We need to develop this massive generation of intersections in building, in infrastructures, public space, vertical spaces, horizontal spaces, for having this massive density of users of social functions and social categories. And the road map, because the 15-minute cheating or the 13-minute strategy is not a magic one. This is a road map. This is a long journey for transforming several decades of the centralized urbanism or the segmented urbanism. We need to implement this holistic road map for going towards a new model of policies. We have developed with my team in cooperation with several mayors around the world, in Europe, in Latin America, in Asia, several tools, based on this multi-design approach. We have developing the proximity fresco. We have developing the tools for prototyping. We have defined the algorithm for helping local governance or stakeholders to define the functional polymorphism, the multi-purpose function. And we have defined the new tools for having these collaborative methods. I said to different mayors when I received their proposal for helping them. The 15-minute cheating is a long journey and we need to stay in the course over time. This is not a motto for an electoral campaign and for marketing actions. This is a real commitment during several years for developing this transformation for escaping to this centralized vision, to escape to this vision of my center, the compact zone, the suburbs, the outskirts, and for developing this decentralized new shape of city or we need to change the relations between space and time for developing a real better part of life, for having a useful time, for developing a humanistic ecology, for renewing trust and respect for others with the otherness. This is the concept applied for the city of Paris by the mayor, Annie Dalbou, with the electoral campaign with Jeremy Seca. This is the Paris and Coman Civic Movement, committed by Jeremy Seca and my enthusiastic participation for proposing this concept to Parisian. This is before the vote and in fact we need to deploy the very complete tools for changing these three elements at the same time. A new pace for the city, for changing the hectic regime, for breaking the long distances, the long journeys, the current urbanism. We need to develop a new chronotopia for developing the massive multipurpose functions. We need to develop a new urban culture for changing the main set of citizens, based on the idea for loving differently and more of our place. We need to reinvent this polycentric and multipurpose vicinity. We have been in Paris before to start this new mandatory by Annie Dalbou, a very, very nice historical for transforming public spaces with the different actions for pedestrianizing the city for developing a bikeable city. This is the new decisions taken by Annie Dalbou with the 15-year city. This is a little example, but this is the symbolic first decision taken by Annie Dalbou in December. We have decided to open the school yards for different activities. We have 169 schools in cities. This is the totality of the public spaces in the open for hosting neighborhood for developing different activities. I like to finish these actions because this is very, very important to consider the local economy, the local jobs, the local commerce. To consider that, this is the common good for developing the economy, developing social links, for resisting to digital platforms. We have the commercial property, the SEMIS. We have decided with the 15-minute city to reinforce this commercial property. This is 100% the subsidy of the city of Paris. The role of SEMIS is to manage the location in the whole city or on top of that to buy the new square meters for renting in order to install libraries, artisans, daiquiri, etc. for developing the local commerce. And the price, of course, for renting is below the price of the speculative real estate market because in the opposite, we will only have the possibility for having shows and luxury things. They participate in the budget. This is a very, very powerful tool as well. We have now 25% of the investments for fostering citizens to be involved in the local activities. The private sector today, just for finishing, is totally interested in this way. For my team, for us, this is a very new, passionate step because we have open discussion with several investors, several real estate developers around the world. Our latest partner is the International Federation of Pure Estate, FIAPC, totally committed for being worthy to develop this concept because we needed to transform our work style with the COVID-19. This is a new opportunity for developing a new business model based on the mix of work, daily life, health, medical centers, theater, etc. They corporate the work. This is a new term. I coined this term with the mayor of Milano, Giuseppe Sanna, during the period of pandemic, during the lockdown with the advisor Cristiana Tajani. And with Cristiana Tajani, we have worked hard for developing this concept of the corporate working. The corporate working, this is a new innovative idea with a real hybridization between the location, physical location, the hub in different areas in the city or the metropolis. And by the algorithm, we have the possibility to inform employees, workers, for going in the most closed locations, for working during several hours or one day, two days, and in order to avoid to move every day to the corporate central office. This is a very, very important concept. And today we have a new generation of registered developers. In London, you have the International Workplace. You have some collaboration with them and the latest researchers of this team is very interesting for us because we have today more than 60% of the world population between 20 and 40 years interested in. We need to power for digital platforms for that to identify different profiles of users of the city and to define the new users for defining the concrete benefit in their daily life. We have most and most applications in several cities in France or around the world based on digital technologies for identifying how could we improve the quality of life of this model in the compact zone, but as well in rurality. This is a very, very important work today in the very, very impressive low density zone for implementing this part. In a moment, I'm going to ask Jean-Louis to tackle some of these, you know, let's call it quite broad issues that you raised. Some of them incredibly elegant as a sort of mathematical model to, in a way, stress check with you. How does that perfect model fit the messy city? I think that's something that I think. The answer is very simple. It doesn't fit. Can I just ask you one question before we turn to Jean-Louis, which is there's a sort of interesting assumption that increasing proximity, that's one of the key concepts, but make sure that you travel less and you have stuff closer to each other. That's the very clear and important concept. When it comes to where you live, where you work, and where you do everything else, how do, how can you guarantee, let's call it that, that someone who lives here will actually work there simply because there's a space? I mean, I think that's something which is interesting for us to check, just to reflect on that for a moment. And then I'd like, please answer, you have more time. In fact, we have today a double phenomenon. On the one hand, after COVID-19, in particular the young workers from 2014 have decided to change radically our work relations. This is the latest research of the international government. And the company, the corporate sector, I think that they are totally aware that we need to transform the work style. And we have two possibilities. It is possible to transform my job by the new proxivities, the real or digital. But at the same time, there are people who have this impossibility because we have only 60% of jobs and 40% we need their real presence. But the double phenomenon, the second phenomenon, this is the scientific name, this de-saturation. Because we have the possibility for reducing, for limiting the constraint to mobilities, for having multiple access to proximity. Automatically, we have another phenomenon of the de-saturation, the evaporation in the mobilities. This is the same phenomenon for working. And in this case, we could continue to increase the quality of life with more and more services in the particular. Even if, in my particular case, we need to take some way for going until 2014. But of course, what you're talking about requires incredible intervention, both in the market and where people live and in government. And I think it's only given that you were the deputy mayor for broadly speaking planning and economic development. In a city, let's remind ourselves that Paris, the city of Paris is 2 million people in a region of 11 million. So actually, who controls what, who determines what is also very important. What are your reflections on this model and its application in terms of governance? Well, first of all, I want to say that we work together, Carlos and I, and for example, during the campaign of I mean, I know we use the concept of 15 minutes, but for the pleasure of the conversation now, I criticize a little bit. And my first question is, who governs the 15 minutes? Because it's a real important question because the smaller the territory, the smaller the number of inhabitants, the more conservative the policy. And even sometimes this policy is pure immobilism. And we have a very good example around Paris, you have cities of 5000 inhabitants, where the mayor refused to even to build one building. And of course, they are not interested at all with the question of public transportation and things like that. So the question of governance, I think is crucial. And of course, if you say that the governance of the 15 minutes city has to be at the level of the territory of the 15 minutes city, you will have big problems. For example, in London, if you say more power to the borough or in Paris, if you say more power to the Conseil d'Amandissement, it would be a nightmare. I can tell you, I can tell you, because it will be very difficult. Would be a nightmare because? Well, because it's very difficult to convince a mayor of a small territory to make a policy which is useful for the people who are not voting in the territory. And in fact, I think that I will give you some figures if you don't mind. I think that we elect representatives of the places where we sleep. This is very strange, you know, but not of places where we work, where we study, where we have leisure time. And some critics speak of the democracy of sleep, of sleeping, to refer to the fact that only those who sleep on the territory at the right vote. And you have million people who are working or living in the territory, but not have the right to vote on this territory. And some figures. In France, in today's France, two out of three employees work in a commune in a municipality other than that of their residence. And the average distance between home and work is around 30 kilometers. So you can imagine the question you have to use. And 30% of the working population of the greater Paris, I'm not speaking of the small Paris, I'm speaking of the greater Paris, 30% of these people live outside of this territory. And even 6% of the people who are working in the greater Paris live outside the region of the France. And the last point, every day in Paris, one million people are coming to work and don't leave and vote in the territory. So you have to keep in mind all this data to understand that the question of governance is maybe the main question. And if you say that the territory has to be managed by the people who are on the territory, you are creating a system of segregation, even ghettoization, which could be a total nightmare. This is why it's so complicated. So there is a degree given what you've just said that this model does require a degree of top down decision making. And given that you're working with cities, regions, states, and also interestingly what you were saying at the end, but also with private sector actors and others, what are your reflections on them? The impact on democracy, to put it bluntly. Yes, of course. In fact, the music is right with this reflection about the governance. We need to define a governance compliant with this new path and new trajectory. In reality, I said that today we live in a most sustainable cities. The data, of course, what we have today in Paris, I said to students whenever I go, 1.3 million workers cross Paris with the RER, right away from the east to the west. Every day, 1.2 million. And we have a small concentration of 1 million square kilometers for hosting almost 1 million people. And the population of Paris is multiplied by 2. During the day, we have 2 million genocides. And in fact, we have 4 million during the day. This is the people that close the city. But given all these statistics and the scale, does that mean in order to implement this plan in a way that it works, you need a regional governance authority which doesn't exist in France? We need three levels. In all circumstances, we need three levels. Then the local governance, in this case the metropolitan governance, for example, this is not the case in Paris, because we don't have a real metropolitan governance. But we need it in the region, in the metropolitan area. But we need the intermediate levels for developing this decentralized urban policy. And we need to deploy the concrete transformation of proximities for hosting different services, in particular the public services, and to deploy the private activities for developing this local economy. Because we have a challenge today. We are to face with unsustainable cities for working, for having public space, for having air pollution, for having air and water mobility. We need to transform this situation. What are our possibilities today? To continue to need today in this centralized model? This is not possible. The situation today in several cities around the world is really dramatic. And we need to propose a new way, a new trajectory, a new path. And in my opinion, for example, the international revolution, right in western region of decentralization. Because we have this possibility for accessing to multiple information with several different centers. And I consider that we have this possibility to offer local services, public services, and to install private companies. But you know well that there are some critics out there of, for example, your model, and I'm intrigued to bring Jean-Louis in here. And I'm thinking obviously of our friend and colleague Ed Glazer, who you engage with often on these debates, who says that the danger of your model is that in some cases it can exacerbate social difference, that it only will work for the middle classes, that gentrification class. And you were the deputy mayor at the time. You must have also been attacked. Yeah. And how do you see that as a reality? Or what could happen to Paris or not? No, yes, of course. Of course we, I think that all the big cities, all the global cities, there is a threat of segregation and separation of communities. Not only on the basis of revenue of wealth, but also on the basis of ways or a technical origin and so on. And sometimes, of course, it's good. It's a good thing to have people with some community in the city. When you say, for example, like little China for Paris to characterize to certain districts, it's a reality and it's a good and fine reality. But the question is how do you manage to maintain the next city in the city? And I think that the question is more and more that people have to do and have a say on the places where they do not live, where they do not sleep. I think this is a very important thing. And maybe we can imagine some new system of voting where you can vote, have a say where you sleep, but also have a say where you work, and have a say where you are going to the hospital, or have a say where you are studying. And for example, I think that one of the most terrible situations in France, and I'm sure it's the same in the United Kingdom, is that this gap, this fight between the people who have voted for Mr. Macron and the people who have voted for Mrs. Le Pen is also a territorial thing. And the question of relegation, the question of people feeling that they are not important and they don't have access to the best amenities of the city is the main question. And in Paris, we have this problem because when you look at the little Paris, it's already a 15-minute city. When you live in a quarter like the 11e arrondissement, you have all the amenities by foot at 15 minutes, sometimes less. So the question is when you go further the ring road, and let's say 10 kilometers after the ring road, you don't have this. So the question is how do you manage these new centralities? I think I agree with Ed Blaster, Ed for the suburbs in France. I have a different vision because we need to consider, not the short term, we need to consider the midterm. How could we transform this situation in the next decade? Is it not possible to transform it in just a few weeks and a few months? The amount of investments in France for these suburbs is 10 billion euros per year. And our control of the public control there, the public control, said the problem in the suburbs in Paris is the absence of a public service, the absence of local economy, the absence of local jobs. The average for going to work is 19 minutes, 120 minutes. This is an unsustainable situation. We need to develop nothing Paris, the 15-minute city only for the 17th district. We need to develop a polycentric great metropolis. We need to deploy, employ a different community, different suburbs. In an odd way, I'm sure this will come up with some of the questions. You could say that London, because of its very nature, the way it was created with its urban villages, is far more polycentric than Paris. And in fact, perhaps this model could work more relatively speaking easily, even though you did enrich your 15-minute city with the 30-minute territory, so you're taking me highly aback in terms of... Let's see whether we have some... Maybe I can say... Yeah, go and then I want to open up. It would be a shirt. I think that U-Bank's poll is the main problem, because when you are... If you want public services, you need a high level of density. You need a compact city. You cannot have public services. You cannot have an hospital or a nursery when you have so low number of population in a city. And this is a chicken and egg problem, because the mayor of these cities doesn't want to densify. So if you want public services, you need density. And this is the main problem that we have in the region of Paris, and I think all over the world. Can I see some hands if there are any questions? In a moment, and as I said, please say who you are very briefly. If you want to stand up, that's great, so that we can see you. Hi, thank you so much for coming to speak with us. My name's Charlie Hicks. I'm a researcher at LSE Cities. And with another hat, I'm a local politician in Oxford. So my question's for Jean-Louis. I'm incredibly impressed by Anne Hidalgo's and your work. My question is, particularly when it comes to making cars lower priority, taking away car parking, reallocating road space, how were you and Anne able to keep your political colleagues on side, especially if they weren't fully behind the vision and they're getting loud public backlash? What narratives, how did you keep them on board? Do you have any new confidence? Thank you. So you have to be used to be insulted first. We have invented a new concept, which is Hidalgo bashing. Hidalgo bashing was what we lived during two or three years when we closed the main highway along the river, along the river. Well, most seriously, I think that you, of course, you have strong enemies when you do that, but you need to build a coalition of friends. And who are your friends? Your friends are pedestrians. Your friends are children. Your friends are, of course, bikers. And bikers are very high. They have a very high voice when they are enough in quantity. So you need to, for example, I think that we began very slowly the question of bike lanes and the fight to see who owns the public space. Is the public space the property of drivers, of car drivers, or is the public space the property of other people in the city? And when we had a level of bike lanes enough, I would say between 100 and 200 kilometers in Paris, we had some people who understand what we were doing. And the second point is you need to be calm and play with style, because Carlos spoke about evaporation of vehicles when you close roads or when you close, when you suppress some parking lots. Generally, the evaporation lasts during one year. So what I used to say to the people of the municipality was a very classical word, be calm and make another study. Because the first study is generally disastrous. Let's go to another question. There was one there and one right in the middle. You can pass two microphones and to the gentleman there with the mask. So you're first and then you're next. Thank you very much. My name is Alexandre Von Stein. I'm a student here at the LSE, Design and Social Science. I have quite a specific question and I promise to be successful. As a COVID pandemic and its successive lockdowns have proven living in a 15-minute city requires a number of key workers, delivery, service, public sanitation, housing. You speak too close. That's better. I'm more slow. So make your a little bit like this. Thank you very much. I'll begin again. As a COVID pandemic and its successive lockdowns have proven living in a 15-minute city requires a certain number of key workers, delivery, service, public sanitation, health and social care, etc. in order to assure its logistical functioning. Where will these people live if, by definition, they have to go and work somewhere else? Do you think that scaling up the 15-minute city model risk creating a fracture between 15-minute neighborhoods and non-15-minute neighborhoods from which key workers have to commute? And in light of the profoundly unequal employment structure of the gig economy as well as other economic sectors, do you think that just as mobility currently is, accessibility risks becoming the next social economic fault line in society between the people that can afford to live in a 15-minute city and those that have to work to ensure its logistical functioning? Thank you very much. There are nearly too many issues but I mean one of the issues raised is around the effect of the pandemic and what key workers, how do they become accommodated in your model? Let's take that then the gig economy and other one we'll see. In fact, before the pandemic, when my team, we have started to reflect on proxilities, we have decided for our model to take the medical sector, this is the Azar, and we have been exploring the situation of the medical sector, doctors, nurses etc. And at the same time to understand their jobs in particular, the local jobs in the hospital, the nomadic situations, doctors with an average of 100 kilometers per day for going to different places or at the opposite, nurses that live just in front of the hospital. In reality, we don't have a situation considered that general. This is a very, very different situation. This is not the same situation a doctor single with a doctor with a margin with children etc. We have defined a model based on the profile for identifying, and this is a very, very good question because it is not only the job of the doctor, we need to consider the global environment. For that we said that our methodology is a systemic approach because we need to consider the doctor, we need to consider his family, we need to consider the job of intercom and the other etc. And this is, in fact, we have some of key workers because we have the doctor, we have the teacher, we have the police, we have the public services, our methodology is based on to design the social profile more than a specific job. We have the social profile, a couple of children, elderly people, young people, to explore the different services that we need. In Paris, for example, we have examined the different places for living for doctors. We don't have an area particularly with doctors. I think what lies behind these sorts of appropriate questions that, let's say, one wanted to be critical, say, is investing in proximity enough? I know you've said you actually have four criteria, the second one of which is mixity. That could imply that actually you have to have a much stronger sort of rate planning regulation as to where you allocate things and how you fund them. Gentlemen over there with the mask, thanks. Hi, many thanks for the very meaningful presentation. Can you take the mask off? Many thanks for your very meaningful presentation and insightful talk. I'm two-way from UCL. I'm a PhD student in the Department of Geography and my question is quite simple. Can this kind of 15-minute city as a global initiative to be implemented in the kind of compass of global source, and how can we do it, especially how to balance social economic development and ecological protection? Thank you. Yeah, very, very good question. I was born in Colombia, in the double south. This is one of my priorities, of course. I went to Argentina three weeks ago, four weeks ago, and I said earlier that it's very interesting because, for example, I went to Buenos Aires. This is the big better place, but I went to the very small city, Santa Fe, in the border of Uruguay. And it is very particular because with the measure of Santa Fe, he is very committed for deploying this methodology. We said that for many people in the popular districts, in the poor districts, this is the real global house with people without basic services. This is very, very paradoxical because their idea of the 15-minute city with the association, with the young association, women, unemployed people said, we need the 15-minute city for having public service, for having education, for having health services, for having employment, for having more public spaces. This is very, very interesting because a friend sent to me a photo with a demonstration with four people. We need the 15-minute city, but in their mind, we need local services. We need more proximity for having a better quality of life. I think that in a global south, this is the way in Africa, for example, I have been working in Tunisia. This is the new context for breaking with this very, very strong segmentation between You could nearly argue from what you were saying that the unregulated development in so many of the global south developments is wired to work on a 15-minute city type model. There was, I think, a lady over there and a gentleman at the front. Why don't you both ask short questions, and then we will end with your feedback on both. Thank you. Hi, I'm Julieta Cunio. I work as the Greater London Authority for the London Knights. We work on the 24-hour economy, not just the night economy. My question relates to what my neighbor here said on the key workers. A lot of the work we do is about night workers. You mentioned doctors, but there's also nurses that work in hospitals at night. They need to access healthy food when they finish their shifts, and the people that work in those restaurants need to be able to travel back and forth home in a safe, affordable way. They don't necessarily live close. As a matter of fact, they tend to live quite far. I think two quick questions. One, how does the 24-hour economy fit into the 15-minute city, and what about these key workers that, by nature, they don't tend to live? How do we make that better? Let's have your second question. Thank you. I'm Alex Jan, former Chief Economist at Arup, and now I look after a couple of hundred business-improved districts in London. My question is this. Some of our most successful cities and most sustainable cities, such as London, thrive on having certain sectors very spatially concentrated, so theaters, financial services, hospitals, universities, and others. How does the 15-minute city model reconcile itself with what economists would call the benefits of agglomeration associated with those very tight spatial concentrations of specialized sectors? So can we, Jean-Marie, maybe you respond to either of these two points, and then Carlos, I'll ask you to conclude equally by addressing the decision. Well, I think that what you describe correspond to the central services designed by Carlos. I mean that a university is not a local service, an hospital is not a local service. It's a central service, and this is why it's so important to keep in mind that a school is a local service. Kindergarten is a local service, but when you go further and you look at the different category of services, you understand that, and this is why he's speaking of the 30-minute territory, that we can say also the one-hour territory, and maybe the two-hour territory, because I know some people who are able to make two hours to go to the opera, and you cannot have more than let's say two or three operas in cities like Paris or London, but in cities like Toulouse or Lyon who have one opera. So it means that you have to keep in mind the differences of the size of the service, the nature of the service, and this is why I am a fan of the 15-minute city, but because you have to keep in mind that all these central services are the amenities which make the cities attractive, and this attractivity is based on something more important than the distance you are making to go to the service. The argument behind the collaboration economies. Can you give a final summary comment, but responding also to the issue of different forms of labor and the agglomeration economies, and then we end in two minutes. In fact, we need to deploy another model for changing our daily lives with this three-level of production. Of course, in the case of the work of restaurants, for example, this is the case of the supermarket, people that unfortunately need one hour so far in the suburbs. I said to the different menus, this is not the program for having the red flag for having the social or economic revolution. This is a new trajectory for changing our urban life in the perimeter possible for local governments for changing. My vision with the 15-minute city, with the technical sector, this is the localist vision. I didn't have the possibility for changing a national policy for developing the new social transformation or to have a revolution for or increasing the wage, etc. For this kind of work, I said we need to improve the quality of life if we have the possibility to increase more and more services in proximity for them, for the children, for the ecosystem, even if they are this constrained for going to a job one hour, for going to the restaurant. But we have one very important positive impact. The key word is dissaturation, because if we have more people with the possibility for accessing in proximity, we have the possibility for giving for the constrained mobility in work, the possibility for accessing in the better conditions. If we have the possibility for reducing the peak hours, we have these, the concentrations equal dissaturation. We need to reduce the pressure of the transportation. And I am totally convinced that in the jobs where it is possible to change this distance in this journey, we will have the same paradox, the mathematical paradox of the evaporation. This is the better known mathematician, Brian's. This is the Brian's paradox. The Brian's paradox. So this is a mathematical model for delivering this evaporation one year between six months and one year. I am totally convinced that with the 50-minute study, if we have the possibility to modify the result of different variables, the six year ones and functions, we will provoke in the middle term this Brian's paradox based on this evaporation. In our case, this is the Brian's paradox applied to the work conditions for working differently. And I am totally convinced that in the middle we will have a new urban social organization automatically in the same perspective of the Internet when Internet was born. This decentralized model provokes a very important perturbation for several business models around the world. And today, this is totally normally to remove the need. This takes us straight back to where you started in terms of also your profession, interested in studying cities as systemic models. And you're using language which actually most of us who talk about, write about, cities don't use, which is the language of nearly mathematics, what you just said. So it's very interesting that you come to the LSE where there are people in the room and elsewhere who develop economic models, mathematical models of how society should move, should work, but sometimes they work, sometimes they don't. In the end, it requires a new system of governance. I think that's what you provoked and I think you're agreeing. And also a real sense of realism in terms of timing. And in a way, this last point you made is that it's not about changing the world today because otherwise one is naive. But it is about reshaping the paradigm so that a number of concepts which I've learned today from you, which around obviously the intensification of proximity, but the notion of actually identifying invariance, what is there in every city underneath the surface is powerful. So on that, I'd like to thank Carlos Moreno, Trondimisica, and the Oboe Award for making this evening happen. Thanks very much. Thank you. Thank you, Lucas, for the admiration. You speak Italian. I'm Italian. Ah, I'm Italian. I'm Italian. Where are you from? Rome. Rome. I'm from Rome. I'm from Rome. I'm from Rome. I'm from Rome. I'm from Spain. I'm from Rome. What do you want? I'm from Rome. I haven't met, I'm meeting him next week. With Valterri. Valterri, I'm having dinner with him on Wednesday, next week. Valterri took the 15-minute shift before he said he was going to Spain. I mean, this is a fun. Well, I will tell him in one minute. He's coming for dinner, too, so. Okay, nice. Jane, how are you? Nice to see you. Nice to see you. Good to see you. Yeah, yeah. These are all your contemporaries. They're here, though, but you haven't met them yet, so. Yeah. I'm coming to the LSE in two weeks' time, here, for the Urban Network. Ah, right, okay, I'm fine. Okay, good. So, we can. Are you going to be around? Yeah, yeah, very much. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Okay, great. Nice to see you. See you later.