 Using reinforcement. Reinforcer size. Size is important. Usually, but not always, as you increase the size of the reinforcer, it maintains more behavior. You give somebody more money, surprise, surprise. Generally speaking, they're going to be more reinforced. More money will maintain more responses. So, if you've got a job and they want you to do a lot of work, they better pay you accordingly. That's a really simple example of that one. You do have to watch out for satiation. For those of you that don't recall what satiation is, it's just getting full. Getting full of a reinforcer. You can think about food. If I'm reinforcing a kiddo with food or M&Ms, it's possible that they're going to get full. Now, that decreases the value of a reinforcer. Satiation directly goes back to abolishing operations. If you satiate someone, you have an abolishing operation. If you deprive someone, then you have an establishing operation. So, again, if we watch out for satiation here, if you give them too much, then it's no longer reinforcing. Think about somebody that's got about a billion dollars in the bank. No longer is $50,000 reinforcing to somebody that has a billion dollars in the bank. Why? They're satiated. They've had enough of it, so to speak. I mean, obviously, they're still going to try and get more, but the idea is that it's not nearly as an effective as a reinforcer for somebody like, I don't know, probably one of us in the classroom that don't have that billion dollars in the bank account, so that $50,000 will be very reinforcing for us. We haven't satiated on it yet. Use rules with regard to reinforcement. What behavior do you want in order to reinforce it? This makes working with people a lot easier. I mean, a lot easier. With humans, typically they're verbal, so you can use these types of instructions. It's not necessary. We do this stuff all the time with people that are nonverbal, and you don't have to say what your rules are, but it is nice to do that if you have the opportunity, especially if you have somebody that is verbal, and they can either read the rules or whatever. I'm thinking back to second grade. Now, my teacher in second grade, she had a thing on the wall that was warm fuzzies and cold pricklies. You were to give warm fuzzies and you were not to give cold pricklies. She would reinforce you if she caught you giving warm fuzzies and basically saying nice things to people, but if you were being nasty, then she would give you a little timeout or do something along those lines. She posted those rules on the wall, and I still to this day can remember the poster about what a warm fuzzie looks like and what a cold prickly looks like, because it was just a cut out of a piece of paper. Anyway, she was using those rules. The instructions are good. That way everybody knew what was going on, knew what was expected of them, and knew what they'd get as a result. So, rules do speed up the learning process. Again, this is all, we're all talking about somebody here that's verbal that can either understand verbal commands or understand written commands. So, that's the only situation where rules are really useful. Again, like I said above, it's not necessary. I mean, we do this stuff with animals. They're obviously not verbal. They're not able to read what we're asking them. They're not going to be able to follow a particular rule. Well, that's pretty much it for that one. I think, oh, nope, I got one more. Placeholders for the delay to reinforcement. We're going to talk about this in much more detail as we go on later in the quarter, but oftentimes rules are simply placeholders. I'm saying that I know I'm going to get a reinforcer because the rule says I am. And that can be sort of a I don't know how you put it. Just being able to recite that rule to yourself is it will bridge that gap to reinforcement. And we're going to talk about immediate reinforcement and how that's much more effective than delayed reinforcement. This helps you bridge that gap. Because you can't always reinforce everybody right away. Even though you'd like to, that would be the ideal situation. This often happens with regard to work. So, with work, you have a clear rule. You know when you're getting paid. So, you're not getting a reinforcer immediately for doing your work. Your pay is delayed by a couple of weeks or maybe three weeks even if in four weeks if you're on a monthly type payment system. So, you oftentimes just tell yourself hey, I know I'm getting paid, I'm getting paid. I'm earning this much money, whatever it may be. But that's that placeholder until that reinforcer comes. And those are important to do. And that's one of the utilities of rules. I'm remembering back here to several years ago going through basic training. There's a lot of boring stuff in the military. I mean, boring. You sit and get the term we always use. Hurry up and wait, right? So, you got to hurry up and wait. And I remember going through basic and Great Lakes and over by Chicago. And we were sitting there, I can't remember what we were doing. But we were sitting in line for several hours and just sitting in line. That tells you how long you had to wait. You know, not even standing in line. So, you're just sitting there forever out of some medical thing or something. And as we're sitting there, one of the guys behind me, he taps me on the shoulder because we weren't really supposed to be talking to each other. And he leans up and he says, hey, we're getting paid. And it was true. It's like, oh, okay, well, I guess that makes waiting worth it, right? Because the whole time we're sitting there, we're getting paid. We're getting a paycheck. You know, it's not like you're doing nothing. You're waiting. You're actively waiting and you're getting paid for that. So, instead of getting frustrated at the fact we had to wait for Siddharth and Long, we started to realize, hey, we're getting paid. We applied the rule and realized that we're getting paid. So, hey, that's that placeholder. The reinforcer did come. Eventually it was a paycheck. All right. That's it for this slide set. I do, I've got this credits on here, but I always put those on there just so everybody knows where I got the pictures from. So, yeah, we'll see you.