 We have had a very good first session, and I'll be happy to facilitate our discussions for session number two. As Park Daniel mentioned, we have four gentlemen in this session. And I'll quickly do an introduction of our speakers, and then we'll directly go to their presentations to save some time. So our first speaker would be Park Pudi, Pudi Padana, who is deputy head of PRG for planning and cooperation. He has a long experience working on these topics and being associated with MOE here. He will be talking about monitoring feed restoration activities in Indonesia. So he would provide his insights and past experience from that context. His talk will be followed by Professor Azor Maas, who is a soil science professor from Gadama University in Yogyakarta. And his expertise lies on peatland scientific research. And he will be sharing some of the important aspects of peat soil and what are the important factors that needs to keep in mind when we talk about peatland monitoring restoration and monitoring. That would be followed by Park Agus, who is a research scientist in Forest Research and Development Center of Fordia. And he will be talking in some detail about the political, political culture possibilities and how we can incorporate those aspects as we think about restoring peatlands. So he will share his thoughts and insights from that angle. And lastly, we will have Sony Mumbunan, who is a researcher in University of Indonesia, part of the Research Center for Climate Change. He coordinates work on physical instruments for conservation and land-based emission reduction. So he will take us towards the economic aspects as we talk about peatland restoration and how people are dependent on these landscapes. It's very important to capture the economic aspects as we talk about restoring and he will discuss those. So with that round of introduction, if I may invite Park Budi to share his presentation and share his insight with all the audience and attendees. Park Budi, floor is yours. Thank you Rupesh. If I may operate my own presentation now. Yeah, that's going on well. So thank you for the opportunity. Thank you for all the kind of speeches that already we heard presentation, the keynote speech from the two prominent figures on peatland restorations and I will share a part of my experience as the deputy for planning and corporations in dealing with making the the document for planning using all available criteria and also the data that we have since start. So we define the criteria of restoring peatland, as mentioned by Nasser. It's based on the regulations and also the 12 principle of ecosystem approach that we refer from the UN CBD. It based on the rewriting criteria, representation, and then revalidations of local community and socioeconomic, as well as the, the whole economic factor that dependent on the land use, using the peatland as the base for the production area. And then defining intended changes, when we restore the credit peatland, what we need to see the changes happen on the peatland in terms of increase in soil moisture, the current water level increase also lower in subsidence or stop at all. Revisitations, extent of the visitations, the species we use, and then the habitat quality of the visitations. Since we only start the work on the field works less than five years, maybe the monitoring on the use of the indicators and the process indicators can be shown, but the impact indicators may be still far away from being restoration on the peatland. So we also looking for the great era of peatland restorations in terms in the protected areas as well as in the cultivation area. The regulation provide us the target, if it is on the protected areas, what should be for the restoration of the protected areas. But if it's in the cultivation areas, what should be happen after we restore those protected areas. We also works under the mandate that was given by the president, we work to facilitate and to coordinate restorations of 2 million hectares at the seven provinces. So, after all the document planning document, the assessment of the data that we have the assessment of the degraded on peatlands, and then we starting to do the restoration activities on the ground. And then we need to monitor the peatland restorations, the regular observations. Why we do that, because we need to know the implementations works that we have. It is on the right track, or it is not on the right track with the set of indicators of achievement that we set in the planning document or with the standard that been given in the regulations. We also need to monitor because we need to detect factors that are degraded in peatlands. The peatlands, the degraded peatlands we restore, but somehow the intact peatlands still facing the pressure from the opening up because people sometimes still need land to cultivate and do other works on the peatland. And it is all important for us for the monitoring to define and set criteria and indicators at the planning phase, not necessary that after we do some work, some interventions and then we set the indicators to monitor the progress. Ideally, the set of indicators and criteria has been defined in the planning process, and then it will, it should be included in those strategic planning and monitor evaluation documents. So, for that PRG developed Prims, we call it peatland restoration information and monitoring system. It's an online web cheese platform, it is open to public to provide informations on the restoration progress. The three R's that mentioned by Paanaseer and also the Desabaduli Gambut, the peat care villages program that we have in the seven provinces, so that it enables users to monitor restoration activities as well as to monitor the peat degradations. As mentioned by Buati, it's also helped us to have a lot on the fire and the land clearing and also the building up new canals. So the monitoring challenges that we have. First, as Maria also mentioned, the mapping is the mapping, it's really important for us to plan or to monitor. What we do now is mapping using the regulations that, the regulations from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Also, we try to implement the mapping methodology using the method that has been standardized by the Ministry of Agriculture and the S&E, Standard National Indonesia. We need to know the extent, location, topography and the condition of the peatland, the peat profile, the type of the peat that has been degraded or not degraded, the base material, the type of inudations. The water source comes only from the rain or sometimes from the water body, from the rivers and also from the tidal. We need also to know the land use and the management unit and the peatland and the challenges in available methodology as always limited us, the tools and sometimes we have to combine the remote sensing methodology with the ground surface. It's a dos and also expensive way of mapping the peatland. And then we do the planning, the implementations and then finally the monitoring. Why we use the Web GIS platform because we face the large area of peatland. Sometimes the peatland is not well mapped in some areas and then we need to have indicators that really reflect the conditions of the peatland. And this platform also provides a platform for coordination between users because we have the donors, donors also works with NGO, local community work with us in implementing some of the restoration plan. And we try as far as possible to avoid complications and as much as possible to have one project will support the other project. So that the and other aspect of the monitoring is on the restoration impact monitoring, whether or not the constructions of blocking really increase the soil moisture really increase the water table and so on and so forth. So we try to implement the monitoring using the smart indicators. Some has been mentioned by our colleagues from WCMC. And this is the examples of what frames can provide the triangle the blue triangle represent the canal blocking that we built on the land on canal and the soil moisture, the linear soil moisture will show that within before the construction and after constructions the blue, the bluer meaning that the weather the conditions. So it shows that all the canal blocking that in the map shows that the areas surrounding the in the constructions are weather. So before and after construction and after constructions it's weather. And also the other informations that we could get from the prince. Sometimes it is shown in the prince. Sometimes it's shown in the report. This is on the result of the restoration interventions, not only for the biophysics intervention but also socio economic interventions. As mentioned by Nasir, we have currently 590 feet length villages in the program and resulted in the process indicator that we show 35 RPGM desk, RPGM desk is the medium term development plan in the level of village. We support that they include the restoration of feet length within the development plan of their villages, and also the annual working plan that has been made also, which incorporated the works on the restorations and also the village budget level. There are 173 village level budget document and it accumulated more than 19 billion Rupiah of Dhanadesa of Village Fund for their activities. And we also built, we also established a field school for the land management without burning. It's the PLTB, it's for the transfer of village within villages. It's conducted in the 210 community groups that they can spread around the know how and the skill for opening up area, clearing up area without burning. And also in terms of conflict resolutions, we trained 759 paralegals in the village level. So they can advise people in the conflict of offer the rights over the land so that they will have more civil discussions and negotiations and not come out with the burning or other destructive output. So the remaining question and knowledge gaps is always the juggling between time, cost, accuracy, reliability and the purpose. As Lisa also, Lega also mentioned, we need to monitor the works, the indicators, except by purpose also. So we need to make the land monitoring as part of the integrated monitoring system, whether it is the national forest monitoring system or other land use monitoring system. We need to improve monitoring tools. We know now that the satellite technology, satellite imagery advance, there are more and more sensor technology available. And we need computational power. So we work with FAO and using their cloud computing system called SAVAL. And we need also to make a cascading approach from the general to specific. Sometimes we need to try to communicate the general, the terms of what we monitor before keep diving in this specific area. We also need the reliable methodology to verify soil moisture and whether or not we can rely on the remote sensing only or we need to combine still with the remote sensing and information from the ground. We need also a reliable methodology to monitor the emissions. Currently we work also with FAO in doing the training and how to translate the data of soil moisture water table from the restoration activities impacted from the restoration activities and how to translate it into the emission reductions. And this is an example that there's a strong correlations in the in the map here. It shows in the three Sipalaga site. What it is reported from the ground instrument and also what we detect from the soil map, soil moisture map, it really shows a strong correlations. And by this, I will end my presentation and thank you. Thank you for sharing the restoration activities that BRG has been working and also pointing out the important gaps, things that we need to keep in mind as we move forward. So we will keep the major discussions at the end of this session. Without further delay, I would like to invite our next speaker for this session. Professor Azwar Maas would be our next speaker. The floor is yours. I will ask Vito to put your presentation now. Professor Azwar Maas. I share my presentation. I think Vito can do that for you, so you don't have to worry about it. Okay, please share my presentation. Thank you, Ravesh. So may I have already my presentation? It's coming up live in a second. So the title is Water Balance of Pit Land Hydrogeical Unit. Next slide please. So when we talk about pit land, the figure in the left side above, this is the natural condition of the pit land. We took the picture from the real, the depth of pit is about 17 meters. In the original condition, they have a close nutrient cycle. Various vegetation, flora, growth, and production adopted to the wet, and then this dome becomes thicker and thicker by time, because the old tree will fall down to the swam, and the speed of decomposition is slower than the position that makes our pit based on the woody material is become thicker and thicker. And various fauna grow and develop, bring up the distribution of seedling, for example, and we know also always wet shallow groundwater through the year with good water balance, because no man-made canal, even sometimes we have a natural canal decision. And this canal also entering the outflow with the color, black color, it means dissolved organic carbon. So in the second slide we see here converted pit land for monoculture, the right vegetation land. We will loss the pit formation. If you open the pit, it means no more parent material for the pit formation. And then by digging the canal, lower the water and then oxidation speeds up the composition by releasing carbon dioxide. And then even the regression mentioned that 0.4 meter groundwater, and we see here even the canal, the canal water, only about 30 centimeter, but the bare land exposed and the surface of the land become hydrophobic potential for burning. Next slide please. Yeah, we should understand two types of our lowland pit land. Formally the swarm will fill up by sedimentation from the aerodid material from the upstream. And then later on it becomes shallow and starting grow for the water herb and then later on followed by trees. So when the trees falling down and then decay, sedimented to the swarm and still affected by tidal movement or the start of the river, we call that topogenous pit. In the topogenous pit, when we talk about the water balance, the source of inflow is coming from the river, from the rain, from the boundary to the upland and also from the tidal. A lot of input. And tidal movement also there are four categories, A, B, and C and D. So it means we're not so worried about this type of pit land because water came out in different way. But later on above this topogenous pit, we will create more and more dome. Yeah. Not any more affected by tidal. Not any more affected by movement of the water from the upstream. So it's been the source of the water only rain. Outflow just the same. Yeah, evapotranspiration, interception of plant canopy to the river to the sea. So we just, for me, it's better we concentrate our activity, especially for over genus pit, because topogenous pit normally can be deep, but the thickness is become go to downward because the subsatome of the pit land is not flat or even concave, but it will be irregular. This is ideal water balance, sharing the water. Yeah, according to the regulation dome, minimum 30% of for protection. No panel should be close and then no natural vegetation. So the groundwater will be close to the surface and 30% is enough, for example, in some case that even we have no rain regularly, let's say about one to two months. But this good idea for canalization in the utilization zone is far away from the fact now. Yeah. Here, an example in the right dome. Kahage, Badang Hari, Hitam, Laot in Jambi. They tried to, let's say, according to Buati, they tried to regulate their own water. We thought, we thought thinking about Kahage sharing the water, but they plan to keep the water for themselves. This is our challenge, how everybody should go in line and then who keep the water where the water can flow and then how to adjust sharing the water. Next, please. Just one question, Intermittenti. So, at least we have two parameters or two data mentioned about the thickness in the right way to obtain with scale of 1 to 550,000. And then this, according to the regulation number 14 of Kailaka. And also we should have, let's say, LiDAR, topographical map. And these two data has been used to evaluate the Teping Tinggi. Yeah. In the right above, you know that a lot of concession, and you see over there, the HITE or forestry trees is less density of canal compared to the oil pump concession. Three times more during this canal longer or sizing. So, if in the ideal condition that let's say we have two and a half meter being used for conservation, and then we have 30% and we will obtain about almost 9 million ton of water. If we keep this in proper way, even we don't have rain continuously about 60 days, we can maintain water level in the groundwater about 4.4. But you see here in the right below, this is 30% of sub-kahage, we call it minor kahage, should be controlled, should be as a protected area. But actually, we have over there Sago private company and then touching the top of the dome. This should be considered how they can manage their own water and distribute it into the lower part. Next slide please. So, when Buati mentioned about 885 Kahage or Peau, and then they have already 71 Kahage, with database pit depth and ladder. It's time, for example, to calculate the water zone, a donation based on the water balance, at least 30% or so it mean can be if the dog is with flat size, can be more than 40% should be considered as protected area. This focus on especially for homogeneous pit hydrogecal unit. The existing condition that is sharing among the stockholder in one peau or sub-peau is difficult to implement, because our regulation is come so late, the land has been used without considering the peau. Also, non-technical aspect also factor to consider. That's why Pa Aaludong mentioned about regulation is also important to be adopted and then the same regulation for everybody. Restoration planning for rewetting, sharing water with water balance concept, stockholder should involve combination of both government, concession and local sector from the beginning up to implementation. Otherwise, one part cannot do for everything. Thank you very much. Thank you, Professor Maas. Thank you for insightful thoughts about the water balance and hydrology in peatland. I think it's very important for all people or all parties to understand when we talk about rewetting for restoration, rewetting will involve water and where the water will come and how it's shared too. So that's very important point for discussion. So next we move to the next speaker of this session. We have Park Agus and he will be talking about Pa Aaludong culture to support peatland restoration in Indonesia. Park Agus, you ready? Okay. Good afternoon, good morning and good evening for all participants. Do you want to share your slides? Sorry to interrupt. Okay. Thank you for invitation to take a part in this important webinar. I want to share my ideas about the Pa Aaludong culture to support peatland restoration in Indonesia. So these are the important things that Pa Aaludong culture should be related to the sustainable development principles. This one the full screen. So if we talk about the very strong sustainability in tropical peatland management, so we have to create the ecosystem integrity in the peatland management. It means that we have to maintain the function and the structure of the peatland ecosystem to support all the living forms and also about the ecological health and also the ecological function and structure to support the sustainable development for all aspects of how we relate to some sustainable development goals. So this is the set of the very strong sustainability and the subset of this should be social cohesion or social inclusiveness and also economic benefits to the community livelihood. Means that there is no social entropy or social riot in the ecosystem, peatland ecosystem and the local people got the benefits from the resources. So we have to create this and then based on this ground we want to make a principles criteria indicators of peatland management and peatland restoration. Next thing we see that the Pa Aaludong culture is the cultivation of local species with wet condition or rewetted condition to support the without disturbing ecological function and to support the economic livelihood and also social cohesion. So the definition of Pa Aaludong culture based on these three factors we create this definition in our organization Pa Aaludong culture forum just last year. So that means that we have to see the from a technical point of view. Pa Aaludong culture is something like the cultivation in a less kept basis or in a site level also comprises three points. One is regeneration both artificially or naturally and second sending and the third harvesting as a tool of the Pa Aaludong culture how to reduce the something like interest specific competition or inter specific competition. So that's the big picture of the Pa Aaludong culture that the enabling condition to realize the Pa Aaludong culture is to make sure that the soil moisture of the peatland ecosystem is enough to support the living organism especially vegetation. So we put the Pa Aaludong culture in restoration we can we can choose the Pa Aaludong culture for managing the peatland or to restore the peatland also to how to increase the productivity of the peatland so this is the idea of the Pa Aaludong culture. So we have a very lot of a lot of best practices of Pa Aaludong culture in Indonesia even that there is just a few years ago that there is already a knowledge through the BRG but we have the traditionally. Political practices something like in the Sogeto Har Village they grow Sego and they combine with the home industry. Omenang Raya Village they produce Purung and they harvest it sustainably to make a mat and also a basket and also the National Park and several National Park they grow peatstone forest for ecosystem restoration and also for utilization. Also Jalutong there are polypilla they grow in several places in Indonesia in terms of to provide the benefits from from the Jalutong and also in Kedaton several peatstone forest and Sembago National Park they grow also 12 local tree species and in Jaipura Regency they manage a natural Sego stand. So based on these best practices and also how can we relate the the practices of the local people with link with both vertically integration with the home industry and also how this affect the prosperity of the local people. So we we can absorb we can test important information to create the criteria indicators how to manage the tropical forest sustainably and how to restore the the the graded peatstone forest. So based on the practices and also demonstration activities and demo plots in some places they they grow a lot of tree species and make a selection of something like in the we from the wetland. In the wetland Sonno and Tambrin and also Hestitata and Adisu Simento also highlighted the survival rates and the growth rates of several tree species under the political techniques. So based on these practices we can take a lot of information about the criteria indicator from the biopysical aspects. So the potential gaps of Pallodi culture, I think there's still several gaps. One is technology package of Pallodi culture are still limited to respond heterogeneity of the pitland landscape. So I agree with the man that the the high pitland ecosystem is very diverse. Also in the topographic features soil water and so on something like the degree of the destruction degree of the the degradation of also pitlands is very diverse from the slightly disturbed up to the destroy the ecosystem for the graded pitland forest land something so the strategy management strategy to the the gradation of the gradation is important. Well the second gaps I think the availability of seed sources for restoring the pitland and limited knowledge about the autocology of several tree species should be resolved not only the autocology but also from the by the physical properties of the soil something like the man mentioned that the hydrophobic repeated fire cause the hydrophobic properties it's very hard to grow. Even the very pilot spaces in the in the site. So how would the subsidence about the intraspecific competition with the friends is also very challenging how to make a success of the culture in the field. And the last one the huge areas of the graded pitland in Russia are leave abandoned and only several areas have already been destroyed. So this is a big challenge for us to to find the technology and to to arrange the social participation in through the adaptive management strategies and how to make restoration economy. This is important to make to create restoration that benefits to the local people and also to create the forest landscape restoration even the collaborative forest pitland forest landscape restoration based on the landscape or pitland hydrological units and that's the important and better challenging in the quality culture. There is there is still a threat of economic development and conservation to apply the quality culture in the site level this between the last something like the company and the people and also from the conservation point of view. So based on the evidence based from the research, let's say research findings, we did the several research activities in the Ph.U. Sungai Kattingan Kahayan, especially in our Kahadethika Tumangusa about the vegetation and the presence of soil macro fauna. So we can choose we can choose later on about the vegetation attributes and also soil macro fauna attributes as indicators of the healthy ecological health of the restored the graded pitland forest. So from this let's say from pitland forest we have the abundance curve normal logarithmic model and after fire the model of the curve geometric for the pit thickness 4 to 8 meter depth and also the undergrowth copper is higher, a bit higher than the shallow pit from 1 to 2 meter depth, only 47 to 50 percent 60 months after fire. So it's very important to know the history of the degradation, the history of the degradation especially caused by anthropogenic fire events. So it's very important. Also the population and number of species of soil macro fauna can be used for the indicators. Let's say this is very important about the presence of soil macro fauna in the upper layer of the graded pitstone forest. The same study also we conduct in the Subang National Park with a similar result and about the vegetation. So from the vegetation point of view we can see something like through the analysis of vegetation analysis the richness of species diversity dominance even as richness and sort of things is very basic forest ecology study. This also helps to assess, to monitor the recovery of pitland pitstone forest. Also from the study we have already several findings from the planting trials in Tumang Nusa forest area. So the performance of Balang Eran, sorry Balang Eran is very adaptive. I think this is the highest compared to the Jelutung, Ramin and Gamor. Also the same with the researcher from Panjir Baru found the same that the Balang Eran even with the minimum tending the survival rate and the growth is moderate. So this is our finding so we can use later on about the species selection based on the ecological suitability and also social preference. So applying polyurethane culture for forest landscape restoration comprises five aspects I think. So first we know the techniques of polyurethane culture which one we choose based on the degree of the forest disturbance or forest destruction. First natural recognition just keep it avoid the force or factors that can destroy the ecological destruction. It's natural regeneration or we can make a monoculture plantation like in some parts or mixed species plantation. We can make something this better about the integration approach compared to segregation approach. Also agroforestry combining the agriculture crops with trees and also one is assisted natural regeneration that they did several times a week years ago that polypenes practice this assisted natural regeneration. This is very efficient cost effective rehabilitation or restoration techniques or forest landscape restoration nucleation. So to just grow the trees in a small compartment and from the trees we can spread the regeneration to surroundings. Also the important things first applying polyurethane culture we have to improve the groundwater level or soil moisture as per man make a good grab the relation between groundwater level and soil moisture. I think but I prefer to use soil moisture compared to measure the recovery of Pitsom forest or Pitland for the condition. Also we have to produce quality planting stocks is very important because the adaptability of the species is still very hard. Because we in the wetland the knowledge is still limited compared to the dry land. Also the correct time of planting is and also tending with control and also with control vegetation management. So this based on the trials in the field we can we can we can know how to choose the techniques and also the species the space selection. Sorry to interrupt you but sorry to interrupt you but we are kindly the last one is the principle criteria and indicators of pollution first. I think the principle is to improve the ecosystem integrity through the criteria how to make sure the ecosystem function is improved and the caters know for a while reduce subsidence increase groundwater level increase vegetation. Second is increasing biodiversity like Lira or stress on focus on biodiversity. This is very important about the new local plant species. The third criteria is the capacity of forest to regenerate and to develop. So this is very important also we talk about the space diversity in growth, good survival and growth. And also I propose the second principle about the how to apply multiple use Pitland management. So how to make sure that the multiple use works in the in the pitland management or pitland restoration. The criteria we have to clarify to make sure that the what is what are the management objectives of the pitland management or pitland restoration indicators. Public culture techniques prescribed we have to make sure the the the correct political techniques harvesting system prescribed monitoring and controls conformity with planning. I think the conclusion and recommendation political characters strongly supports recovery of the great influence ecosystem. The second the choice of political techniques and the plant space are highly dependent on the degree of pit strong force degradation by physical properties and pitland and social preference ecosystem integrity of pitland restoration can be realized through ecological health and function increasing biodiversity and vegetation development. And from this one we have to build the key success indicator in the management of pitland restoration and the multiple use speech from forest can be promoted in order to achieve sustainable tropical pitland management so this is very important compared to the single use. Pitland restoration demo plots vegetation and biodiversity monitoring should be conducted in relation to pitland restoration so we have to make a monetization and biodiversity monitoring as an input or to make a good management prescription or management directives for pitland restoration in the landscape level and also on site level. That's all my presentation group thanks and back to you. Thank you. Yeah, thanks for sharing the key or salient features of politic culture and how that can be one of the aspects to think about when we talk about restoration of the plants and how some benefits can be provided. So thank you for sharing those details. We moved to our next speaker. Sony mumbunan who will be discussing about economic indicators for pitland restoration so his talk will be focused more on the economics aspect. So over to you, Sony. Thank you. Thank you, colleagues. Happy to be here. Happy to be sharing a panel on exploring criteria and indicators for on pit restoration. Let me share my presentation. Hope you can see the screen. Yes, thank you. My negative 10 minutes for the eight minutes. So when it comes to criteria, I think that there are no consideration for what we want to craft economic indicators and I think I'm a bit biased here because I've been involved in in policy. And practices so more risk criteria that I'm going to touch on here, sort of bias or policy. So one is policy relevance needs to address key pit restoration issues that you know, national sub national including local governments. I wouldn't mention about village, which there are there are encountering and relevance here is purpose driven it may, you know, be different between different scale of governments including the global one, but at least there are also possibilities for indicators is sort of embraces a different scale for policy relevance. Then we have integration here so we hope that indicators to be crafted can facilitate different elements that need to be integrated. I'm thinking about things like expected economy outcomes will be anticipate to have by having, you know, certain actions and how it can also connect with means of implementation like financing. And of course people's interventions interventions based on mandates of institutions of different scale of reference and so on so forth. And we have also analytical soundness, you know, it needs to be informed by latest science and if we extend a bit with with so called force normal science and it may also being be informed by say knowledge from from civil society indigenous communities and so of course it needs to be measurable. So that are available for these it's will be cost effective it is too expensive, and we cannot afford that and with integrity, you know, with data that we can rely on. So that's more or less the criteria that I did come across when when when when I was preparing the presentation. Now, let me let me look at one very specific class of indicators. We call it outcome indicators and let me pick to beat provinces with jurisdiction in Indonesia, real and South Sumatra. These are sorry this are very small and it's still in BASA midterm development planning we call it here at page and day for 2019 up to 2024 real has 32 outcome indicators out Sumatra have 22. Let me summarize them we have here you know economy growth both aggregate across economy cross sectors and we have sexual forestry plantation and so on. We have capital formation, employment, how many jobs are to be created or get it to be created inflation poverty that that they extend the width of poverty, spending of each person or per capita spending investment balance of payment farmers including aquaculture farmers, terms of trade income inequality, and so on so these share economy very economy in natures. And these outcome indicators are there alongside social indicators like human development like life expectancy gender, even cultural cultural advancement and of course environmental quality. From say haze and pit fires, emissions, land cover and so on. The question is how these different indicators are co defining are defining each other are interacting that that's something that I would love to deep dive later in the later part of the presentation. So there's a bit reflection on the outcome in how and what I sense I mentioned for is a bit restoration as policy intervention something, something deliberately picked or selected as policy, contribute to achieving the challenges in these outcome indicators. How can cannot blocking primary secondary secondary kind of kind of locking as a whole can contribute to say both a mission reduction from say Pete, but also at the same time can create you or can facilitate income creation so these are are are are delicate in terms of discussing outcome indicators where each outcomes are communicating or are co defining or defining each other. And do information in the indicators capture and you've like both synergies and trade offs. And synergies like if we prevent you know forest fire we don't need to in here cost on say health care for respiratory, you know, kind of issues. This would be straightforward, but I believe haven't been, you know, sufficiently captured and reflected in the way we we we craft our indicators and plan our development finance our development monitor our development. We have at the moment are standalone indicators seen as linear, you know, we without really communicating without really synergies trade of effects among them. So, few together, build it into the pit ecosystem. So how we see, for instance, followed the culture commodities are these commodities more competitive that than than than say commodities of timber or royal palm in terms of both beat restoring or these body words. So, you know, about the you know, beat friendly kind of activity to restore and welfare enhancing for the local community for households. Can this relation betrays in information within the indicators. These are our policy questions that I think we need to reflect upon it and address because what we have indicators now, these are indicators was was information are produced a stand alone, you know, you can add them in linear In fact, they are not as we know it very well, they're not linear. So these need to be kept. Now, I would love to bring our attention and link it to means of implementation and we may be want to consider later on in the next series on, you know, linking these into means of implementation to the outcome indicators financing, you know, we cannot imagine and design indicators about funding for these. And I want to I want to go even deeper in these you know by looking at specific kind of funding and how we the facts outcomes. So when I mentioned here domestic mobilization of resources physical transfers. We have discussed a bit about village fun maybe a general purpose transfer revenue sharing or non state extended to even, you know, addressing specific for people restoration, or for, you know, financing areas or aspect that are associated but not directly with restoration. This should be trace traceable, I guess, to be able, you know, for monitoring purposes. If not, then we cannot monitor how resources are allocated and how the anticipated, you know, outcomes. We, we know the result based payment bill after a partnership ring climate fund. Now if we talk about result based, how can we trace the results from these kind of payment into, you know, means of implementation into the very funding, the very financing we use to address this restoration issue. And we need to link these two, you know, to bubbly public finance private finance, and then link them into what we have been a dub coin as a blended finance you know sort of blending the two type of financing and de-risking the two type of financing, and then address it into different scale, you know, different governance scale together as polycentric as Eleanor Ostrom suggests. We have sub-national, you know, addressing global concern, sub-national, even villages. These have, these implies different stakeholders with different preferences, different priorities, different mandates, so these are delicate issues that we need to think about, you know, indicators and then put them together and link them into outcome indicators. So now, bringing them together. This is an exercise we did with, with BAPNAS for the mid-term development planning and also for the so-called thematic studies for people and economy. So these use system approach where we see different elements and system and subsistence all together simultaneously. If you, if we look at, you know, upper side, should I please remind me of the time, you know, if I still have one minute. Yeah, so this is how we bring them together. We have the upper side, we have the, you know, the economy, employment, income, share of agriculture, land, palm oil, timber production, below bottom part of the figure we see, you know, ecosystem integrity, natural pit fires, pitland emission and so on, you know, flood and raw trees are here. And on the upper right side, we can find government revenue, even public deficit. And in times of COVID, we are mobilizing, we are refocusing our resources not to pit restoration. We are focusing it for health or something else. So we need to consider how means of implementation are being also sort of imagined and crafted into indicators. Now we need to bring them together and see how they are embedded into pit ecosystem. And then if you look at oranges, you know, those with orange colored description. These are pit restoration and partly a conservation intervention. You see canal blocking, pitland, land swap event, early warning system, vegetative burning blocks, climate change of course, emission reduction, food culture, they are all here and we need, we can test them how the effect of these pit, you know, intervention, policy intervention contribute to different aspects and elements in the realm of economy and social and ecosystem. So, yeah, the last one couple of messages. So I think the economic indicators, as mentioned, should be ones that are approached and crafted as integrated, especially when it comes to the information they convey. And the information and outcome indicators associated with pitland restoration, including economic aspects, need to reflect the effects of proposed and implemented policy intervention, which reflect, you know, mandates, roles of different stakeholders and into means of implementation. I mentioned financing, if we have the luxury of time we can discuss technology, capacity building and so on and their integrated integration. I think I'll stop there. Thank you for having me. Thank you, Sony. Thank you very much for bringing up the economic aspect, the finance aspect, which is always very important for any initiative and pitland restoration itself has so many, I would say moving parts. So, economy is a big component of that. So thank you for bringing us to that. So, we have heard from all of our four speakers. We are a little bit out of time running out of time. So, instead of going very deep into discussion, I would just like to thank all the speakers of this session and ask Park Daniel if there are any burning questions, anything that was asked for any of the speakers that we can probably touch upon briefly, maybe one or two. And I will also request speakers to just try to be brief and you can always type longer answer if need be. Daniel. Yes, just pick two of them. The first one is for Bob Booty. When you presented your primes and then I or the question, somebody asked the question set also heard about the same attack from the Ministry of Forestry. The question is, how are these two systems complement each other? Are they competing or can they complement, for example, in the concession and community lands, something like that. And then the second one is for August. Have you experienced or observed the adverse impact of Pallavi culture? Because in many cases, economic crops with high economic value are more favorable. So, if you introduce less of affordable crops or trees or species, would that be causing adverse impact from ecological point of view? And lastly, for Park Maas, sorry, the issue of water balance when it is in the drying process, it is not reversible. How can you consider that process after you re-wet through in bit land and your water balance estimate? Thank you, Daniel. Let's start with Bob Booty. Yeah, quite simple. The answer is complement each other, actually, so that we can use Cipalaga also to verify the soil map that we produce with the help of FAO in the soil moisture map. That's all. Thank you, Bob Booty. So, should we go to Professor Maas first in the order of presentation, then we can come to Park Agra. Okay. Thank you for one question. Yeah. So, adjusting the soil moisture level, one more thing that don't keep the surface of the pit bare. So please cover the pit and everything you do, but cover the pit. We always see the road on the pit is become hydropobic. And if the rain comes, the hydropobic pit is runaway and then floating at the surface of the canal. So, this irreversible drying is difficult to re-wet again. Yeah. Later on, they may re-wet and then lay down at the bottom of the canal. So, we should able to bring up other soft water, for example, by pumping to re-wet if the period or the visit is coming. For example, no continuous rain during some 10 days or even, let's say, 10 days, that if our apopo transperson is about 5mm, 10 days, it's already 5cm of the reducing of moisture from the surface of the pit. That's my answer. Thank you. Thank you, Parmaas. So, we go to Park Agra. Would you like to respond to the question, please? Okay, thank you, Mr. Chair. I found several comments and asked questions in the chatting room, but I can summarize first that we have to value the ecosystem as a unique ecosystem and as a natural capital for sustainable development. So, it means that if we destroy the unique ecosystem, so we can create the hydro-hydrological disaster. That's very costly, something like a haze, flooding and drying, drought season and so on. So, it means that we have to adapt the very fragile ecosystem. We've not changed drastically the ecosystem. So, let's say I put in the ecosystem integrity in the context of the sustainable developments. So, like Parmaas Agra really, we have to promote very less cost of agriculture. We can less harvest the poor and very, very high economic activities in the off of the forest. It's like an industry also. Sego, we can create, we can put this Sego for fodder of the chicken, duck or whatever. And then we can grow Sego in a deep, like an experience in Sarawak. We can grow in a deep soil. Actually, the productivity is smaller than in the Perishalo deep. But that's the choice. And also about the Liberica coffee and the other dry land practices. We bring the dry land practices to the wetland ecosystem. So, we change from the register of the dry land to the wetland ecosystem. So, this make very bad consequences to the environment. So, through that green economy and sustainable development, we can go in the long term the benefits compared to the cost. So, should be the threats of, like Daniel mentioned about the oil palm or whatever species from the dry land. We import it to the wetland, make hydro-metharurgical disasters compared to the... Thank you, partners. Yeah. That's the story about the politic culture, why we promote the politic culture to resolve our problem. Especially also, the invasive species is the second disaster of the biodiversity. We need to move to next session. We can continue this discussion on the... Thank you. My response to the question and comments, especially Jake Rile, what the Purung Purung is very important. Okay. Thank you. So, as we conclude this session, I really quickly want to touch upon what Pabudi mentioned in his presentation, that when we talk about restoration of peatlands, there's always some kind of trade-off. There are different issues, like the time cost, accuracy, reliability, purpose. So, we keep those things in mind as we move forward. We're trying to come up with identifying these criteria and indicators. So, this has been a very rich discussion. We dive deep in some of the topics, very relevant. We'll discuss them more in subsequent webinars. At this time, I thank all speakers and audience and participants to pay close attention. And I would invite Paa Daniel to invite our next speaker for the concluding remarks. Paa Kheris. So, Paa Daniel, over to you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Rupesh. Thank you for leading a very productive session. Certainly, we learned a lot from various aspects of this component and all this indicator of criteria in peat restoration. So, last but not least, to conclude this session, we would like to hear the direction or wise word from the RG, which is going to be represented by Paa Kheris Kunawan. What is your expectation, Paa Kheris, towards the way forward? Where are we going to head to? So, you have 10, 15 minutes. Yeah. Thank you, Paa Daniel. Good afternoon for all. Good morning. I think I don't know. Good evening. So, it's very interesting for our even online workshop. And I have enough time to also give some comment and then also some discussion for all of us. Can I share my presentation? Please go ahead. Okay. My name, I think some of you don't know well about me as Paa Daniel mentioned. I am Kheris Kunawan from Peatland Restoration Agency in the Republic of Indonesia as the Deputy Research and Development. I would like to say thank you for all presenters. All of the presentation is very insightful for us and how to provide robust outcome of criteria and indicator to Peatland Restoration. Okay. Criteria and indicator are very important and must be established holistically to support Peatland Restoration Program, especially Tropical Peatland in Indonesia. Before I make a conclude and give a wrap up for this event, I also introduce some idea or some discussion. In building a harmonic living in Restore Peatland in Indonesia, as many of our previous presenters say that there are very important pillars that must always be equally considered. There are, as we know well, both biophysics, social, economy, and governance. The importance of VLRR conclude from BRG for years of research. So, in this time, I want to also introduce our milestone research activities and results. Compressed of 120 research packets operating with universities and research institutes in Indonesia. But we still have many gaps that must be filled. These filler are for Restore Peatland. Meanwhile, in Natural Peatland, only biophysics aspect matters. However, Natural Peatland will become more rare in near future. However, currently our regulation related to criteria and indicator, P16 2017, mostly regulates about biophysical aspect and rather neglect another important aspect. This might be due to difficulties in defining indicators. Without this popular, it is not possible to have harmonic living. Peatland has to be in good shape, dumb, vegetated, as mentioned by Jack Rayleigh in the chat, and should be wet. Local people should live in peace and prosperity. The government must make sure that governance in Peatland always pay respect to the function of Peatland. In 2020, they had to conduct some research to fill the gap towards sustainable Peatland restoration. Including Hydrology, Fire Danger Ranging System, Integrated Peat Restoration Reset, BION 3R, Peat Friendly Commodity, Multistrack Holder Participation, Peatland Restoration Criteria and Indicator. New research to get through information on how to Peatland must be restored, but not only biophysical aspect. Of course also about the biodiversity and high conservation value of forest. The most obvious thing which is degraded in Indonesia, Peatland, is hydrological function. The President himself declared that Peat must be wet, whatever it takes. Therefore, BRG with rewetting program have been exploring how to restore water balance in Peatland, as stated by Dr. Budi Wardana in earlier presentation. He mentioned about total canal dam, install, drill well, canal backfilling, water level monitoring, etc. This is to emphasize the importance of rewetting. It is parolment to have precise calculation on hydrological cyclist component within Peatland hydrochloric unit. For example, Shru, Sipalaga, and Simantak provided by Ministry of Environment and Forestry. This picture shows example small restore Peatland area in Tanjung Leban and Sungetohor. Ideal condition will become the target and the example can restore Peatland should be. The more important thing is that this condition has to prevail in landscape scale. So, throughout we call Peatland hydrochloric unit, Kahage, all of the water level must above minus 0.4 m or more. To achieve this condition, water balance should be calculated and precisely monitored. We right now try to give the example as also Professor Azwama already informed us, already explained. But we would like to also landscape approach is the keyword as also Paanazir give us a message about this. All criteria mentioned earlier need to be achieved in landscape scale. Full auto-being thingy is one of the example on how they try to explore how to restore Peatland on landscape scale. A lot of data has been explored and monitored so that information about this Peatland hydrochloric unit can be as comprehensive as possible. For example, we have LiDAR data, water level monitoring, water balance analysis, Peat-reverting infrastructure, install socio-economic and cultural data. This is one of Peatland hydrochloric unit that have good data including LiDAR data, water balance and other data. TASI also, in this Peatland hydrochloric unit, RATASIC, we call the LEG, Natural LEG, is very interesting landscape. It is leg form in the dome of Ombroganous Peatland and can be found in Rio and used to be found in Jambi as well. We are curious if this landscape might be able to show how healthy Peatland can be and might be also used as criteria and indicator as well. In the future, in this landscape, we want to develop Peatland friendly, commodity and also payment for ecosystem services approach for economic development. Full auto-being thingy is one example how landscape best restoration can be done. We must use our modality, data operation in this Peatland hydrochloric unit to reach our goal by in Peatland landscape management and how we can protect the tropical Peatland landscape and generate positive impact for communities or anything from our effort in preserving the tropical Peatland landscape based on robust criteria and indicator establishment in the future. But if we look the other Peatland hydrochloric unit because the responsibility of Peatland restoration agency about around 106 Peatland hydrochloric units. In fact, there are many or there are 100 Peatland hydrochloric units to be restored. Each of them has unique characteristics. For example, in Papua, Jambi, West Kalimantan, Setelaka, Melentan, etc. No silver bullet exists. Each Peatland hydrochloric unit must be treated individually and be studied continuously. Each Peatland hydrochloric unit has their own Peatland characteristic. Each Peatland hydrochloric unit has their own people and culture. So right now we talk about the way forward. What should we do? We must step forward and we must conceptualization and design the framework for criteria and indicator based on the four pillars holistically for achieving harmonic living. Networking and cooperation between institutions is very important. Indonesia and international cooperation consists of from all sectors. So in the next series of workshops, we have scientists, academia, practitioners, local community, multi-level government, non-government bodies. They must participate in the refining and verifying the criteria and indicator of Peatland restoration. It is also important for us to cooperate with all stakeholders. As the committee asked me to wrap up the event, we already talked about the Peatland restoration based on water balance. So I think the important message about the Peatland restoration in all of the landscape scale. And we discussed about the polygons, polydecalters. And then the director of the regulation and then Dr. Rulera about the indicator is scientifically valid based on available data and others. And Pa Sony about the implementation economic indicator about the domestic and others. And my colleague Pa Budi talked about the early activities inside toward criteria and indicator development. And who Dr. Maria about the robust criteria indicator must support helping the degradation and rise awareness the importance of successful ecosystem restoration. So the last one, I want to conclude my wrap up and my discussion. One 120 research project of BAD has at least sites that draw for essential pilot pillar in criteria and indicator of Peatland restoration. And at the present regulation regarding criteria and indicator to restore mostly focus on biophysics aspect. So we need to extend this aspect. And gap include Peatland hydrology variability, new economic paradigm, stakeholder participation and government. And also about the restoration measure differ between Peat too also very important and must scientifically valid based on the reliable data. We must use all available modality, including all aspect data and activities. For our goal by an sustainable tropical Peatland landscape management and how we can generate positive impact for communities from our effort in restoring tropical Peatland. Our stakeholders must participate in refining and verifying the criteria and indicator, scientists and other stakeholders. So from the last one I want to also give highlight from Pa Nazir Fuat as he give us the opening remark in Peatland restoration. It is crucial to restoring the biophysical condition of the Peatland but more than that the criteria and indicator of non biophysical criteria such as socio-economy and government must also be progressively established toward the sustainable Peatland management and restoration. Peat restoration must be mainstreaming from the smaller scale starting from the field level to the entire Peatland area. So I think that's all Pa Daniel and all participants, thank you for your attention. Good afternoon. Thank you very much for a very nice conclusion and wrap up and we've been very much privileged to hear your very thoughtful notes today. So participants, dear ladies and gentlemen, we've been travelling very far in the past three hours or so. It's a long journey from the global to national, subnational, local and even household people. It's been a very rich and thoughtful discussion that we had. We feel that we are being guided. With this cooperation, participation of you all, we are confident that we can move forward and it is our pleasure to welcome you all in the next series of webinars. And I think one of the prompting message that we heard today is that yes, speed must be wet. It must be refigitated and it must generate income and also not poverty but improve the poverty of the local community. So the question is how to measure that, what kind of tool we need to do and implement to look at the success or perhaps failure of a Peatland restoration. So with that, I would like to conclude our long day session and thank you very much for your participation and positive feedback to the process. Good afternoon, good evening and have a nice day. Thank you.