 Hi everyone. My name is Arti. I am a second PhD student from Shaz, a school of sport health and applied science. Today I'm going to tell you a little bit about my PhD research which is all about boobs. So I'm used to talking about boobs all the time obviously because of my PhD research, not any other reasons. But to press the arc here I'm representing you with some names of boobs. There are so many names we are using to call our breasts and there are some of them so hopefully it will break the ice and we will having a wonderful presentation together. Here I'm presenting you with a side view of inside of one of female breasts. Don't be amazed when I'm showing you all these photos. I'm going to tell you all about it later. Here I'm going to tell you a little bit about breast anatomy. Before I started I have a question for you. Do you think there is any muscle inside of the female breast? Yeah? Okay good try but unfortunately unfortunately is not the right answer. This muscle which is called pectoralis muscle actually sits underneath of female breast. It means there is no muscle support inside female breast. Female breasts are mostly made of fat and glandular tissue which have the job of producing milk and send it to the surface, milk dogs and the only supportive structure inside the breast are skin and cupid ligaments. These blue lines if I want to describe the thickness of these lines they are like a thickness of a piece of paper or hair line so they cannot provide a very strong supportive structure for the breast. It means when we move our breasts move and we call it breast bumps. So here I've got a very interesting activity for you. I've made three flower bags and each of them represent a specific cup size like A, B, C, D, W, D. So I'm showing you these three and I would love you to guess the cup size of each of them. And I'll give you a clue. I tell you the weight. So this one is the smallest one. Its weight is 230 grams. So can you guess the cup size of this one? Sorry? A, B? Yeah actually well done. That's a B cup. So what about this very heavy one is like 800 grams. No. Is that a bigger cup? No. Any other? Sorry? You said F? Well someone said F for a hand. So F. So what about this medium one which is like 460 grams? No. I know it's D. So well done. Very good. So here I've got one of my tights. It's only for practice and presentation purposes. I've never worn that. So it's very clean. So to show you, to show you how this Coupe Ligaments and Eskin providing support inside of the breast, imagine that the end of this tight is representing Eskin and Ligaments I told you about. So I am going to put this B cup in there. As you can see, there you can see the S stretch and when I bounce it around you can see the breast bounce and it really happens for females. So in another leg I am going to put this D cup. So obviously the bounce and the stretch is greater. So we have, it's not like, I mean as you can see we have breast bounce and stretching even in a small cup size like B. But obviously the larger the breast size and the cup size, the greater the stretch and breast bounce. So I told you all about the breast anatomy, breast bounce. So you may wonder, okay, what's the big deal about it, breast bounces? But actually there is a lot of problems associated with breast bounce that our general female population experience. There are some common problems for women in relation to breast bounce. For example, up to two-third of females experience exercise related breast pain mostly because of breast bounce. Also breast bounce can lead to breast sag without appropriate breast support because of stretching all the ligaments I told you about. A lot of women are embarrassed about breast bounce and breast movement. And sadly some women stop playing a sport because of their breast. Actually our research shows that the breast in adult female population, the breast is the first largest barrier to exercise. So all of the problem I told you is like general female population, mostly adult females. But we've recently, our research group recently investigated all of these problems specifically adolescent gas population. So and we surveyed more than 2,000 schoolgirls. It was a very big study. But sadly the results were not very happy. They were kind of worrying. Adolescenders have so many breast cancer. Some of these concerns are not related to a sport. For example, they are so worried about breast cancer and how to shake themselves for sign of breast cancer. But some of these concerns are related to a sport. For example, the biggest concern they have in relation to a sport is breast bounce. It's breast pain. And they are so worried about breast sag. They are embarrassed about breast bounce. Not only breast bounce, they are embarrassed about size and shape of their breast. The way their breasts look or the boy's view of their breast and even getting change in front of the boys. And sadly the negative effect of the breast on a sport participation in adolescent girls are significantly more greater compared to adult females. Half of our participants said their breasts had an effect on their sport participation. So we know all of these concerns, they are so worrying. And as I told you, one of the common problems and the biggest concern in both adult and adolescent population is breast bounce. But I have some good news for you. The good news is that we know the solution. For example, to reduce breast bounce and all the problems associated with breast bounce and appropriate breast support can really help not to only reduce breast bounce, to reduce breast pain, breast sagging, embarrassment. So here I'm going to show you two videos. They are from our research group. So we have a female participant here running in an everyday bra. As you can see, the breast is bouncing up and down, side to side, backward and forward. And I have a question again. Do you think how much breast bounce is in an everyday bra when running? Just an average and tell me in centimeters, please? Just a number? Three centimeters? No, actually the average much more than that. Not 20, it's between 10 and 20, 15 centimeters. But here I'm going to show you a video of our female participant running in an appropriate breast support, which is like a sports bra. Obviously, you can see the movement is less, is significantly less. And I'm sure this female participant is less uncomfortable and she doesn't have a lot of breast pain and any of the problems associated with breast pain. So I told you about all of the concerns, all of the problems. But as a research group, we've come up with an idea. So we have developed a breast education program to teach kids from a young age about breast, breast health and appropriate breast support. By doing so, our main goal is to improve kids knowledge of breast and breast health. And hopefully we can help them to be more physically active by eliminating the breast as a barrier to a sport participation and improving their increasing their enjoyment of sport and hopefully improve their body misatisfaction in relation to their breast and how their breasts look. Here I've got some very interesting example of our breast educational resources that we have developed so far. We have also developed a personal stories, audio and bra feed video targeting youngest. As you can see, we are going to cover different topics such as sport, bra, breast pain, bra feeding. But as I told you, some girls are really concerned about breast cancer and how to check themselves for sign of breast cancer. So we are also going to teach them about breast cancer, how to be breast aware, like to know their breast, what is normal for them, how their breast look and feel normally. So hopefully they can detect any abnormal changes as soon as possible and report it to an appropriate person like their parents, teacher or doctor. So I told you my research is all about boobs. I am also developing a survey about boobs. So I told you about our education, breast education program. So it's very important for us to evaluate this breast education program to make sure it is working. It can be successful and it's really achieving this aim. So we need an evaluation tool. We need a breast knowledge survey to evaluate breast knowledge of girls before and after our evaluation program, breast education program. So I have developed a breast knowledge survey. It's been a very lengthy process to be honest. One year and a half so far. I don't recommend it to anyone. It's very difficult. So, for example, for my survey, I have already consulted with 15 breast health experts to make sure my survey measures what is supposed to. I have done a focus group study with seven school girls to make sure they can understand my survey and is suitable for their reading level. So far, around 1000 of school girls have completed my survey so I can check whether it's reliable and is really measures what is intended to. Thank you so much for listening. It's been a pleasure to share my research video. I'm more than happy to answer any questions you've got.