 After understanding why ethics are necessary and important to implement, now we are looking into its historical development. Without understanding the historical importance for the code of ethics, it would be very difficult to gauge that why we are going to go into further detail of all those historical implications in which we need to make the code of the APA today. Let me brief you that from the World War II, there has been different issues, there has been different debates that how can we use human subjects for any experimentation or how can we not use them to any extent. During all this debate, some researches were conducted like this, which I will discuss with you today, and as a result of that, the APA came into action. And finally, APA has led to its first code of ethics. Even the first ever statement of ethics from any organization of psychologists was produced by APA in 1953. You can imagine that after passing the 70 years, even today, we have not been able to bring much variation to it, and we have not been able to work on its implementation completely. Interestingly, I would like to share with you that right now in Pakistan, the code of ethics of the APA has not yet been approved by the syndicate. But still, the community of psychiatrists and the community of psychologists are tirelessly working on it since 2001 to develop a proper code of ethics, which should be part of the regulatory law policies, and how we can use it in the court or justice implementation process. Development of research has evolved over the time, and it has a reason behind that, because nothing is developed in one day. It takes a lot of time to experiment. It takes a lot of time to understand where we need to trim and trail this rule. Now, the important milestones we saw in this journey, I will share with you today. The first one is Norembic code. Norembic code was developed in 1947, and it is a set of ethical principles and research guidelines, which were specifically being developed after World War II. When we talk about the situation in World War II, we see that Nazis did different experiments on their prisoners, and they did very inhuman and fatal experiments on them, as a result of which they wanted to gauge different scientific research results. But in those experiments, a lot of things were not taken into consideration, such as ethical, human and animal subjects, as well as the basic codes that were in front of them. The biggest reason for that was that there was no concept of what ethical procedures are, and how we should implement these codes. So, let me share a few of those problems with you. What's the following guidance? Informed consent is essential. Like, if someone is experimenting, and the purpose of that is that they are going to test a chemical or a drug, but the participants were not given informed consent, and they are unaware of the fact that why this specific drug is being given to them, and what are its side effects? So, in this situation, the breach of informed consent will be a big crime. Then research should be based on prior animal work. Where there are clinical trials, it is very much mandatory that first it should be taken as an animal subject and implemented on it. Like, all the drugs that are made, all the medicines that are made, we see a lot of drugs for skin treatments. We see that it is mentioned that animal trials were done and animal trials were not done. So, its significance comes from the fact that first, instead of applying it on human subjects, its side effects have been tested on animals. But in some situations, where we cannot test that drug only on animals, and where human subjects are needed, then who will be the human subjects particularly? These codes that we are going to talk about today, I will tell you some facts in which we will feel that if we experimented on mentally retarded children in some particular situation, whether it was ethical or unethical, that parents were forced to give consent to mentally ill children for an experiment. In these situations, it is very important to see what we are giving debriefing, how much we can justify the risk and use its anticipated benefits. Only qualified scientists should do such research. We cannot apply such research until a trained person is working on it. Then, declaration of Helsinki is another important thing which still works as a very important code for the medical field. The World Medical Association has developed that declaration and it is a set of statement that we will have to follow the ethical guidelines in this medical situation. Most of the research is done on human subjects because we do such drugs and clinical trials which later apply to human participants. If we look at its major points, then protecting patient health is a very important point because you cannot experiment on a patient's health on stake. Knowledge cannot tremble right. For the sake of knowledge, we just can't involve someone into a risky situation. Then additional consideration should be looked up whether it is beneficial or beneficial. Then following local regularity norms, if it is happening in a hospital, then we have to see whether that particular hospital allows us to do that research or not and then risk burdens and benefits. These three things should be equally balancing out in any research. Vulnerable groups and individuals may not be used for any research and research ethic committees should be established. You can see and gauge that either this particular kind of experimentation should be done or not and then last but not least is the confidentiality. If we are going to treat anyone with any particular treatment, therapy or intervention, that should not be given open to other persons like one person's confidentiality breach and we cannot attempt to damage their social repute or physical repute.